Paralogy regions

Paralogy regions are chromosomal regions sharing gene content similarity to other chromosomal regions within the same genome.[1] They are well characterised in the human genome, where they have been used as evidence to support the 2R hypothesis. Sets of duplicated, triplicated and quadruplicated genes, with the related genes on different chromosomes, are deduced to be remnants from genome or chromosomal duplications. A set of paralogy regions is together called a paralogon.[2] Well-studied sets of paralogy regions include regions of human chromosome 2, 7, 12 and 17 containing Hox gene clusters, collagen genes, keratin genes and other duplicated genes,[3] regions of human chromosomes 4, 5, 8 and 10 containing neuropeptide receptor genes, NK class homeobox genes and many more gene families,[4][5][6] and parts of human chromosomes 13, 4, 5 and X containing the ParaHox genes and their neighbors.[7] The Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on human chromosome 6 has paralogy regions on chromosomes 1, 9 and 19.[8] Much of the human genome seems to be assignable to paralogy regions.[9]

References

  1. ↑ Lundin, LG (April 1993). "Evolution of the vertebrate genome as reflected in paralogous chromosomal regions in man and the house mouse.". Genomics 16 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1133. PMID 8486346.
  2. ↑ Coulier, F; Popovici, C; Villet, R; Birnbaum, D (Dec 15, 2000). "MetaHox gene clusters.". The Journal of experimental zoology 288 (4): 345–51. doi:10.1002/1097-010X(20001215)288:4<345::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 11144283.
  3. ↑ Ruddle, FH; Bentley, KL; Murtha, MT; Risch, N (1994). "Gene loss and gain in the evolution of the vertebrates.". Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement: 155–61. PMID 7579516.
  4. ↑ Pébusque, MJ; Coulier, F; Birnbaum, D; Pontarotti, P (September 1998). "Ancient large-scale genome duplications: phylogenetic and linkage analyses shed light on chordate genome evolution.". Molecular Biology and Evolution 15 (9): 1145–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026022. PMID 9729879.
  5. ↑ Larsson, TA; Olsson, F; Sundstrom, G; Lundin, LG; Brenner, S; Venkatesh, B; Larhammar, D (Jun 25, 2008). "Early vertebrate chromosome duplications and the evolution of the neuropeptide Y receptor gene regions.". BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 184. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-184. PMC 2453138. PMID 18578868.
  6. ↑ Pollard, Sophie L.; Holland, Peter W.H. (2000). "Evidence for 14 homeobox gene clusters in human genome ancestry". Current Biology 10 (17): 1059–1062. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00676-X.
  7. ↑ Mulley, JF; Chiu, CH; Holland, PW (Jul 5, 2006). "Breakup of a homeobox cluster after genome duplication in teleosts.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (27): 10369–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600341103. PMC 1502464. PMID 16801555.
  8. ↑ Flajnik, Martin F.; Kasahara, Masanori (2001). "Comparative Genomics of the MHC". Immunity 15 (3): 351–362. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00198-4.
  9. ↑ McLysaght, Aoife; Hokamp, Karsten; Wolfe, Kenneth H. (2002). "Extensive genomic duplication during early chordate evolution". Nature Genetics 31 (2): 200–204. doi:10.1038/ng884.