Paraxial mesoderm

Paraxial mesoderm

Transverse section of a chick embryo of forty-five hours’ incubation.
* Chordamesoderm: yellow, at notochord.
* Paraxial mesoderm: red, at somite.
* Intermediate mesoderm: purple, near Wolffian duct.
* Lateral plate mesoderm: purple, near "Somatic mesoderm" and "Splanchic mesoderm".

Chick embryo of thirty-three hours’ incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect. (Paraxial mesoderm labeled at left.)
Details
Latin mesoderma paraxiale
Carnegie stage 9
Gives rise to somitomere, head mesoderm
Identifiers
Gray's p.50
Code TE E5.0.2.1.0.0.3
Anatomical terminology

Paraxial mesoderm, also known as presomitic or somitic mesoderm is the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites, blocks of tissue running along both sides of the neural tube, which form muscle and the tissues of the back, including connective tissue and the dermis.

Formation and somitogenesis

The paraxial and other regions of the mesoderm are thought to be specified by bone morphogenetic proteins, or BMPs, along an axis spanning from the center to the sides of the body. Members of the FGF family also play an important role, as does the WNT pathway. In particular, Noggin, a downstream target of the Wnt pathway, antagonizes BMP signaling, forming boundaries where antagonists meet and limiting this signaling to a particular region of the mesoderm. Together, these pathways provide the initial specification of the paraxial mesoderm and maintain this identity.[1]

The tissue undergoes convergent extension as the primitive streak regresses, or as the embryo gastrulates. The notochord extends from the base of the head to the tail; with it extend thick bands of paraxial mesoderm.[2]

As the primitive streak continues to regress, somites form from the paraxial mesoderm by "budding off" rostrally.

In certain model systems, it has been shown that the daughter cells of stem cell-like progenitor cells which come from the primitive streak or site of gastrulation migrate out and localize in the posterior paraxial mesoderm. As the primitive streak regresses and somites bud off anteriorly, new cells derived from these stem-cell like precursors constantly enter the posterior end of the paraxial mesoderm.[3][4]

Derived tissues

Many kinds of tissue derive from the segmented paraxial mesoderm by means of the somite. Among these are:

Head Mesoderm

A particular kind of tissue deriving from the paraxial mesoderm is the head mesoderm. This tissue derives from the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm and prechordal mesoderm. Tissues derived from the head mesoderm include connective tissue and the muscles of the face.

The head mesoderm forms through a separate signaling circuit than the segmented paraxial mesoderm, though also involving BMP and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. Here, retinoic acid interacts with these pathways.[5]

See also

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ↑ Pourquié, O. (2001). "Vertebratesomitogenesis". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 17: 311–350. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.311. PMID 11687492.
  2. ↑ Gilbert, S.F. (2010). Developmental Biology (9th ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 413–415. ISBN 978-0-87893-384-6.
  3. ↑ Cambray, N.; Wilson, V. (2007). "Two distinct sources for a population of maturing axial progenitors". Development 134 (15): 2829–2840. doi:10.1242/dev.02877. PMID 17611225.
  4. ↑ Maroto, M.; Bone, R. A.; Dale, J. K. (2012). "Somitogenesis". Development 139 (14): 2453–2456. doi:10.1242/dev.069310. PMID 22736241.
  5. ↑ Bothe, I.; Tenin, G.; Oseni, A.; Dietrich, S. (2011). "Dynamic control of head mesoderm patterning". Development 138 (13): 2807–2821. doi:10.1242/dev.062737. PMID 21652653.

External links