Paraspecies

A paraspecies (a paraphyletic species) is a species, living or fossil, that gave rise to one or more daughter species without itself becoming extinct.[1] Geographically widespread species that have given rise to one or more daughter species as peripheral isolates without themselves becoming extinct (i.e. through peripatric speciation) are examples of paraspecies.[2]

Paraspecies are expected from evolutionary theory (Crisp and Chandler, 1996), and are empirical realities in many terrestrial and aquatic taxa.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

The evolution of the polar bear from the brown bear is a well-documented example of a living species that gave rise to another living species.[13][14] Another examples of a living paraspecies is the North Island tuatara Sphenodon punctatus, which gave rise to the Brothers Island tuatara Sphenodon guntheri.[15]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ James S. Albert; Roberto E. Reis (8 March 2011). Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. University of California Press. p. 308. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  2. ↑ Ackery, P. R., and R. I. Vane-Wright. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 425 pp.
  3. ↑ Patton, J. L., and M. F. Smith. 1989. Population structure and the genetic and morphologic divergence among pocket gopher species (Genus Thomomys). Pp. 284-304 in: Speciation and its Consequences (D. Otte and J. A. Endler, eds.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
  4. ↑ Bell, M. A., and S. A. Foster. 1994. The Evolutionary Biology of the Threespine Stickleback. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  5. ↑ Crisp, M. D., and G. T. Chandler. 1996. Paraphyletic species. Telopea 6: 813-844.
  6. ↑ Funk, D. J., and K. E. Omland. 2003. Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: Frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial DNA. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34: 397-423.
  7. ↑ Albert, J. S., W. G. R. Crampton, D. H. Thorsen, and N. R. Lovejoy. 2004. Phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography of the Neotropical electric fish ''Gymnotus (Teleostei: Gymnotidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 2: 375-417.
  8. ↑ http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~jxa4003/Publications.html
  9. ↑ Turner, T. F., M. V. McPhee, P. Campbell, and K. O. Winemiller. 2004. Phylogeography and intraspecific genetic variation of prochilodontid fishes endemic to rivers of northern South America. Journal of Fish Biology 64: 186-201.
  10. ↑ Hoskin, C. J. 2007. Description, biology and conservation of a new species of Australian tree frog (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) and an assessment of the remaining populations of Litoria genimaculata Horst, 1883: systematic and conservation implications of an unusual speciation event. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 91: 549-563.
  11. ↑ Feinstein, J. 2008. Molecular systematics and historical biogeography of the Black-browed Barbet species complex (Megalaima oorti). Ibis 150: 40-49.
  12. ↑ Lozier, J. D., R. Foottit, G. Miller, N. Mills, and G. Roderick. 2008. Molecular and morphological evaluation of the aphid genus Hyalopterus Koch (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae), with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 1688: 1-19.
  13. ↑ http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Polar_bears_related_to_extinct_Irish_bears,_DNA_study_shows
  14. ↑ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211006452
  15. ↑ Lutz, Dick (2005). "Tuatara: A Living Fossil". Salem, Oregon: DIMI PRESS. ISBN 0-931625-43-2.