Ouvrage Mont des Welches
| Ouvrage Mont des Welches | |
|---|---|
| Part of Maginot Line | |
| Northeast France | |
  Ouvrage Mont des Welches | |
| Coordinates | 49°19′05″N 6°24′30″E / 49.31806°N 6.40847°E |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | France |
| Site history | |
| In use | Abandoned |
| Materials | Concrete, steel, deep excavation |
| Battles/wars | Battle of France, Lorraine Campaign |
| Ouvrage Mont des Welches | |
|---|---|
| Type of work: | Large artillery work (Gros ouvrage) |
| sector └─sub-sector |
Fortified Sector of Boulay └─Hombourg-Budange |
| Work number: | A21 |
| Regiment: | 164th Fortress Infantry Regiment, 153rd Position Artillery Regiment |
| Number of blocks: | 7 |
| Strength: | 490 enlisted + 17 officers (1940) |
Ouvrage Mont des Welches, a gros ouvrage of the Maginot Line fortifications, is part of the Fortified Sector of Boulay. It comprises two entrance blocks, one infantry block, one artillery block, one observation block and two combination blocks. It is located between petit ouvrage Coucou and gros ouvrage Michelsberg, facing Germany. Relatively small for a gros ouvrage, Mont des Welches saw a brief period of sharp action in June 1940, when German forces moving along the rear of the Maginot Line engaged the position without success. After modest renovations in the 1950s, Mont des Welches was abandoned in the 1970s.
Design and construction
Mont des Welches was approved for construction by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in June 1930 and became operational by 1935,[1] at a cost of 49 million francs.[2] The contractor was Gianotti of Nice.[3]
Description
The comparatively small gros ouvrage[nb 1] comprises two entrance blocks, one infantry block, one artillery block, one observation block, and two combination blocks. It lacks a central "M1" ammunition magazine, and unlike most gros ouvrages, its 60cm internal rail network was not electrified, relying on human power to move the rail cars. The underground gallery system is compact, about 200 metres (660 ft) from end to end, and unlike larger ouvrages where the gallery system is linear in concept, the central portion of Mont des Welches is a dense network of cross galleries between to main galleries, housing the barracks and utility areas.[6] The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to 30 metres (98 ft). [7]
- Block 1:Artillery block with one retractable twin 81mm mortar turret and two automatic rifle cloches (GFM).[8]
- Block 2: Infantry block with one retractable twin 75mm gun turret, one twin machine gun embrasure, one JM/AC37 twin machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure, and two GFM cloches.[9]
- Block 3: Infantry block with one retractable machine gun turret.[10]
- Block 4: Artillery block with one retractable twin 75mm gun turret, one twin machine gun embrasure (JM), one JM/AC37 embrasure, two 81mm mortar embrasures and two GFM cloches.[11]
- Block 5: Observation block with one observation cloche (VDP) and one GFM cloche.[12]
- Ammunition entry: one JM/AC37 embrasure and two GFM cloches.[13]
- Personnel entry: one grenade launcher cloche (LG), three JM embrasures, one JM/AC37 embrasure and one GFM cloche.[14]
Casemates and shelters
In addition to the connected combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Mont des Welches, including
- Abri de Klang: Subterranean infantry shelter (abri-caverne)[nb 2] with two gun embrasures and two GFM cloches.
- Abri du Mont des Welches: Surface abri with two GFM cloches.[6]
- Casemate de Menskirch: Double block with two JM/AC47 embrasure, two JM embrasures and two GFM cloches.[16]
Manning
The manning of the ouvrage in June 1940 comprised 490 men and 17 officers of the 167th Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 151st Position Artillery Regiment, commanded by Chef de Bataillon Tari. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.[6]
The Casernement de Férange provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Michelsberg and other positions in the area.[6][17]
History
- See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
1940
No attempt was made by the Germans to directly attack this central portion of the Maginot Line, the Germans preferring to go around the west end of the Line and take the Line from the rear. Mont des Welches provided covering fire to other ouvrages in the area through June as the Germans advanced eastwards behind French lines. On 15 June the German 1st Army broke through the Line at the Saar and pushed west and east along the Line, enveloping the French armies.[18] The German 95th Infantry Division under von Amim advanced on Mont des Welches on 21 June, with advance patrols taking fire the same day. An assault using 8.8cm guns was mounted against Blocks 2 and 3, but was disrupted by fire from the entry block's cloches. Artillery fire from blocks 4 and 6 and fire from the personnel entry destroyed a German battery. Hackenberg joined to provide further support. The fort remained under French control until the armistice of 25 June, 1940. Mont des Welches's garrison evacuated on 4 July, 1940.[19] Mont des Welches was partially appropriated by the Reichspost, serving as a depot for post office equipment.[20]
1944
During the Lorraine Campaign only Hackenberg was occupied by the Germans; Mont des Welches played no role in that campaign. [21]
Cold War
Following World War II, interest revived in the use of the Maginot Line to defend against a possible Soviet advance through southern Germany. Funds were allocated for restoration of the gros ouvrages Work was limited to restoration of systems and improvements to existing armament.[22] The renovations did not include the command post or the barracks. By 1956, Mont des Welches had been designated part of the Mòle de Boulay, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack.[23] By the late 1950s interest in fixed fortifications was waning after France developed a nuclear deterrent. The money needed to maintain and upgrade the fortifications was diverted for the nuclear programs. Mont des Welches was maintained for use by the Army until 1971 when it was placed in second-class reserve.[24]
Current condition
Much of the fortification's equipment has been removed for use in other Maginot museums. The lands remain military property. The entrances have been buried.[25]
See also
Notes
- ↑ English-language sources use the French term ouvrage as the preferred term for the Maginot positions, in preference to "fort", a term usually reserved for older fortifications with passive defenses in the form of walls and ditches.[4] The literal translation of ouvrage in the sense of a fortification in English is "work." A gros ouvrage is a large fortification with a significant artillery component, while a petit ouvrage is smaller, with lighter arms.[5]
- ↑ An abri is an infantry shelter, sometimes underground or under earth cover. An abri in the main Maginot Line often closely resembles a casemate, but is more lightly armed and can hold more occupants.[15]
References
- ↑ Kaufmann 2006, p. 25|
- ↑ Wahl, J.B. "Artilleriewerk (G.O.) Mont des Welches - A21" (in German). darkplaces.org. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ↑ Mary, Tome 1, p. 52
- ↑ Kaufmann 2006, p.13
- ↑ Kaufmann 2006, p. 20
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Mary, Tome 3, p. 102
- ↑ Mary, Tome 2, p. 117
- ↑ Puelinckx, Jean et al. (2010). "Welsches (go A21 du mont des) Bloc 1". Index de la Ligne Maginot (in French). fortiff.be. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ↑ Puelinckx, Jean et al. (2010). "Welsches (go A21 du mont des) Bloc 2". Index de la Ligne Maginot (in French). fortiff.be. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ↑ Puelinckx, Jean et al. (2010). "Welsches (go A21 du mont des) Bloc 3". Index de la Ligne Maginot (in French). fortiff.be. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ↑ Puelinckx, Jean et al. (2010). "Welsches (go A21 du mont des) Bloc 4". Index de la Ligne Maginot (in French). fortiff.be. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ↑ Puelinckx, Jean et al. (2010). "Welsches (go A21 du mont des) Bloc 5". Index de la Ligne Maginot (in French). fortiff.be. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ↑ Puelinckx, Jean et al. (2010). "Welsches (go A21 du mont des) Bloc 6". Index de la Ligne Maginot (in French). fortiff.be. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ↑ Puelinckx, Jean et al. (2010). "Welsches (go A21 du mont des) Bloc 6b". Index de la Ligne Maginot (in French). fortiff.be. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ↑ Kauffmann, p. 14
- ↑ Mary, Tome 3, p. 104
- ↑ Wahl, J.B. "Festungsabschnitt Boulay" (in German). darkplaces.org. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ↑ Mary, Tome 3, pp. 203, 209
- ↑ Mary, Tome 3, p. 235
- ↑ Mary, Tome 5, p. 139
- ↑ Mary, Tome 5, p. 141
- ↑ Mary, Tome 5, p. 165
- ↑ Mary, Tome 5, p. 171
- ↑ Mary, Tome 5, p. 175
- ↑ "Bunkertours - Mont Des Welches". Retrieved 21 May 2010.
Bibliography
- Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-646-1
- Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006. ISBN 0-275-98345-5
- Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84884-068-3
- Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001. ISBN 2-908182-88-2 (French)
- Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003. ISBN 2-908182-97-1 (French)
- Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003. ISBN 2-913903-88-6 (French)
- Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009. ISBN 978-2-35250-127-5 (French)