Pancharanga Kshetrams

Ranganatha.

Pancharanga Kshetrams or Pancharangams ("five Rangams or Ranganathas") is a group of five sacred Hindu temples, dedicated to Ranganatha, a form of the god Vishnu, on the banks of the Kaveri River. The five Pancharanga Kshetrams in the order of their successive locations, on the banks of the Kaveri River are: The Srirangapatnam called the Adi Ranga, the first temple on the banks of the Kaveri River from the upstream side; the Srirangam (island in Tiruchirappalli) in Tamil Nadu known as Adya Ranga (the last temple), Appalarangam or Koviladi at Tiurppernagar in Tamil Nadu, Parimala Ranganatha Perumal Temple or Mayuram at Indalur, Mayiladuthurai and Vatarangam at Sirkazhi. The Sarangapani temple at Kumbakonam is mentioned in place of Vatarangam in some references.[1][2][3]

Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam)

Pre 1987
Post 1987
Rajagopuram (Main tower)

Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is located on the eastern shores of the Srirangam (Adya Ranga) island, which appears like a conch in shape, one of the adornments in Vishnu's hands. In this temple, Ranganatha in a reclining position resting on the bed of Shesha and is seen with his consort Ranganayaki.[4] There are many legends connected with the founding of the temple but the most narrated one is that the creator god Brahma was involved in doing tapas (meditation) here when the central icon of Ranganatha emerged from the cosmic milky ocean in a celestial flying craft. Brahma then took this image to his abode Satyaloka in the heavens where he offered daily puja. This was then brought to Ayodhya by King Ikshvaku after several hundred years of penance, and was passed down over generations to Ikshvaku's descendant Rama, an avatar of Vishnu and hero of the epic Ramayana. Rama then presented it to Vibhishana, who assisted him in killing the demon-king of Lanka and Vibhishana's brother, Ravana. However, when Vibhishana was taking the image to Lanka (modern-day Sri Lanka), he stopped en-route on the banks of the Kaveri to bathe at Srirangam, and thereafter the deity wished to dwell there itself, and since then it is under continuous worship at this location.[5][2][4] Since Vibhishana was very forlorn by the decision of the Lord, Ranganatha faces south towards Lanka to placate Vibhishana.[5] One more legend mentioned is that river goddess Kaveri requested Ranganatha to reside at Srirangam.[6]

The temple is also known for the legend of Andal, a female Alvar saint of the Sri Vaishnava sect. She got married symbolically to the Ranganatha icon (Vishnu) as per her deep desire. The marriage took place in the sanctum sanctorum of the temple when Andal (said to be an incarnation of goddess Lakshmi) merged with the image, and became a part of Ranganatha.[7]

Another incident related to the deity of this temple is of a Vaishnava Saint (Alvar) who lived in 7th century and composed hymns in praise of the Lord. He was born in a village called Mannargudi on the banks of the Kaveri River and was a staunch devotee of lord Ranganatha of Srirnagam. He came to live in Srirangam and used to make garlands for the deity. However, he fell in love with a devadasi and he took to wrong deeds. Finally, Lord Ranganatha came to his rescue and then he was given the name of Thondaradippodi Alvar, (meaning: "dust at the feet of the lord"). Thereafter, he composed 54 hymns in praise of the Lord, which have become part of Nalayiraprabhandam (4000 hymns in praise of the Lord).[8]

The temple location is in an island formed by the Kaveri River and the stream Kollidam joining it, to bifurcate it and again joining a few miles downstream of the island. Its construction, in Dravidian architectural style, is attributed to the period of Udayan Setupathi in association with Sri Lankan prince Pararaja Sekara, in 1414; however, the main sanctuary where the idol is deified dates to 11th century and the surrounding enclosures and pavilions belong mostly to the 17th and 18th centuries.[6] It took 350 years to complete with 35 villages granted for its maintenance. The sanctum sanctorum, square in shape, built with in circular shrine,[4] is encircled by seven tier of walls of 25 feet (7.6 m) height) spaced at 120 yards (110 m), with outer wall measuring nearly 7 miles (11 km). There are twenty one towers or “gopurams” (some of them unfinished) and each forming a common gated entry and all of similar design; the 13- tiered rajagopuram, or chief tower, on the western side, 78 feet (24 m) in height (illustration), was built in 1987 by Ahobila Mutt and dominates the landscape for miles around. There are many pavilions and shrines within the complex an Ayiram kaal mandapam (a hall of 1000 pillars of carved granite and decorated with carvings) and several small water tanks (two important ones for pilgrims to bathe are Agni Thirta and Kodi Tirtha) inside. The corridors and pillars are huge and elegantly carved. The corridors are about 400 feet (120 m) in length with width varying from 17–21 feet (5.2–6.4 m) with a height of 30 feet (9.1 m) from the floor to the ceiling. The total area covered by the temple precincts measures 865 feet (264 m)x657 feet (200 m). Red and gray granite and sienite have been used in pavements, stairways and lower part of walls. The temple has decorations of carved griffins, idols of gods and men and animals (tigers). The space between the walls of the temple complex has the well planned complete city of Srirangam with roads and houses.[4][9] It is stated to be the largest temple in South India.[6]

Vaikunta Ekadashi festival is an important event in the temple premises and is said to be a celebration on the occasion of Ekadashi goddess who is said to have defeated asuras or demons. [10]

Parasara Batttar, well known poet of the times who has written a commentary on Vishnu Sahasranama (thousand names of Lord Vishnu) has noted the beautiful image of Ranganatha at Srirangam temple as ornamented with basil (tulsi) garland on the chest (favorite of Vishnu), Kaustubha, Vaijayanthi hara (a necklace) and a few other ornaments, which once formed the divine jewelry of Krishna, the avatar (incarnation) of Vishnu, are also decorating the image of Ranganatha.[11]

Sri Ranganatha Temple, Srirangapatna

The temple of Ranganatha in Srirangapatna

Also known as Adiranga, the temple is located on the banks of the Kaveri in Srirangapatna, Karnataka. This temple originally built in 894 C.E by Tirumaliah of the Ganga Dynasty and legend accounts its founding to Sage Gautama.[12] The temple was expanded by the Hoysalas in the 11th century AD and subsequently by Vijayanagar kings.[13][14] Ranganatha, the presiding deity of this temple, was honoured by the Muslim ruler Tipu Sultan, known as the "Tiger of Mysore",[15] who is said to have worshipped from outside the temple gate and not had his meal until they heard the temple bell.[14] He even donated silver utensils and other endowments to the temple.[16]

A Nayaka ruler who ruled over Srirangapatna built the fort there and also expanded the Sri Ranganatha Temple complex with the treasures he found there. His descendents ruled until 1495, when Srirangapatna was taken over by Vijayanagar Empire. One of the largest temples in Karnataka, it was built in three stages: the innermost part of the temple is said to date back to the Hoysala period;[17] the Gopuram was built in the Vijaynagara architectural style,[13] and has six stories, colourfully plastered and adorned with idols; and the main idol in the temple of Ranganatha is reclining on a five-headed serpent and is said to be very ancient. According to the local legend, it is said to be 3600 years old and was a gift from God.[18] There is a chariot located in the front yard of this temple which was a gift by Muslim Ruler Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan's father.[13]

This temple is known as the eastern (Purva) Ranganatha Kshetram, while the similar temple in the western part of the Cauvery River, also in an island is called the Paschima Ranganatha Kshetra.[12]

The temple is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the Mysore city in the town of Srirangaptna, which is named after the deity, Sri Ranganatha in the temple.[19] The annual Ranganatha Swamy temple fair is held at the temple premises in the month of Pausha (December/January).[20]

Parimala Perumal Temple

Parimala Ranganathar Perumal Temple

The Parimala Ranganatha Perumal Temple is also one of the 108 Divya Desams. It is located on the banks of the Kaveri River, in Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu.[3] The legend of the temple is related to a pious bandit-turned-Alvar saint Parakal, known for his devotion to Ranganatha. Vishnu is said to have appeared in the form of Ranganatha at Srirangam temple, incarnated as a rich man and gave an opportunity to the bandit to completely loot him. Then god was pleased with the bandit and agreed to his request to permanently reside in his town Tirunakari. Ranganatha stayed in the town as Parimala Perumal and Parakal built a temple for him and remained there permanently offering prayers to the god.[21] The Temple town is now known as Tiruvizandur in Mayuram taluk of Tanjavur district in Tamil Nadu.

The practice of playing nadaswaram (a wind musical instrument) at temples, though in vogue for centuries, did not have any sahityam or music based literature or lyrics to go with it. Then a beginning was made by renowned musicians who composed a rakti, a musical composition with 2 to 8 notes according to their skills and then played it in Parimala Ranganatha Temple. Thereafter, it became a popular rendition in Nadaswara. The rakti (lyrics) played in the Parimala Ranganatha temple at Tiruvizhandur was made famous by Tiruvizhandur Subrahmanya Pillai and Kurainadu Natesa Pillai, who were among the reputed rakti players of an earlier generation. Sri Radhakrishna Pillai was also a well known player of this instrument in recent times.[22]

Sarangapani Temple

Main article: Sarangapani Temple
Left: Gopuras of the temple in Kumbakonam. Right: Appala Ranganattha Temple

The Sarangapani Temple on the banks of the Kaveri River is one of the Divya Desams and is also one of the five Pancharangam Temples. Its location is in the Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu, India, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the Kumbakonam railway station.[3][23]

The deity in the temple is Sarangapani, an incarnation of Vishnu. According to a legend, when saint Hema Rishi did penance, Vishnu appeared to him from Heavens driving a chariot drawn by four horses and elephants. The temple depicts this scene in the sanctum sanctorum (central chamber of the temple) and the chariot opens out on either side. According to this legend the hermitage of the rishi became the Pottramarai tank of the temple.[24]

Sri Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple

The Sri Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple, also called as Thirupper Nagar, is located on the banks of the Kaveri River, 3 miles (4.8 km) away from Kollidam. It is one of the 108 Divya Desams[25] and also one of the Pancharanga Kshetrams.[3]

The main deity in the sanctum is Lord Ranganatha, in a reclining pose and considered adi, meaning fore runner, to the Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple at Srirangam. The temple tower is in the shape of Indira’s Vimana (aircraft). Also seen in the precincts of the temple is the shrine of Lord Vazhikatti Vinanayaka (Guiding Vinayaka) or Lord Ganesh. According to the legend of the place, King Upamanyu and Parasara Rishi saw the Lord Appakudathan here, and King Upamanyu is stated to have offered appam (pancake) as a food offering to the god, and hence the lord got his name as Appakudathan. Indra’s pride was destroyed by this god and also removed the fear of death from the mind of Markandeya Rishi and also King Upari Siravasu was blessed free of sins and curses. Saint Periyalvar sang the Mangalashasanam, a hymn in praise of the Lord, in front of the god before he attained moksha or salvation.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Subodh Kapoor (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia: Timi-Vedic Age. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-7755-280-5. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dalal 2011, p. 339.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Pancharanga Kshetrams". indiantemples.com. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Deshpande 2005, pp. 274-275.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Deshpande 2005, pp. 363-64.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 V.V. Subba Reddy (2009). Temples of South India. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-81-212-1022-5. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  7. ↑ Dalal 2011, p. 28.
  8. ↑ Dalal 2011, p. 118.
  9. ↑ Howard Malcolm (1839). Travels in south-eastern Asia, embracing Hindustan, Malaya, Siam, and China: with notices of numerous missionary stations, and a full account of the Burman Empire; with dissertations, tables, etc. Gould, Kendall, and Lincoln. pp. 69–. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  10. ↑ Ayyar 1982, p. 447.
  11. ↑ T. Padmaja (1 January 2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Abhinav Publications. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-81-7017-398-4. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ayyar 1982, p. 596.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Various (2009). Tourist Guide to Karnataka. Sura Books. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-81-7478-062-1. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 A., Raman. Bangalore - Mysore: A Disha Guide. p. 105.
  15. ↑ Tiger of Mysore Gallery BBC
  16. ↑ Alqarzavi, Allama Yusuf. Islam: Muslims & Non Muslims. p. 54.
  17. ↑ Dr. Krishna Gopal; Phal S. Girota (2003). Fairs and Festivals of India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka. Gyan Pub. House. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  18. ↑ Murray McMillan (August 2006). Tehaka's Journey. Janus Publishing Company Lim. pp. 293–. ISBN 978-1-85756-607-9. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  19. ↑ Rosemary Vargas (1 October 2005). Ashtanga City - The Westerner's Guide to Mysore. Lulu.com. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-4116-5669-7. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  20. ↑ Gopal K. Bhargava; S. C. Bhatt (2006). Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Karnataka. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 474–. ISBN 978-81-7835-369-2. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  21. ↑ Friedhelm Hardy (8 December 2005). The Religious Culture of India: Power, Love and Wisdom. Cambridge University Press. pp. 315–. ISBN 978-0-521-02344-3. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  22. ↑ The Journal of the Music Academy, Madras. Music Academy. 1986. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  23. ↑ 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Malai Nadu and Vada Nadu. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.
  24. ↑ Ayyar 1982, p. 324.
  25. ↑ Ayyar 1982, p. 533.
  26. ↑ "Sri Appakudathan temple". Dinamalar. Retrieved 19 December 2012.

Bibliography