Paramount Television Network
 | |
| Type | Defunct broadcast television network |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
Broadcast area | Nationwide (primarily through ad-hoc network of affiliates) |
| Owner | Paramount Pictures |
Key people |
Paul Raibourn (President, Paramount Television Productions)[1] Klaus Landsberg (Producer; VP, Paramount Television Productions)[2] George T. Shupert (Executive, Program Sales, Paramount Television Productions)[3] Burt Balaban (Executive, Programming)[3] John Howell (Executive, Sales)[3] Bernard Goodwin (VP, Paramount Television Productions)[4] |
Launch date | 1948[5] |
| Dissolved | 1956 |
The Paramount Television Network (PTN) was a venture by American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television network in the late 1940s. The company built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles and WBKB in Chicago; it also invested US$400,000 in the DuMont Television Network, which operated stations WABD in New York City, WTTG in Washington, D.C., and WDTV in Pittsburgh. Escalating disputes between Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract, company control, and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956, and culminated in the dismantling of the DuMont Network. Television historian Timothy White called the clash between the two companies "one of the most unfortunate and dramatic episodes in the early history of the television industry."[6]
The Paramount Television Network aired several programs, including the Emmy Award-winning children's series Time for Beany. Filmed in Hollywood, the programs were distributed to an ad-hoc network of stations across the United States. The network signed affiliation agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950; despite this, most of Paramount's series were not widely viewed outside the West Coast. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which filed suit against Paramount for anti-trust violations, prevented the studio from acquiring additional television stations. Paramount executives eventually gave up on the idea of a television network, and continued to produce series for other networks. In 1995, after four decades of television production for other companies, Paramount re-entered the broadcast network field when the company and Chris-Craft Industries launched the United Paramount Network (UPN), a television network that operated until 2006. Paramount's television division is now owned by CBS Television Studios.
Origins
William Wadsworth Hodkinson founded American film corporation Paramount Pictures in 1914. Famous Players-Lasky Corporation acquired the company in 1916 and by the 1920s Paramount became a key player in Hollywood. The company founded or acquired many film production and exhibition properties; among these were the 2,000-screen theater chain United Paramount Theatres (UPT), newsreel service Paramount News and animation studio Famous Studios. The company became one of the "big five" Hollywood studios. By the 1940s, however, Paramount was the target of several anti-trust lawsuits by the federal government, culminating with U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al. (1948), which found that Paramount and other studios conducted monopolistic practices. Due to this Supreme Court decision, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) forced Paramount to sell off its theater division in 1949.[7]
As early as 1937, executives at Paramount Pictures were interested in the new medium of television. The following year, Paramount purchased a minority interest in DuMont Laboratories, a pioneer in early television technology founded by Dr. Allen B. DuMont. Relations between Paramount and DuMont staff were strained by 1940, when Paramount, without DuMont, opened Chicago television station WBKB and Los Angeles station KTLA. Dr. DuMont claimed that the original 1937 acquisition proposal required that Paramount would expand its television interests "through DuMont".[8] Paramount representative Paul Raibourn denied that any such restriction was ever discussed (a 1953 examination of the original draft document vindicated DuMont on this point).[8] The stock in DuMont, coupled with the Chicago and Los Angeles stations, gave Paramount full or partial ownership of four of the first nine television stations in the United States.[9]
DuMont Laboratories launched the DuMont Television Network in 1946. Despite Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont, Paramount's two stations never aired television programs from DuMont's television network (with the exception of KTLA, which ran DuMont programs for one year from 1947 to 1948), and competed against DuMont's affiliates in Los Angeles and Chicago.[6] According to authors Auter and Boyd, Paramount's construction of KTLA and WBKB and its subsequent launch of the Paramount Television Network "undercut" DuMont, a company it had invested in.[10]
KTLA began commercial broadcasts on January 22, 1947; its first evening broadcast was hosted by Bob Hope and featured Kirk Douglas, William Bendix, Dorothy Lamour, William Demarest, Ray Milland and Cecil B. DeMille.[11] KTLA was the first commercial television station to sign on west of the Mississippi River. Although other Los Angeles television stations operated experimentally and received commercial licenses, KTLA had a head start that resulted in a large viewership; a 1949 audience estimate from the C. E. Hooper company indicated that KTLA was broadcasting 28 of the top 30 television series in Los Angeles.[12] The popularity of KTLA's local programs opened up the possibility that they would become national hits if released to other stations across the country.
Launch
Paramount's television division, Television Productions, Inc., created the Paramount Television Network in 1948.[5] A full-page advertisement announcing the newly created network, with KTLA as the flagship station, ran in Billboard on May 22 of that year.[13] Filming of programs took place at KTLA; a coaxial cable link between KTLA and KFMB-TV in San Diego transmitted a live signal to San Diego viewers.[14] Other television stations across the United States received Paramount programs via kinescope recording for airing; these filmed series allowed stations to "fill in" their schedules during hours when ABC, NBC, CBS and DuMont were not broadcasting shows, or when station managers preferred Paramount's filmed offerings to those of the four networks. Station managers at WBKB-TV in Chicago also had plans to distribute their own kinescoped programs.[15]
Paramount management planned to acquire additional owned-and-operated stations ("O&Os"); the company applied to the FCC for additional stations in San Francisco, Detroit and Boston.[16] Officials at the FCC, however, denied Paramount's applications. A few years earlier, the federal regulator had placed a five-station cap on all television networks: no network was allowed to own more than five VHF television stations. Paramount was hampered by its minority stake in the DuMont Television Network. Although both DuMont and Paramount executives stated that the companies were separate, the FCC ruled that Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont meant that DuMont and Paramount were in theory branches of the same company. Since DuMont owned three television stations and Paramount owned two, the federal agency ruled neither network could acquire additional television stations. The FCC requested that Paramount relinquish its stake in DuMont, but Paramount refused.[16] According to television historian William Boddy, "Paramount's checkered anti-trust history" helped convince the FCC that Paramount controlled DuMont.[17] Both television networks suffered as a result, with neither company being able to acquire five O&Os. Meanwhile, CBS, ABC and NBC had each acquired the maximum of five stations by the mid-1950s.[18]
Author Timothy White has called Paramount's efforts to launch its own television service, which directly competed with the DuMont Television Network, an unwise decision – Paramount in effect was competing with itself. The resulting ill feelings between Paramount's and DuMont's executives continued to escalate throughout the early 1950s, and the lack of cooperation hindered both entities' network plans. According to White, by 1953, even the public pretense of cooperation between Paramount and DuMont was gone.[6]
Programs
The Paramount Television Network aired several television series during its years of operations. The following is a partial list:
- Adventures in Music – hosted by the "godfather of exotica", Korla Pandit, playing the Novachord and Hammond Organ
- Armchair Detective – a half-hour crime reenactment series[19] produced at KTLA that aired on CBS and Paramount stations[20]
- Bandstand Revue[21] – a 30-minute long music program sponsored by Ralston Purina[22]
- Dixie Showboat[23] – a weekly country and western musical variety program[24]
- Frosty Frolics[25] – an ice skating show that also briefly aired (for four weeks) on ABC[26]
- Harry Owens' Royal Hawaiians[27] – a series featuring Hawaiian music which aired in Los Angeles and San Francisco and later moved to the CBS television network[28]
- Hollywood Opportunity[29] – a talent show
- Hollywood Reel[23] – a Hollywood gossip program narrated by Hollywood columnist Erskine Johnson[30]
- Hollywood Wrestling[23] – an early professional wrestling series
- Latin Cruise – a musical series starring Bobby Ramos[19]
- Magazine of the Week[31] – a women's program
- Meet Me in Hollywood[31] – a man on the street interview series that was broadcast from the famed intersection of Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street[32]
- Movietown, RSVP[29] – a charades program
- Olympic Wrestling[29] – another professional wrestling series
- Sandy Dreams[25] – a children's program that also briefly aired on ABC stations[33]
- The Spade Cooley Show[23] – a variety program hosted by Spade Cooley and that featured Dick Lane, Anita Aros, Phil Gray, and Kay Cee Jones
- Time for Beany[23] – a children's series that received an Emmy Award in 1949, in the category Best Children's Show[26]
- Yer Ole Buddy[34] – a comedy program
Various press releases indicated that other KTLA series would be offered on the network.[35][36][37] There is no indication, however, that the following series aired outside Los Angeles:
- Girls Only – a comedy/drama starring Mary Gordon as an aging ex-actress with four young female charges[36]
- The Ina Ray Hutton Show[37] – a series featuring bandleader Ina Ray Hutton
- The Lawrence Welk Show[37] – a musical program starring Lawrence Welk that moved to ABC in summer 1955[26]
- Mayfair Mystery House – a 39-episode drama filmed in England[23]
- Spade Cooley's Western Varieties[35] – another series featuring Spade Cooley
Staff
Paul Raibourn served as the president of Paramount Television Productions.[1] Raibourn was also appointed vice president of Paramount Pictures Corporation,[38] and, due to Paramount's minority interest in DuMont, was installed as treasurer of the DuMont Television Network. This appointment created another point of conflict between Paramount and DuMont. According to Leonard Goldenson, president of ABC during this era, Raibourn "constantly nitpicked and needled [Allen DuMont] over the smallest expenditures. DuMont came to the point where, psychologically, he thought he couldn't do anything without Raibourn's approval."[39] Raibourn trimmed DuMont's budgets at a time when the network should have been expanding.[10][39] Goldenson credits Raibourn as one of the reasons ABC eventually became a successful, established television network while the DuMont network failed: "the name of the television game is programs. If you won't put money into programs, you won't succeed."[39]
Klaus Landsberg, a German immigrant, produced many Paramount Television Network series; he also served as one of the company's vice presidents and as KTLA's general manager.[2] Other Paramount executives included George T. Shupert, Paramount Television Productions' program sales executive;[3] Burt Balaban, programming executive;[3] John Howell, sales executive;[3] and Bernard Goodwin, a director and vice president of Paramount Television Productions.[4]
Affiliates
During the 1940s and 1950s, television networks in the United States were restricted to owning no more than five local VHF television stations.[23] This system, which evolved from similar FCC regulations governing radio, resulted in executives of television networks forming alliances with local station owners in order to air network programs across the U.S. These alliances were codified in network affiliation contracts; Paramount Television Network staff required affiliate station managers to sign a network contract even if the station only aired one Paramount program.[40] At its peak in late 1950, the Paramount Television Network was distributing five television series a week to over 40 affiliated television stations.[23] Most Paramount stations were in the United States, but at least two were Canadian stations.[41][42]
During this era, American television programs were either broadcast live to local television stations via microwave relay and AT&T's coaxial cable service or were recorded on kinescope and delivered through the mail to local stations. The live broadcast method was expensive, but was preferred by executives at each of the four major U.S. television networks (ABC, NBC, CBS and DuMont); in 1954, DuMont alone spent $3 million on live television broadcasts.[43] The major networks sent kinescopes to stations when live transmissions were not possible. "Film networks", which sent out only prerecorded material, also existed; kinescopes were cheap to produce and cost little to mail. Paramount's television service was a hybrid of the two systems, with a live connection between KTLA and KFMB-TV in San Diego,[14] and other affiliates broadcasting programs from kinescope recordings.[29][37] Paramount executives considered a live connection between Los Angeles and San Francisco too expensive. Uniquely, Paramount's The Harry Owens Show was broadcast live in Los Angeles and San Francisco by having the program's performers and crew commute via airplane between the two stations for sequential performances.[27][28]
The table below lists stations that carried Paramount Television Network programs, including the company's two owned-and-operated stations, KTLA and WBKB. DuMont's three VHF stations, WABD, WTTG and WDTV, which aired little or no Paramount programming but which the FCC ruled were O&Os of the same entity, also appear in this list. Also included are DuMont's two short-lived UHF licenses: KCTY-TV – which only operated for a few months,[43] and WHK-TV – which never signed on.[44] A number of stations carried Armchair Detective, Sandy Dreams and Frosty Frolics when those programs aired on CBS and ABC. Stations that aired those programs as part of an ABC or CBS affiliation are not shown in the table below.
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End of network
In May 1951, ABC chairman Edward Noble and United Paramount Theatres president Leonard Goldenson announced a proposed merger between their companies. The plan was to merge ABC and its five television stations with United Paramount Theatres, a company only recently spun off from Paramount Pictures. UPT also owned the network's Chicago station, WBKB; that station would have to be sold in order for the merged company to stay under the five-station cap. Because the proposed merger involved the sale of a television station, it required the approval of the FCC, which opened a hearing on the issue that August. The proposed deal was complex, and would affect many parties involved in television broadcasting, including Paramount, DuMont, and CBS (CBS executives wanted to purchase WBKB). During the hearing, Allen DuMont asked the FCC to force Paramount to sell its share of the DuMont Network. He stated that Paramount in effect owned two television networks, the PTN and DuMont; the FCC had similarly forced NBC to sell off one of its two radio networks eight years earlier due to concerns about multi-network ownership. Paramount executives, however, denied ever having operated a television network. Evidence presented against Paramount included network affiliation contracts and advertisements for the Paramount Television Network from 1951.[23] Despite Paramount executives' testimony, advertisements for the Paramount Television Network ran as late as 1952.[203]
After a grueling 18-month trial, the federal agency allowed the ABC-UPT merger, but never ruled on Paramount's partial ownership of a second network; Paramount was allowed to retain its shares in DuMont. Leo Resnick, hearing examiner for the Commission, concluded that Paramount did not control DuMont, but the FCC rejected this portion of Resnick's findings, restricting Paramount and DuMont to a total of five stations. The commissioners had not forgotten Paramount's previous anti-trust violations, and believed Paramount executives were attempting to control television by operating two television networks. According to White, the FCC's ruling "ensured that television broadcasting would be controlled by the same three companies that had dominated radio broadcasting, thus fostering a lack of diversity in both station and network ownership".[23]
The February 1953 merger of ABC and United Paramount Theatres lead to the divestiture of WBKB (now WBBM-TV), which was sold to CBS. Paramount retained KTLA and applied to the FCC for a new station in Boston, but the construction permit was never granted.[8] By this time, Paramount's television arm was called Paramount TV Productions, Incorporated;[204] Paramount ceased using the PTN name. The company continued to distribute programs nationally, however, and continued to sign network affiliation agreements with local television stations.[40]
With just one owned-and-operated station, Paramount's program service never gelled into a true television network; television historians such as Alex McNeil (1996) consider Paramount programs syndicated rather than network series.[205] While the Paramount series Hollywood Wrestling and Time For Beany were widely seen on stations across the United States, most other Paramount television programs aired in only a handful of markets (another exception, Hollywood Reel, aired in fourteen major cities in 1950).[164]
Paramount's revenues were much smaller than those of a true television network,[6] and gradually Paramount began losing program sponsors[206] or ended production on formerly-popular television series.[207][208] American Vitamin Corporation, Paramount's sponsor for both The Spade Cooley Show and Frosty Frolics, pulled its $25,000 weekly sponsorship in October 1951.[206] In June 1953, it was announced that Time For Beany and Paramount Television Productions were "calling it a day".[207] Paramount ended production of its flagship series in October 1953; rival Los Angeles station KTTV and independent distributor Consolidated Television respectively took over production and distribution of Time For Beany.[209] Independent distributor Cinema-Vue took over Hollywood Wrestling.[210] By late 1955, Billboard reported the Paramount Network consisted of just 15 stations airing Bandstand Revue. Billboard called this a "sort of" network.[40] Management changes at KTLA, coupled with low local ratings, caused the cancellation of Bandstand Revue in October 1956.[208] Klaus Landsberg, who had produced many of the series for KTLA, died in September 1956[211] and the new station manager made what Billboard called "sweeping changes" at the station.[208]
By the autumn of 1955, Hollywood insiders were predicting that Paramount would launch a major television network using KTLA and the DuMont stations as charters. Articles reported that Paramount was seeking television scripts, and was constructing theaters and studios that rivaled those of ABC, CBS and NBC.[40] In a dramatic move, Paramount's board of directors seized control of DuMont Laboratories in a boardroom coup in August 1955. Paramount executives replaced DuMont's board of directors, Dr. DuMont was removed as president of the company, and DuMont Network operations ceased the following year.[212] However, no combined Paramount-DuMont network ever materialized; according to television historian Timothy White, by this time "a television network was no longer among Paramount's plans for exploitation of the small screen".[6] Paramount sold its interest in DuMont (by this time renamed as the "Metropolitan Broadcasting Company") in 1959;[212] the sale ended Paramount's first ventures into network television.[6]
Paramount's later involvement with television
Despite Paramount's failure to build a national broadcast television network, the company retained KTLA, and executives at Paramount continued to toy with the idea of entering the television medium once more. Paramount sold its library of shorts and cartoons in separate deals to U.M. & M. TV Corporation, Associated Artists Productions and Harvey Comics (the Superman cartoons were already sold to National Comics when Paramount's license to Superman expired). In 1957, Paramount sold most of its pre-1950 sound live action feature film library to EMKA, Ltd., a subsidiary of MCA.[213] The live action films would end up with what became Universal Television after MCA bought Universal Pictures in 1962. KTLA was eventually sold to Golden West Broadcasters, a company owned by actor and singer Gene Autry, for $12 million in 1964.[214]
After acquiring Desilu Productions in 1967, the company continued to produce series for the "big three" broadcast networks. Among them were Here's Lucy, Mission: Impossible and Mannix for CBS; The Brady Bunch, The Odd Couple and Happy Days for ABC; and (in later years) Family Ties and Cheers for NBC.[215][216][217]
In 1978, Paramount CEO Barry Diller planned to launch the Paramount Television Service, a new "fourth television network";[218] its programs would have aired only one night a week. 30 "Movies of the Week" would have followed Star Trek: Phase II on Saturday nights. This plan was aborted when Paramount made the decision to transform Phase II into Star Trek: The Motion Picture.[219] Despite this failure, Diller would eventually launch a successful fourth network, when in late 1986, he joined the Rupert Murdoch-owned News Corporation to create the Fox network, which went on to be one of the most successful networks in the country.[220]
In the 1980s, Paramount became increasingly involved with original syndicated programming in the U.S., with such successful series being Entertainment Tonight, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Friday the 13th: The Series and The Arsenio Hall Show, all of which were among the most popular syndicated series broadcast during that decade; with the continuing success of the Star Trek franchise (notably, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) and the purchase of television station owner TVX Broadcast Group (which owned independent stations in several large and mid-sized markets), the groundwork for a new network venture was laid.
On January 16, 1995, Paramount launched a new broadcast television network, the United Paramount Network (UPN), in a programming partnership with Chris-Craft Industries;[221] Viacom (which acquired Paramount Pictures and its related holdings in 1994) would acquire 50% interest in the network in 1996 and acquire Chris-Craft's remaining stake in 2000. During its 11-year existence, UPN never made a profit;[222] The New Yorker reported that the network had lost $800 million during its first five years of operation.[223] UPN ceased operations in September 2006, when it merged with the WB Television Network to form The CW Television Network.[224] Today, Paramount's television division is part of the CBS Corporation subsidiary CBS Television Studios.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Tele is Radio Costs". Billboard: p. 17. 1946-10-26.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Billboard 62 (21): cover. 1950-05-27. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Shupert Joins Peerless TV". Billboard: p. 12. 1951-11-03.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Sunrise Corp. Buys WLOD". Billboard: p. 34. 1965-06-12.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Schatz, Thomas (1999). Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s. University of California Press. p. 433. ISBN 0-520-22130-3.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 White, Timothy R. (1992). Hollywood's Attempt to Appropriate Television: The Case of Paramount Pictures. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI. pp. 107–131.
- ↑ Nelmes, Jill (2003). An Introduction to Film Studies (3 ed.). Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 0-415-26268-2.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Hess, Gary Newton (1979). An Historical Study of the DuMont Television Network. New York: Arno Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-405-11758-2.
- ↑ Lev, Peter (2006). The Fifties: Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959. University of California Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-520-24966-6.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Auter, P.J.; Boyd, D.A. (1995). "DuMont: The Original Fourth Television Network" (PDF). Journal of Popular Culture 29 (3): pp. 63–83. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1995.00063.x. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
- ↑ "Para's KTLA Bows Jan. 22; Hope Emcee – Star-Studded Cast Inked". Billboard: p. 10. 1947-01-18.
- ↑ "Honors to KTLA In March, April L.A. TV Hooper". Billboard: p. 13. 1949-06-11.
- ↑ "Welcome N.A.B. to the Motion Picture, Radio and Television Capital". Billboard 60 (21): p. 9. 1948-05-22. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "First Coast Network: KTLA Pioneers in Hookup with San Diego". Long Beach Independent. 1949-10-16. p. 14c.
- ↑ "WBKB Adds Heft to Indie Position Thru Programming". Billboard: p. 15. 1948-12-04.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Browne, Nick (1994). American Television: New Directions in History and Theory. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 3-7186-0563-5. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
- ↑ Boddy, William (1992). Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics. University of Illinois Press. p. 56. ISBN 0-252-06299-X.
- ↑ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present (9th ed.). New York: Ballantine. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Hollywood shows on KEYL". San Antonio Light. 1950-02-19. p. 54.
- ↑ The Daily Messenger (Canandaigua, New York). 1949-07-06. p. 4. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 16. 1955-09-10.
- ↑ "KTLA Show Bought by Ralston". Billboard: 6. 1955-03-19.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.9 White, Timothy R. (1992). "Hollywood on (Re)Trial: The American Broadcasting-United Paramount Merger Hearing". Cinema Journal (University of Texas Press) 31 (3): 19–39. doi:10.2307/1225506. JSTOR 1225506.
- ↑ Pyron, Darden Asbury (2000). Liberace: an American boy. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-226-68667-1.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Roman, James (2005). From Daytime to Primetime: the History of American Television Programs. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-313-36169-2.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 McNeil, Alex (1997). Total Television (4th ed.). Penguin. pp. 308, 472, 1040. ISBN 0-14-024916-8.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "U.A. Sponsors Owens in S.F.". Billboard: p. 3. 1951-10-06.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Abbe, James (1952-01-06). "On the Air". The Oakland Tribune (Oakland, California). p. 2-B.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 "Para Mapping Kine Network". Billboard: pp. 13, 43. 1949-09-17.
- ↑ "Spinning the Dial". Long Beach Independent. 1951-01-24. p. 34.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 "KFMB-TV Rebeams 6 hrs. of KTLA Segs". Billboard: p. 11. 1949-06-04.
- ↑ Zhito, Lee (1947-11-14). "Meet Me in Hollywood". Billboard: 12.
- ↑ "Syndie Slides, Scripts". Billboard: 10. 1950-11-04.
- ↑ Hilmes, Michele (1999). Hollywood and Broadcasting: From Radio to Cable. University of Illinois Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 0-252-06846-7.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 "KTLA Renews Cooley". Billboard: p. 17. 1949-01-15.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 "'Girls Only' (Nix, Men!)". Long Beach Independent. 1949-10-16. p. 14c.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 "KTLA to Film, Distribute Own Tele Stanza". Billboard: p. 6. 1954-01-23.
- ↑ "Home Film Test a TV Harbinger?". Billboard: p. 8. 1952-02-23.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Goldenson, Leonard H.; Wolf, Martin J. (1991). Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC: The Stars, Struggles, and Egos That Transformed Network Television by the Man Who Made it Happen. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 107–108. ISBN 0-684-19055-9.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 "Para Looms as TV Biggie of Majors". Billboard: pp. 2–6. 1955-10-08.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 "TV Film Purchases". Billboard: p. 10. 1952-12-13.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Television". Winnipeg Free Press (Winnipeg, MB). 1954-08-21. p. 12.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Bergmann, Ted; Skutch, Ira (2002). The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 66, 77–78. ISBN 0-8108-4270-X.
- ↑ Jones, Vane A. (Summer 1958). North American Radio-TV Station Listings. Howard W. Sams.
- ↑ The New Mexican (Santa Fe, New Mexico). 1955-02-03. p. 15-A. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 "Monthly TV Film Buying Report". Billboard: p. 31. 1953-04-25.
- ↑ "Today's TV Programs". Pampa Daily News (Pampa, Texas). 1953-10-30. p. 11.
- ↑ "Top 10 Shows Each Day of the Week in ATLANTA". Billboard: p. 8. 1951-12-01.
- ↑ "WJBF Channel... 6". Aiken Standard and Review (Aiken, South Carolina). 1955-08-01. p. 6.
- ↑ "Television Schedule February 6 To 13". Mason City Globe-Gazette (Mason City, Iowa). 1955-02-04. p. 4.
- ↑ "Television Log". The Capital (Annapolis, Maryland). 1951-03-03. p. 3.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 12. 1955-10-08.
- ↑ "Television Programs". Trenton Evening Times (Trenton, New Jersey). 1950-11-17. p. 17.
- ↑ "Television Programs". The Gettysburg Times (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania). 1951-03-14. p. 10.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Where Syndicated Series Are Showing". Billboard: p. 16. 1953-05-30.
- ↑ The Anniston Star (Anniston, AL). 1950-10-26. p. 12. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ The Anniston Star (Anniston, AL). 1951-12-28. p. 5. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ The Anniston Star (Anniston, AL). 1953-02-26. p. 14. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Daily Guide: Radio & Television". Fitchburg Sentiel (Fitchburg, Massachusetts). 1949-09-21. p. 19.
- ↑ "Weekend Television Programs". Portsmouth Herald (Portsmouth, New Hampshire). 1951-01-06. p. 9.
- ↑ "Television Programs". Portland Press Herald (Portland, Maine). 1951-04-07. p. 9.
- ↑ "13 City ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard: p. 12. 1952-12-13.
- ↑ "TV High Spots". Lowell Sun (Lowell, Massachusetts). 1951-07-29. p. 54.
- ↑ "Saturday's TV". The Brownsville Herald (Brownsville, Texas). 1955-04-29. p. 10.
- ↑ "Television". Dunkirk Evening Observer (Dunkirk, New York). 1950-02-15. p. 13.
- ↑ "Television & Radio Programs". The Derrick (Oil City, Pennsylvania). 1953-04-10. p. 6.
- ↑ "Television Log". The Record-Eagle (Traverse City, Michigan). 1955-05-02. p. 7.
- ↑ "Weekly Television Programs". The Oelwein Daily Register (Oelwein, Iowa). 1954-10-23. p. 5.
- ↑ "Top 10 TV Shows Each Day of the Week in CHARLOTTE, NC". Billboard: p. 12. 1952-11-01.
- ↑ "Radio and Television". Racine Journal-Times (Racine, Wisconsin). 1951-02-28. p. 32.
- ↑ Jajkowski, Steve (2001). "Chicago Television – WBKB Channel 4". ChicagoTelevision.com. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ↑ "Coast TV Outlets Use More Eastern Kine Originations". Billboard: p. 12. 1949-08-27.
- ↑ "Radio and Television". Racine Journal-Times (Racine, Wisconsin). 1950-09-11. p. 17.
- ↑ "Weekly TV Roundup". The Star (Chicago). 1951-10-05.
- ↑ "French Sardine Bites on 'Hollywood Reel'". Billboard: p. 7. 1950-01-28. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
- ↑ "TV Film Purchases". Billboard: p. 9. 1952-10-04.
- ↑ "Television Programs". Hamilton Daily News Journal (Hamilton, Ohio). 1950-12-23. p. 10.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 18. 1955-08-27.
- ↑ "Television Programs". Hamilton Daily New Journal (Hamilton, Ohio). 1950-12-12. p. 8.
- ↑ The Evening Independent (Massillon, Ohio). 1951-09-29. p. 11. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Television Programs". East Liverpool Review (East Liverpool, Ohio). 1952-06-25. p. 12.
- ↑ The Coshocton Tribune (Coshocton, Ohio). 1953-02-10. p. 4. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Week's Television Schedule of Cleveland Stations". Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio). 1949-12-18. p. 22-E.
- ↑ "Television". The Coshocton Tribune (Coshocton, Ohio). 1955-08-27. p. 4.
- ↑ "Television". The Coshocton Tribune (Coshocton, Ohio). 1953-12-11. p. 14.
- ↑ New Castle News (New Castle, Pennsylvania). 1950-06-08. p. 30. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Television Programs". The Chronicle Telegram (Elyria, Ohio). 1955-10-10. p. 9.
- ↑ Chronicle Telegram (Elyria, Ohio). 1950-03-21. p. 12. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Program Schedule". The Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio). 1950-04-28. p. 26.
- ↑ "Television". The Newark Advocate (Newark, Ohio). 1951-05-02. p. 10.
- ↑ "Television". Dallas Morning News (Dallas, Texas). 1949-10-11. p. I-11.
- ↑ "TV Listings – Paris Area". The Paris News (Paris, Texas). 1953-08-02. p. 13.
- ↑ "Television Today". Denton Record-Chronicle (Denton, Texas). 1950-04-30. p. 6.
- ↑ "Television Schedules". Denton Record-Chronicle (Denton, Texas). 1953-04-16. p. 4.
- ↑ "Television Log". Burlington Hawk-Eye Gazette (Burlington, Iowa). 1951-09-08. p. 8.
- ↑ The Cedar Rapids Gazette (Cedar Rapids, Iowa). 1951-11-29. p. 33. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Television Programs". The Waterloo Daily Courier (Waterloo, Iowa). 1951-06-15. p. 23.
- ↑ "Television Guide". The Lima News (Lima, Ohio). 1950-11-02. p. 22.
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 "TV Film Purchases". Billboard: p. 16. 1952-10-18.
- ↑ Cedar Rapids Gazette (Cedar Rapids, Iowa). 1951-11-22. p. 31. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: pp. 9–10. 1955-07-16.
- ↑ 102.0 102.1 "14-City May ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard: p. 14. 1953-07-25.
- ↑ "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 21. 1955-09-17.
- ↑ "ARB Ratings of Non-Network TV Films". Billboard: p. 14. 1952-11-22.
- ↑ The Daily Telegram (Eau Claire, Wisconsin). 1954-09-18. p. 13. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "KTSM-TV on the Air". El Paso Herald-Post (El Paso, Texas). 1953-01-03. p. 10.
- ↑ "Radio – TV". Daily Journal (Fergus Falls, Minnesota). 1954-03-31. p. 4.
- ↑ "T. V. Station KQTV Back On The Air October 29th". The Ruthven Free Press (Ruthven, Iowa). 1955-10-12. p. 1.
- ↑ Fresno Bee Republican. 1953-06-10. p. 19. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Saturday, October 18th TV Schedule". The Holland Evening Sentinel (Holland, Michigan). 1952-10-18. p. 3.
- ↑ "TV Schedule". The Daily Times-News (Burlington, North Carolina). 1952-06-26. p. 2.
- ↑ Harrisonburg Daily News Record (Harrisonburg, Virginia). 1955-06-25. p. 4. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Saturday's Radio and TV Programs". Galveston Daily News (Galveston, Texas). 1953-02-14. p. 21.
- ↑ Galveston Daily News (Galveston, Texas). 1951-06-03. p. 25. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Television Log". Idaho State Journal (Pocatello, Idaho). 1954-06-15. p. 10.
- ↑ Kokomo Tribune (Kokomo, Indiana). 1950-10-21. p. 14. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Friday Evening TV Programs". Logansport Press (Logansport, Indiana). 1951-05-04. p. 6.
- ↑ "Television Schedule". Anderson Daily Bulletin (Anderson, Indiana). 1955-03-21. p. 17.
- ↑ "Monday Afternoon TV Programs". Logansport Press (Logansport, Indiana). 1951-05-20. p. 6.
- ↑ "Hollywood Wrestling Returns to KRCG-TV". Jefferson City Post-Tribune (Jefferson City, Missouri). 1955-08-12. p. 6.
- ↑ Kingsport Times (Kingsport, Tennessee). 1954-04-02. p. 7. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Radio and Television Programs". Atchison Daily Globe (Atchison, Kansas). 1955-04-03. p. 9.
- ↑ Atchison Daily Globe (Atchison, Kansas). 1950-11-19. p. 4. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Billboard: p. 12. 1955-09-03. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Lake Charles American Press (Lake Charles, Louisiana). 1955-03-14. p. 20. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Lebanon Daily News (Lebanon, Pennsylvania). 1954-03-04. p. 21. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Monthly TV Film Buying Report". Billboard: p. 31. 1953-04-25.
- ↑ Evening Journal (Lubbock, Texas). 1953-03-06. p. 7. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Television — Tonight, Tomorrow — WMCT Channel 5, & WHBQ Channel 13". Blytheville Courier News (Blytheville, Arkansas). 1955-06-25. p. 7.
- ↑ 130.0 130.1 "Market-By-Market Ratings". Billboard: p. 9. 1955-10-15.
- ↑ "Television". The Sheboygan Press (Sheboygan, Wisconsin). 1955-05-20. p. 17.
- ↑ "Television: WTMJ (Channel 4)". Sheboygan Journal (Sheboygan, Wisconsin). 1955-07-29. p. 7.
- ↑ "Television: WTMJ-TV". Sheboygan Journal (Sheboygan, Wisconsin). 1951-07-05. p. 11.
- ↑ "Television Programs". The Winona Republican-Herald (Winona, Minnesota). 1952-01-30. p. 10.
- ↑ "Daily T-V Program". Ruston Daily Leader (Ruston, Louisiana). 1955-08-30. p. 3.
- ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 "Current TV Film Series". Billboard: p. 24. 1952-06-28.
- ↑ "On the Air Today". Naugatuck Daily News (Naugatuck, Connecticut). 1949-10-12. p. 3.
- ↑ "On Television Today". The Bridgeport Telegram (Bridgeport, Connecticut). 1951-07-16. p. 11.
- ↑ "WDSU Channel 6". Times-Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana). 1951-01-28. p. 6.
- ↑ "WDSU Channel 6". Times-Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana). 1953-08-17. p. 18.
- ↑ "Television Programs". Trenton Evening Times (Trenton, New Jersey). 1951-01-30. p. 11.
- ↑ "On Television Today". Bridgeport Telegram (Bridgeport, Connecticut). 1951-04-14. p. 24.
- ↑ The Ada Evening News (Ada, Oklahoma). 1954-02-21. p. 5. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "WKY-TV This Week". The Daily Oklahoman (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma). 1951-06-24. p. 21.
- ↑ "Daily Radio And TV Programs". Council Bluffs Nonpareil (Council Bluffs, Iowa). 1955-02-15. p. 10.
- ↑ "Daily Radio, TV Programs". Council Bluffs Nonpareil (Council Bluffs, Iowa). 1950-02-21. p. 7.
- ↑ "Television Programs". The Chester Times (Chester, Pennsylvania). 1949-08-10. p. 17.
- ↑ "13-City Nov. ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard: p. 14. 1953-01-17.
- ↑ "Television-Radio Programs". Chester Times (Chester, Pennsylvania). 1953-08-25. p. 18.
- ↑ "Television Programs". The Chester Times (Chester, Pennsylvania). 1951-10-10. p. 24.
- ↑ "Television Programs". Chester Times (Chester, Pennsylvania). 1950-10-21. p. 9.
- ↑ "Television Programs". The Chester Times (Chester, Pennsylvania). 1950-10-14. p. 7.
- ↑ Lebanon Daily News (Lebanon, Pennsylvania). 1950-03-10. p. 7. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Arizona Television Schedule". Broadcasting101. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
- ↑ "Television". The Evening Standard (Uniontown, Pennsylvania). 1951-03-24. p. 11.
- ↑ "G. F. Johnson Presents This Week's Television Programs". The Oregonian. 1953-01-25. p. 10.
- ↑ 157.0 157.1 "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 10. 1955-07-30.
- ↑ "Television Programs". Newport Daily News (Newport, Rhode Island). 1950-10-11. p. 13.
- ↑ "Where Syndicated Series Are Showing". Billboard: p. 22. 1953-01-17.
- ↑ "KZTV Channel 8". Nevada State Journal (Reno, Nevada). 1954-03-24. p. 17.
- ↑ "KZTV Log". Reno Evening Gazette (Reno, Nevada). 1955-03-26. p. 11.
- ↑ "KZTV Programs". Reno Evening Gazette (Reno, Nevada). 1953-10-10. p. 10.
- ↑ "TV Today and Tomorrow". Harrisonburg Daily News Record (Harrisonburg, Virginia). 1954-11-10. p. 5.
- ↑ 164.0 164.1 164.2 Johnston, Erskine (1950-02-18). "In Hollywood". Dunkirk Evening Observer (Dunkirk, New York). p. 7.
- ↑ Dixon Evening Telegraph (Dixon, Illinois). 1951-04-27. p. 6. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Radio and Television Programs". The Edwardsville Intelligencer (Edwardsville, Illinois). 1955-08-01. p. 8.
- ↑ "Radio and Television Programs". The Edwardsville Intelligencer (Edwardsville, Illinois). 1955-09-16. p. 7.
- ↑ "KSD-TV Program Channel 5". Alton Evening Telegraph (Alton, Illinois). 1950-03-06. p. 14.
- ↑ "Television Schedules". The Winona Republican-Herald (Winona, Minnesota). 1953-10-15. p. 7.
- ↑ The Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City, Utah). 1951-07-27. p. 25. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Daily Television Guide". Ogden Standard-Examiner (Ogden, Utah). 1950-10-18. p. 11A.
- ↑ "Current Television Station Programs". The Daily Herald (Provo, Utah). 1954-03-26. p. 2-A.
- ↑ "Radio & Television Listings". San Antonio Express (San Antonio, Texas). 1953-08-23. p. 23.
- ↑ "TV Programs For All Week". San Antonio Express (San Antonio, Texas). 1953-01-25. p. 69.
- ↑ "Spotlighting the Dial" (PDF). San Antonio Express (San Antonio, Texas). 1950-03-24. p. 14B. Retrieved 2009-12-21.
- ↑ San Antonio Express (San Antonio, Texas). 1951-06-28. p. 9. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Television". Redlands Daily Facts (Redlands, California). 1952-12-05. p. 12.
- ↑ "Tonight on TV". The Times (San Mateo, California). 1950-04-28. p. 15.
- ↑ Franklin, Bob (1950-11-16). "Show Time". Oakland Tribune (Oakland, California). p. 63.
- ↑ "TV Programs". Oakland Tribune (Oakland, California). 1953-10-10. p. 9.
- ↑ "Television Program Today". The Oneonta Star (Oneonta, New York). 1952-12-22. p. 15.
- ↑ "This Week in TV". Seattle Daily Times (Seattle). 1951-04-01. p. 9-S.
- ↑ "The Week in Televistion (sic)". Seattle Daily Times (Seattle). 1952-02-24. p. 18.
- ↑ "Daily TV Schedules". The Daily Chronicle (Centralia, Washington). 1953-09-21. p. 5.
- ↑ Lowes, Glenna M. (1954-01-29). "TV Notebook: Many Changes Noted in Time Schedules". Seattle Daily Times (Seattle). p. 20.
- ↑ "WNBT, WTVJ, and KELO-TV get nod". Billboard: p. 10. 1954-02-20.
- ↑ "Television – Monday". Walla Walla Union-Bulletin (Walla Walla, Washington). 1953-03-30. p. 13.
- ↑ "Television Talk". The Post-Standard (Syracuse, New York). 1950-02-26. p. 16.
- ↑ "Television". Syracuse Herald Journal (Syracuse, New York). 1953-08-21. p. 16.
- ↑ "TV Programs". The Daily Chronicle (Centralia, Washington). 1955-10-08. p. 7.
- ↑ "Current TV Film Series". Billboard: p. 12. 1952-06-21.
- ↑ "TV Schedule, Sat., Jan. 9th". Miami Daily News-Record (Miami, Oklahoma). 1954-01-08. p. 3.
- ↑ "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard: p. 32. 1955-08-06.
- ↑ "The Nation's Top 10 Television Programs". Billboard: p. 14. 1955-10-01.
- ↑ "Television Log". The Capital (Annapolis, Maryland). 1951-06-02. p. 3.
- ↑ "Television Highlights". Cumberland Evening Times (Cumberland, Maryland). 1952-05-07. p. 21.
- ↑ "Television Highlights". The Cumberland Evening Times (Cumberland, Maryland). 1952-08-27. p. 19.
- ↑ "TV Programs". The Oelwein Daily Register (Oelwein, Iowa). 1954-06-28. p. 7.
- ↑ "WSAU-TV Channel 7". Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune (Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin). 1954-12-10. p. 2.
- ↑ "Radio & Television". Fort Pierce News-Tribune (Fort Pierce, Florida). 1956-07-26. p. 5.
- ↑ "The Week on Television". Hutchinson News-Herald (Hutchinson, Kansas). 1954-09-25. p. 10.
- ↑ "KIVA Channel 11". The Yuma Daily Sun (Yuma, Arizona). 1955-10-28. p. 10.
- ↑ "Isn't it "Time For Beany" in Your Market?". Billboard: p. 37. 1952-06-14. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ↑ "13-City Jan. ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard: p. 20. 1953-03-21.
- ↑ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television (4 ed.). New York: Penguin. pp. 184, 840. ISBN 0-14-024916-8.
- ↑ 206.0 206.1 "AVC Pulls Out of TV". Billboard: p. 11. 1951-10-20.
- ↑ 207.0 207.1 "Hollywood on TV". The Yuma Daily Sun (Yuma, Arizona). 1953-06-23. p. 12.
- ↑ 208.0 208.1 208.2 "KTLA Drops 2 TV Music Segs". Billboard: p. 11. 1956-10-20.
- ↑ "Consolidated to Sell 'Beany'". Billboard: p. 11. 1953-10-03.
- ↑ "This Week's Film Buys". Billboard: p. 14. 1956-07-28.
- ↑ "Landsberg Dies at 42; Arnold Subs Pro Tem". Billboard: 16. 1956-09-29.
- ↑ 212.0 212.1 Weinstein, David (2004). The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television. Temple University Press. p. 38. ISBN 1-59213-499-8.
- ↑ "Of Local Origin". The New York Times. 25 February 1958. Retrieved 7 October 2012.(subscription required)
- ↑ "Autry Buys Station For $12 Million". Billboard: p. 20. 1964-06-06.
- ↑ Kanfer, Stefan (2004). Ball of Fire: The Tumultuous Life and Comic Art of Lucille Ball. Alfred A Knopf Inc. pp. 262–268. ISBN 0-375-72771-X.
- ↑ Einstein, Mara (2004). Media Diversity: Economics, Ownership, and the FCC. Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 0-8058-5403-7.
- ↑ Brant, Marley (2006). Happier Days: Paramount Television's Classic Sitcoms, 1974–1984. Billboard Books. pp. 218, 233. ISBN 0-8230-8933-9.
- ↑ Gross, Michael (1993-02-08). "Rupert in Wonderland: Murdoch's Not Really Home Alone in Wonderland". New York Magazine (New York) 26 (6): p. 32. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ↑ Sackett, Susan; Roddenberry, Gene (1980). The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Pocket Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-671-25181-3.
- ↑ Du Brow, Rick (26 February 1992). "Barry Diller Took Fox Network From Ridicule to Respect". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ↑ Cox, Ted (1995-01-16). "Another 'Star Trek,' and network, headed our way tonight". The Daily Herald (Chicago). p. 21.
- ↑ Heldenfels, R.D. (2006-01-26). "WB, UPN Die; CW Network Born: Owners CBS, Warner Bros. To Form TV Partnership; Local Stations Unsure of Future". RedOrbit.com. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ↑ Surowiecki, James (2000-04-03). "Why Won't Anyone Pull the Plug on UPN?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
- ↑ Gough, Paul J.; Littleton, Cynthia (2006-01-26). "UPN, WB Network to fold; the CW emerges". HollywoodReporter.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
Further reading
- Lev, Peter (2006). The Fifties: Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959. pp. 128–129. University of California Press ISBN 0-520-24966-6.
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