PARRY
PARRY was an early example of a chatterbot, implemented in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby.
History
PARRY was written in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, then at Stanford University.[1] While ELIZA was a tongue-in-cheek simulation of a Rogerian therapist, PARRY attempted to simulate a paranoid schizophrenic.[1] The program implemented a crude model of the behavior of a paranoid schizophrenic based on concepts, conceptualizations, and beliefs (judgements about conceptualizations: accept, reject, neutral). It also embodied a conversational strategy, and as such was a much more serious and advanced program than ELIZA. It was described as "ELIZA with attitude".[2]
PARRY was tested in the early 1970s using a variation of the Turing Test. A group of experienced psychiatrists analysed a combination of real patients and computers running PARRY through teleprinters. Another group of 33 psychiatrists were shown transcripts of the conversations. The two groups were then asked to identify which of the "patients" were human and which were computer programs.[3] The psychiatrists were able to make the correct identification only 48 percent of the time — a figure consistent with random guessing.[4]
PARRY and ELIZA (also known as "the Doctor"[5][6]) "met" several times.[1]RFC 439[5] The most famous of these exchanges occurred at the ICCC 1972, where PARRY and ELIZA were hooked up over ARPANET and "talked" to each other.[5]
See also
Notes and references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Güzeldere 1995
- ↑ Bowden 2006, p. 370.
- ↑ Colby et al. 1972, p. 42.
- ↑ Saygin, Cicekli & Akman 2000, p. 501.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Computer History Museum
- ↑ Alan J Sondheim – transcript of the 1972 document shows programs DOCTOR (an eliza-type program) at Bolt Beranek and Newman and PARRY at Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
- ^ Güven Güzeldere; Stefano Franchi (1995-07-24). "dialogues with colorful personalities of early ai". Stanford Humanities Review, SEHR, volume 4, issue 2: Constructions of the Mind. Stanford University. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
- ^ "Computer History Museum – Exhibits – Internet History – 1970's". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
- ^ Alan J. Sondheim. "<nettime> Important Documents from the Early Internet (1972)". nettime.org. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
- ^ V. Cerf (21 January 1972). PARRY encounters the DOCTOR. IETF. RFC 439. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc439. – Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is not the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place October 24–26, 1972, whereas this session is from September 18, 1972.)
External links
- Parry's Source Code The original LISP code for Parry.