p21-activated kinases

p21 activated kinases (PAKs) are members of a family of enzymes.^[1] They serve as targets for the small GTP binding proteins CDC42 and Rac and have been implicated in a wide range of biological activities.

Members include:

PAK1, regulating cell motility and morphology^[2]
PAK2, possibly playing a role in apoptosis^[3]
PAK3, possibly for dendritic development and for the rapid cytoskeletal reorganization in dendritic spines associated with synaptic plasticity^[4]
PAK4, a mediator of filopodia formation^[5]
PAK5, a mediator of filopodia formation^[6]
PAK6, involved in cytoskeleton rearrangement^[7]

References

External links

PAK Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway

Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins

MAP

see MAP kinase pathway

Calcium

Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
Calcineurin
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

G protein

Heterotrimeric

cAMP:	Heterotrimeric G protein Gs/Gi Adenylate cyclase cAMP 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase Protein kinase A

cGMP:	Guanylate cyclase cGMP 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase Protein kinase G

G beta-gamma complex G_β GNB1 GNB2 GNB3 GNB4 GNB5 G_γ GNGT1 GNGT2 GNG2 GNG3 GNG4 GNG5 GNG7 GNG8 GNG10 GNG11 GNG12 GNG13 BSCL2

G protein-coupled receptor kinase AMP-activated protein kinase

Monomeric

Cyclin

Lipid

Other protein kinase

Serine/threonine:	Casein kinase 1 2 eIF-2 kinase EIF2AK3 Glycogen synthase kinase GSK1 GSK2 GSK-3 GSK3A GSK3B IκB kinase CHUK IKK2 IKBKG Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase IRAK1 IRAK2 IRAK3 IRAK4 Lim kinase LIMK1 LIMK2 p21-activated kinases PAK1 PAK2 PAK3 PAK4 Rho-associated protein kinase ROCK1 ROCK2 Ribosomal s6 kinase RPS6KA1

Tyrosine:	ZAP70 Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase PTK2 PTK2B BTK

both	Dual-specificity kinase

Other phosphoprotein phosphatase

Serine/threonine:	Protein phosphatase 2

Tyrosine:	protein tyrosine phosphatase: Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase

both:	Dual-specificity phosphatase

Apoptosis

see apoptosis signaling pathway

GTP-binding protein regulators

see GTP-binding protein regulators

Other

Activating transcription factor 6
Signal transducing adaptor protein
I-kappa B protein
Mucin-4
Olfactory marker protein
Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein
EDARADD
PRKCSH

see also deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins

Index of signal transduction

Description	Intercellular neuropeptides growth factors cytokines hormones Cell surface receptors ligand-gated enzyme-linked G protein-coupled immunoglobulin superfamily integrins neuropeptide growth factor cytokine Intracellular adaptor proteins GTP-binding MAP kinase Calcium signaling Lipid signaling Pathways hedgehog Wnt TGF beta MAPK ERK notch JAK-STAT apoptosis hippo TLR