Outline of immunology

Immunology
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology:

Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.^[1] It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.

Essence of immunology

Main article: Immunology

• Branch of Biomedical science
• Immune system
• Immunity

Branches of immunology

• Classical immunology
• Clinical immunology
• Computational immunology
• Diagnostic immunology
• Evolutionary immunology
• Systems immunology
• Immunomics
• Immunoproteomics
• Immunophysics
• Immunochemistry
• Ecoimmunology
• Immunopathology
• Nutritional immunology
• Psychoneuroimmunology
• Reproductive immunology
• Circadian immunology
• Immunotoxicology
• Palaeoimmunology
• Tissue-based immunology

• Testicular immunology - Testes
• Immunodermatology - Skin
• Intravascular immunology - Blood
• Osteoimmunology - Bone
• Mucosal immunology - Mucosal surfaces

• Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system - Respiratory tract

• Neuroimmunology - Neuroimmune system in the Central nervous system
• Ocularimmunology - Ocular immune system in the Eye
• Cancer immunology/Immunooncology - Tumors

History of immunology

Main article: History of immunology

• Timeline of immunology

General immunological concepts

• Immunity:

• Immunity against:

• Pathogens
  • Pathogenic bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
• Parasites
• Tumors
• Allergens
• Self-proteins

• Autoimmunity
• Alloimmunity
• Cross-reactivity

• Tolerance

• Central tolerance
• Peripheral tolerance
• Clonal anergy
• Clonal deletion
• Tolerance in pregnancy
• Immunodeficiency

• Antigen

• Antigenicity
• Immunogen
• Superantigen
• Allergen
• Hapten
• Epitope

• Linear
• Conformational
• Mimotope

• Tumor antigen
• Antigen-antibody interaction

• Immunogenetics

• Affinity maturation

• Somatic hypermutation
• Clonal selection

• V(D)J recombination

• Artemis complex
• Recombination-activating gene

• RAG1
• RAG2

• Recombination signal sequences

• Junctional diversity
• Immunoglobulin class switching
• Allelic exclusion
• Polyclonal response

• Phagocytosis

• Opsonin

• Intrinsic immunity
• Leukocyte extravasation
• Cross-presentation
• Immune repertoire
• Original antigenic sin
• Antigen presentation
• Immunological synapse
• Co-stimulation

Components of the immune system

  Adaptive immune system

Main article: Adaptive immune system

• Humoral immunity

• Antibodies

• Kinds of Antibodies

• Monoclonal antibodies
• Polyclonal antibodies
• Autoantibody
• Microantibody
• Neutralizing antibody

• Classification

• Allotype
• Isotype
• Idiotype

• Functions

• Antibody opsonization
• Neutralisation

• Regions

• Paratope
• Complementarity determining region (CDRs)
• Hypervariable region
• Framework region
• Fab Region
• Fc Region

• Polyclonal B cell response

• Cell-mediated immunity

  Innate immune system

Main article: Innate immune system

• Complement system

• Classical complement pathway
• Mannan-binding lectin pathway
• Alternate complement pathway
• Complement membrane attack complex

• Surface barriers – Physical or chemical barriers that prevent infection (i.e. skin, tears, mucus, saliva, Gastric acid, etc.)

• Antimicrobial peptides
• Defensins
• Lysozyme

• Inflammation

• Inflammatory reflex
• Inflammasome
• Granuloma
• Acute-phase proteins

• Amyloid

• Positive

• Negative

Inflammation Acute Plasma derived mediators Bradykinin complement C3 C5a MAC coagulation Factor XII Plasmin Thrombin Cell derived mediators preformed: Lysosome granules biogenic amines Histamine Serotonin synthesized on demand: cytokines IFN-γ IL-8 TNF-α IL-1 eicosanoids Leukotriene B4 Prostaglandins Nitric oxide Kinins Chronic Macrophage Epithelioid cell Giant cell Granuloma Processes Traditional: Rubor Calor Tumor Dolor (pain) Functio laesa Modern: Acute-phase reaction/Fever Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability Exudate Leukocyte extravasation Chemotaxis Specific locations Nervous CNS Encephalitis Myelitis Meningitis Arachnoiditis PNS Neuritis eye Dacryoadenitis Scleritis Episcleritis Keratitis chorioretinitis Retinitis Chorioretinitis Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Uveitis ear Otitis Labyrinthitis Mastoiditis Cardiovascular Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Capillaritis Respiratory upper Sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis lower Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonitis Pleuritis Mediastinitis Digestive mouth Stomatitis Gingivitis Gingivostomatitis Glossitis Tonsillitis Sialadenitis/Parotitis Cheilitis Pulpitis Gnathitis tract Esophagitis Gastritis Gastroenteritis Enteritis Colitis Enterocolitis Duodenitis Ileitis Caecitis Appendicitis Proctitis accessory Hepatitis Ascending cholangitis Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Integumentary Dermatitis Folliculitis Cellulitis Hidradenitis Musculoskeletal Arthritis Dermatomyositis soft tissue Myositis Synovitis/Tenosynovitis Bursitis Enthesitis Fasciitis Capsulitis Epicondylitis Tendinitis Panniculitis Osteochondritis: Osteitis/Osteomyelitis Spondylitis Periostitis Chondritis Urinary Nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Reproductive female: Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Parametritis Cervicitis Vaginitis Vulvitis Mastitis male: Orchitis Epididymitis Prostatitis Seminal vesiculitis Balanitis Posthitis Balanoposthitis pregnancy/newborn: Chorioamnionitis Funisitis Omphalitis Endocrine Insulitis Hypophysitis Thyroiditis Parathyroiditis Adrenalitis Lymphatic Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis

Organs of the immune system

  Primary Lymphoid Organs

• Thymus - Site of T Cell maturation
• Bone Marrow - Site of Haematopoiesis and B Cell maturation

  Secondary Lymphoid Organs

• Spleen
  • White Pulp
  • Red Pulp
  • Marginal zone
• Lymph Nodes
• Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

• Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
• Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

Organs of the lymphatic system Primary organs Bone marrow Hematopoietic stem cell Thymus Cortex Medulla Hassall's corpuscles Secondary organs Spleen structural: Hilum Trabeculae Diaphragmatic surface of spleen Visceral surface of spleen Red pulp Cords of Billroth Marginal zone White pulp Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths Germinal center blood flow: Trabecular arteries Trabecular veins Tonsils Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal Tonsillar crypts Waldeyer's tonsillar ring Lymph nodes lymph flow: Afferent lymph vessels Cortical sinuses Medullary sinuses Efferent lymph vessels T cells: High endothelial venules B cells: Primary follicle/Germinal center Mantle zone Marginal zone layers: Capsule/Trabeculae Subcapsular sinus Cortex Paracortex Medulla (Medullary cord) Hilum MALT GALT Peyer's patch Germinal center Index of the lymphatic system Description Anatomy organs vessels Physiology Development Disease Vessels Organs congenital neoplasms and cancer Treatment Procedures

Cells of the immune system

  Myeloid Cells

See also: Sentinel cell

• Granulocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Mast cells
• Monocytes
• Macrophages

• Histiocytes (Tissue resident macrophages)

• Adipose tissue macrophages
• Kupffer cell - Liver
• Alveolar macrophage (Dust cell) - Lung
• Langerhans cell - Skin
• Dermal macrophage - Dermis
• Microglia - CNS
• Perivascular macrophage
• Meningeal macrophage - Meninges
• Hofbauer cell - Placenta
• Osteoclasts - Bone
• Bone marrow macrophage - Bone marrow
• Marginal zone macrophage - Spleen
• Metallophilic macrophage - Spleen
• Red pulp macrophage - Splenic red pulp
• Tingible body macrophage (White pulp macrophage) - Splenic white pulp

• Giant cells

• Foreign-body giant cell
• Langhans giant cell
• Touton giant cells

• Epithelioid cells
• Bone marrow-derived macrophages - Generated in vitro

• Dendritic Cells

• Conventional Dendritic Cells
• Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

  Lymphoid Cells

• B cells
  • Plasma B cells
  • Memory B cells
  • B-1 cells
  • B-2 cells (the conventional B cells most texts refer to)
  • Marginal-zone B cells
  • Follicular B cells
• T cells
  • Naive T cells
  • Helper T cells - Commonly termed CD4+ T cells
    • Th1 cells
    • Th2 cells
    • Th3 cells
    • Th17 cells
    • T_FH cells - Follicular helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells - Commonly termed CD8+ T cells
  • Memory T cells
  • Regulatory T cells
  • Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells)
  • γδ T cells
  • Mucosal associated invariant T cells
• Innate lymphoid cells (ILC)
  • Group 1 ILC
    • Natural killer cells (NK cells)
  • Group 2 ILC
    • Nuocyte
  • Group 3 ILC
    • Lymphoid Tissue inducer cells (LTi cells)

  Others

(Non-hematopoietic cells with immune functions)

• Stromal cells

• Lymph node stromal cells
• Follicular dendritic cells

• Epithelial cells
• Pericytes
• Microfold cells (M cells)

  Hematopoiesis

Main articles: Hematopoiesis and Hematopoietic stem cell

See also: Leukopoiesis, Extramedullary hematopoiesis and Cellular differentiation

• Lymphopoiesis

• Lymphoblast
• Prolymphocyte

• T cell development

• Thymocyte

• B cell development

• Pre-pro-B cell
• Early pro-B cell
• Late pro-B cell
• Large pre-B cell
• Small pre-B cell
• Immature B cell

• Myelopoiesis

• Common myeloid progenitor (CFU-GEMM)

• Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (CFU-GM)

• Granulopoiesis

• Myeloblast (CFU-G)
• Promyelocyte
• Myelocyte
• Metamyelocyte
• Band cell

• Monocytopoiesis

• Monoblast (CFU-M)

• CFU-DL - Dendritic cell / Langerhans cell precursor

• Promonocyte

• CFU-Baso (Basophil precursor)
• CFU-Eos (Eosinophil precursor)
• Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (MEP)

• Megakaryocytopoiesis

• CFU-Meg
• Megakaryoblast
• Promegakaryocyte
• Megakaryocyte
• Thrombopoiesis

• Thrombocyte (Platelets)

• Erythropoiesis

• Proerythroblast
• Normoblast
• Reticulocyte

• CFU-Mast

• Mast cell precursors

Molecules of the Immune System

Immune receptors

   Antigen receptors

• B cells

• Antigen receptor - B cell receptor (BCR)
• Subunits- Immunoglobulin heavy chain / Immunoglobulin light chain
• Co-receptors

• Stimulatory

• CD21
• CD19
• CD81

• Inhibitory

• CD22

• Accessory molecule (CD79)

• Ig-α (CD79A)
• Ig-β (CD79B)

• T cells

• Antigen receptor - T cell receptor (TCR)

• Subunits - TRA@ / TRB@ / TRD@ / TRG@

• Co-receptors

• CD8 (CD8α / CD8β)
• CD4

• Accessory molecules

• CD3

• Subunits - one CD3γ / one CD3δ / two CD3ε

• ζ-chain (CD247, CD3ζ, TCRζ)

   Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

• Membrane-bound PRRs

• Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

• C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) ^[2][3]

See also: C-type lectin

• Group 1 CLRs - Mannose receptors

• Group 2 CLRs - Asialoglycoprotein receptor family

• Dectin 1 subfamily

• DCIR subfamily

• Scavenger receptors

• Class A - Trimers

• Class B - Two transmembrane domains

• Others

• Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)

• Cytoplasmic PRRs

• NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

• NLRA (A for acidic transactivating domain)

• CIITA

• NLRB (B for BIR, or Inhibitor of apoptosis domain)

• NAIP

• NLRC (C for CARD domain)

• NLRP (P for Pyrin domain)

• NLRX

• NLRX1

• RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) - Intracellular sensors of viral replication by direct interaction with dsRNA

• Secreted PRRs

• Complement system (see complement proteins section)
• Collectins

• Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRs)^[4]

• Ficolins

   Complement receptors

• CR1 (CD35)
• CR2 (CD21)
• CR3 - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
• CR4 - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18
• CRIg (Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family)
• Anaphylatoxin receptors

• C3a receptor
• C5a receptor (CD88)
• C5AR2

   Fc receptors

• Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR)

• FcγRI (CD64)
• FcγRIIA (CD32A)
• FcγRIIB (CD32B)
• FcγRIIIA (CD16a)
• FcγRIIIB (CD16b)
• FcγRT (Neonatal Fc receptor)

• Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR)

• FcαRI (CD89, FCAR)
• Fcα/μR

• Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR)

• FcεRI - Tetramer: FCER1A / FCER1B / two FCER1G
• FcεRII (CD23)

• Secreted Fc receptors

• Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-Ig)

• Fc receptor-like molecules

   Cytokine receptors

• Type I cytokine receptors (Hemopoietin receptors) - Share extracellular WSXWS motif, Grouped by common receptor subunits

• Common gamma chain (γ-chain, CD132)

• IL2R - Heterotrimer: IL2RA (CD25) / IL2RB (CD122) / γ_c
• IL4R / IL13R - Heterodimer: IL4RA / (IL13RA1/IL13RA2)
• IL7R - Heterodimer: IL7RA (CD127) / γ-chain
• IL9R - Heterodimer: IL9R / γ-chain
• IL15R - Heterotrimer: IL15RA / IL2RB / γ-chain
• IL21R - Heterodimer: IL21R / γ-chain

• Common beta chain (β-chain, CD131)

• IL3R - Heterodimer: IL3RA / β-chain
• IL5R - Heterodimer: IL5RA / β-chain
• GM-CSFR (CD116) - Heterdimer: GM-CSFRA / β-chain

• Common gp130 subunit (gp130, CD130)

• IL6R - Heterodimer: IL6RA / gp130
• IL11R - Heterodimer: IL11RA / gp130
• IL27R - Heterodimer: IL27RA / gp130
• OSMR - Heterodimer: OSMR / gp130
• LIFR (CD118) - Heterodimer: LIFR / gp130

• IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit (IL12RB1)

• IL12R - Heterodimer: IL12RB1 / IL12RB2
• IL23R - Heterodimer: IL23RA / IL12RB1

• Others

• EPOR (Erythropoietin receptor) - Homodimer
• G-CSFR (CD114) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
• MPL (CD110, Thrombopoietin receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
• GHR (Growth hormone receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
• PRLR (Prolactin receptor)

• Type II cytokine receptor - Lack WSXWS motif

• Interferon receptors

• Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - Heterodimer: IFNAR1 / IFNAR2
• Interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) - Heterodimer: IFNGR1 / IFNGR2

• Interleukin receptors

• IL10R - Heterodimer: IL10RA / IL10RB
• IL20R - Heterodimer: IL20RA / IL20RB
• IL22R - Heterodimer: IL22RA1 / IL10RB
• IL28R - Heterodimer: IL28RA / IL10RB

• Immunoglobulin superfamily (Some members)

• CSF1
• CD117 (c-KIT)
• IL1 receptor family (IL1R)

• IL1R type 1 (CD121a)
• IL1R type 2 (CD121b)
• IL1R accessory protein (IL1RAP)
• IL1RL1 (IL33R, ST2)

• IL18R - Heterodimer: IL18R1 / IL18RAP

• IL17 family

• IL17RA
• IL17RB
• IL17RC
• IL17RD
• IL17RE

• Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family - Trimeric cytokine receptors

TNFRSF1A (CD120a) TNFRSF1B (CD120b) TNFRSF3 (Lymphotoxin βR) TNFRSF4 (CD134, OX40) TNFRSF5 (CD40) TNFRSF6 (FAS)

TNFRSF6B TNFRSF7 (CD27) TNFRSF8 (CD30) TNFRSF9 (CD137) TNFRSF10A (CD261) TNFRSF10B (CD262)

TNFRSF10C (CD263) TNFRSF10D (CD264) TNFRSF11A (CD265, RANK) TNFRSF11B (Osteoprotegerin) TNFRSF12A (CD266) TNFRSF13B (CD267)

TNFRSF13C TNFRSF14 (CD268) TNFRSF16 (LNGRF) TNFRSF17 (CD269) TNFRSF18 TNFRSF19

TNFRSF21 TNFRSF25 TNFRSF27

• Chemokine receptors - 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors

• CC chemokine receptors (CCRs)

CCR1 CCR2

CCR3 CCR4

CCR5 CCR6

CCR7 CCR8

CCR9 CCR10

• CXC chemokine receptors (CXCRs)

CXCR1 CXCR2

CXCR3 CXCR4

CXCR5

CXCR6

CXCR7

• C chemokine receptors (XCRs)

• XCR1

• CX₃C chemokine receptors (CX₃CRs)

• CX₃CR1 (Fractalkine receptor)

• TGF beta receptors - Single transmembrane pass serine/threonine kinase receptors

• TGFBR1
• TGFBR2
• TGFBR3

   Natural killer cell receptors

• Killer activation receptors (KARs)

• Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs)

• Natural killer group 2 receptors (NKG2s)

• Activating KIRs

• KIR2DS1

• Killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs)

• Two domains, long cytoplasmic tail

• Two domains, short cytoplasmic tail

• Three domains, long cytoplasmic tail

• Three domains, short cytoplasmic tail

• KIR3DS1

   Others

• Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs)

• LILR subfamily A

• LILR subfamily B

• Eicosanoid receptors

Antibodies

• Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
  • IgA1
  • IgA2
• Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
• Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
• Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
  • IgG1
  • IgG2
  • IgG3
  • IgG4
• Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Antibodies Antibodies Light chain IGK@ IGL@ surrogate IGLL1 Heavy chain IGH@ IGHM IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM IgY Heavy-chain antibody/IgNAR see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins Index of proteins Description Proteins Membrane Globular enzymes carrier Antibodies Fibrous Index of the immune system Description Physiology cells autoantigens autoantibodies complement surface antigens IG receptors Disease Allergies Immunodeficiency Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders Hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders Neoplasms and cancer Treatment Procedures Drugs antihistamines immunostimulants immunosuppressants monoclonal antibodies

Cytokines

• Chemokines

See also: Chemotaxis

• CC chemokines

CCL1 CCL2 CCL3 CCL4 CCL5 CCL6

CCL7 CCL8 CCL9/CCL10 CCL11 CCL12 CCL13

CCL14 CCL15 CCL16 CCL17 CCL18

CCL19 CCL20 CCL21 CCL22 CCL23

CCL24 CCL25 CCL26 CCL27 CCL28

• CXC chemokines

CXCL1 CXCL2 CXCL3 CXCL4

CXCL5 CXCL6 CXCL7 CXCL8

CXCL9 CXCL10 CXCL11

CXCL12 CXCL13 CXCL14

CXCL15 CXCL16 CXCL17

• C chemokines

• XCL1
• XCL2

• CX₃C chemokines

• CX₃CL1 (Fractalkine, Neurotactin)

• Interferons
  • Interferon type I
    • IFN-α
    • IFN-β
    • IFN-ω
  • Interferon type II
    • IFN-γ
• Interleukins

IL1A IL1B IL1RA IL2 IL3 IL4 IL5 IL6 IL7 IL8

IL9 IL10 IL11 IL12 IL13 IL14 IL15 IL16 IL17A IL17F

IL18 IL19 IL20 IL21 IL22 IL23 IL24 IL25 IL26

IL27 IL28A IL28B IL29 IL30 IL31 IL32 IL33 IL34

IL35 IL36A IL36B IL36G IL36RA IL37 TSLP LIF (Leukemia inhibitory factor) OSM (Oncostatin M)

• Tumor necrosis factors

TNFA TNFB (Lymphotoxin-α) TNFC (Lymphotoxin-β) TNFSF4 (OX40L)

TNFSF5 (CD40L) TNFSF6 (FasL) TNFSF7 (CD70, CD27L) TNFSF8 (CD153, CD30L)

TNFSF9 (4-1BBL) TNFSF10 (TRAIL) TNFSF11 (RANK-L, OPG-L) TNFSF12 (TWEAK)

TNFSF13 (APRIL, CD256) TNFSF13B (BAFF, CD257) TNFSF14 (LIGHT, CD258)

TNFSF15 (VEGI) TNFSF18 EDA

• Colony stimulating factors

• CSF1 (M-CSF)
• CSF2 (GM-CSF)
• CSF3 (G-CSF)

Cell signaling: cytokines By family Chemokine CCL CCL1 CCL2/MCP-1 CCL3/MIP-1α CCL4/MIP-1β CCL5/RANTES CCL6 CCL7 CCL8 CCL9 CCL11 CCL12 CCL13 CCL14 CCL15 CCL16 CCL17 CCL18/PARC/DC-CK1/AMAC-1/MIP-4 CCL19 CCL20 CCL21 CCL22 CCL23 CCL24 CCL25 CCL26 CCL27 CCL28 CXCL CXCL1/KC CXCL2 CXCL3 CXCL4 CXCL5 CXCL6 CXCL7 CXCL8/IL8 CXCL9 CXCL10 CXCL11 CXCL12 CXCL13 CXCL14 CXCL15 CXCL16 CXCL17 CX3CL CX3CL1 XCL XCL1 XCL2 TNF TNFA Lymphotoxin TNFB/LTA TNFC/LTB TNFSF4 TNFSF5/CD40LG TNFSF6 TNFSF7 TNFSF8 TNFSF9 TNFSF10 TNFSF11 TNFSF13 TNFSF13B EDA Interleukin Type I (grouped by receptor subunit) γ-chain IL2/IL15 IL4/IL13 IL7 IL9 IL21 β-chain IL3 IL5 GM-CSF IL6 like/gp130 IL6 IL11 IL27 IL30 IL31 +non IL OSM LIF CNTF CTF1 IL12 family/IL12RB1 IL12 IL23 IL27 IL35 Other IL14 IL16 IL32 IL34 Type II IL10 family IL10/IL22 IL19 IL20 IL24 IL26 Interferon type III IL28/IFNL2+3 IL29/IFNL1 Interferon I IFNA1 IFNA2 IFNA4 IFNA5 IFNA6 IFNA7 IFNA8 IFNA10 IFNA13 IFNA14 IFNA16 IFNA17 IFNA21 IFNB1 IFNK IFNW1 II IFNG Ig superfamily IL1 family: IL1A/IL1F1 IL1B/IL1F2 1Ra/IL1F3 IL1F5 IL1F6 IL1F7 IL1F8 IL1F9 IL1F10 33/IL1F11 18/IL1G IL17 family IL17/IL25 (IL17A) Other Hematopoietic KITLG Colony-stimulating factor SPP1 MIF By function/ cell proinflammatory cytokine IL1 TNFA Monokine Lymphokine Th1 IFNG TNFB Th2 IL4 IL5 IL6 IL10 IL13 Index of signal transduction Description Intercellular neuropeptides growth factors cytokines hormones Cell surface receptors ligand-gated enzyme-linked G protein-coupled immunoglobulin superfamily integrins neuropeptide growth factor cytokine Intracellular adaptor proteins GTP-binding MAP kinase Calcium signaling Lipid signaling Pathways hedgehog Wnt TGF beta MAPK ERK notch JAK-STAT apoptosis hippo TLR

MHCs

• MHC class I

• MHC class II

Complement proteins

• Early stage (divided by pathway)

• Classical complement pathway

• C1Q complex - C1R / C1S
• C4 - C4a
• C2

• Mannan-binding lectin pathway

• MASP1 / MASP2
• Mannan-binding lectin

• Alternative complement pathway

• Factor B
• Factor D
• Factor P (Properdin)

• Middle stage

• C3 - C3a / C3b / iC3b
• C5 - C5a
• C3-convertase
• C5-convertase

• Late stage

• Membrane attack complex (MAC)

• C6
• C7
• C8
• C9

• Complement pathway inhibitors

• C1-inhibitor - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
• Decay-accelerating factor (CD59) - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
• Factor I - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
• C4BP - Classical, Lectin
• Factor H - Alternate

Antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides: Granulocyte granule contents Azurophilic granules (1°) Myeloperoxidase Defensins neutral serine proteases (Proteinase 3) Lysozyme Bactericidal/permeability increasing protein Collagenase Specific granules (2°) Neutrophil Alkaline phosphatase Lactoferrin Lysozyme NADPH oxidase Collagenase Cathelicidin Eosinophil Cathepsin Major basic protein Eosinophil cationic protein Eosinophil peroxidase Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin Basophil Heparin Histamine see also platelet alpha-granule, dense granule Index of cells from bone marrow Description Immune system Cells Physiology coagulation proteins granule contents colony-stimulating heme and porphyrin metabolism intermediates Disease Red blood cell Monocyte and granulocyte Neoplasms and cancer Histiocytosis Symptoms and signs eponymous Blood tests findings Treatment Transfusion Drugs thrombosis bleeding other

Pore-forming toxins (TC 1C) Antimicrobial cationic peptides Cathelicidin Defensin Dermcidin Histatin (HTN1, HTN3) Other, human Perforin Other, nonhuman Cecropin Diphtheria toxin Dermaseptin Magainin Melittin Nisin Pneumolysin Index of cells Description Structure nucleus chromosome genetics Organelles peroxisome cytoskeleton centrosome epithelia cilia mitochondria Membranes proteins cell adhesions Membrane transport ion channels vesicular transport solute carrier ABC transporters ATPase oxidoreduction-driven Disease Structural peroxisome cytoskeleton cilia mitochondria nucleus scleroprotein Membrane channelopathy solute carrier ATPase ABC transporters other extracellular ligands cell surface receptors intracellular signalling Vesicular transport Pore-forming toxins

Transcription factors

• NF-κB
• AP-1
• Interferon regulatory factors (IRF)
• NFAT

• T-bet - T_H1 differentiation
• GATA3 - T_H2 differentiation
• RORγT - T_H17 differentiation
• BCL6 - T_FH differentiation
• FoxP3 - T_reg differentiation

Signaling pathways

• JAK-STAT signaling pathway

JAK-STAT signaling pathway Ligand Cytokine Cytokine receptor Type I cytokine receptor Type II cytokine receptor Janus kinase JAK1 JAK2 JAK3 TYK2 Adaptor proteins STAT STAT1 STAT2 STAT3 STAT4 STAT5 STAT6 PIAS PIAS1 PIAS2 PIAS3 PIAS4 SOCS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CISH IRF IRF1 IRF2 IRF3 IRF4 IRF5 IRF6 IRF7 IRF8 Index of signal transduction Description Intercellular neuropeptides growth factors cytokines hormones Cell surface receptors ligand-gated enzyme-linked G protein-coupled immunoglobulin superfamily integrins neuropeptide growth factor cytokine Intracellular adaptor proteins GTP-binding MAP kinase Calcium signaling Lipid signaling Pathways hedgehog Wnt TGF beta MAPK ERK notch JAK-STAT apoptosis hippo TLR

• TGF beta signaling pathway
• TLR signalling pathway

Signaling pathway: TLR signaling pathway Receptor TLR 4 TLR 1 TLR 2 TLR 6 TLR 5 TLR 10 Other external CD14 MD2 LBP Internal adaptor: MYD88 TRIF TIRAP TRAF6 TOLLIP IRAK1 IRAK4 IRF3 TLR 3 TLR 7 TLR 8 TLR 9 Index of signal transduction Description Intercellular neuropeptides growth factors cytokines hormones Cell surface receptors ligand-gated enzyme-linked G protein-coupled immunoglobulin superfamily integrins neuropeptide growth factor cytokine Intracellular adaptor proteins GTP-binding MAP kinase Calcium signaling Lipid signaling Pathways hedgehog Wnt TGF beta MAPK ERK notch JAK-STAT apoptosis hippo TLR

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

• Integrins - Obligate heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunits

• Alpha subunits

• Beta subunits

• Dimers

• Cytoadhesin receptor

• Integrin alpha6beta4
• Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa - Heterodimer: ITGA2B / ITGB3

• Fibrinogen receptor

• Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18

• Fibronectin receptor:

• Integrin alpha2beta1
• Integrin alpha4beta1
• Integrin alpha5beta1

• Leukocyte-adhesion receptor:

• LFA-1 - Heterodimer: CD11a / CD18
• Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
• Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CR4) - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18

• Very late antigen receptor:

• Integrin alpha1beta1
• Integrin alpha2beta1
• Integrin alpha3beta1
• VLA-4 - Heterodimer: CD49d / CD29
• Alpha-5 beta-1
• Integrin alpha6beta1

• Vitronectin receptor:

• Alpha-v beta-3
• Alpha-v beta-5

• Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs

• SynCAMs - Synaptic cell adhesion molecules
• NCAMs - Neural cell adhesion molecules
• Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)

• VCAM-1 (CD106)
• PECAM-1 (CD31)
• L1 family

• SIGLEC family - Sialic acid binding lectins

• CTX family

• Nectins

• CD2 family

• CD2
• CD58
• Signaling lymphocytic activation molecules (SLAMs)

• Cadherins
• Selectins

• E-selectin
• L-selectin
• P-selectin

• Others

• Lymphocyte homing receptors

• CD34
• GLYCAM-1
• Addressin (MAdCAM-1)

• CD44
• Carcinoembryonic antigens

• CD24
• CD44
• CD146
• CD164

Others

• CD69
• Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors

• Co-stimulatory molecules

• CD80 - Expressed by APCs
• CD86 - Expressed by APCs
• CD28 family receptors

• CD28 - Expressed by T Cells
• CD278 (ICOS) - Homodimer, expressed by T Cells
• CTLA-4 (CD152)
• PD-1 (CD279)

Immune system disorders

Hypersensitivity and Allergy

• Type 1 hypersensitivity / Allergy / Atopy

• Foreign (Allergen)

• Atopic eczema
• Allergic urticaria
• Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever)
• Allergic asthma
• Anaphylaxis
• Food allergy

• Milk allergy
• Egg allergy
• Peanut allergy
• Tree nut allergy
• Seafood allergy
• Soy allergy
• Wheat allergy
• Garlic allergy

• Penicillin allergy

Allergic conditions Respiratory system Allergic rhinitis Asthma Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Eosinophilic pneumonia Churg–Strauss syndrome Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Farmer's lung Laboratory animal allergy Skin Angioedema Urticaria Atopic dermatitis Allergic contact dermatitis Hypersensitivity vasculitis Blood and immune system Serum sickness Circulatory system Anaphylaxis Digestive system Coeliac disease Eosinophilic gastroenteritis Eosinophilic esophagitis Food allergy Milk intolerance Nervous system Eosinophilic meningitis Genitourinary system Acute interstitial nephritis Other conditions Drug allergy Allergic conjunctivitis Latex allergy Index of the immune system Description Physiology cells autoantigens autoantibodies complement surface antigens IG receptors Disease Allergies Immunodeficiency Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders Hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders Neoplasms and cancer Treatment Procedures Drugs antihistamines immunostimulants immunosuppressants monoclonal antibodies

• Type 2 hypersensitivity / Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

• Foreign

• Pernicious anemia
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn

• Autoimmune

• Cytotoxic

• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Bullous pemphigoid
• Pemphigus vulgaris
• Rheumatic fever
• Goodpasture's syndrome

• Type 5 / Receptor mediated

• Graves' disease
• Myasthenia gravis

• Type 3 hypersensitivity / Immune complex

• Foreign

• Henoch–Schönlein purpura
• Hypersensitivity vasculitis
• Reactive arthritis
• Farmer's lung
• Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
• Serum sickness
• Arthus reaction

• Autoimmune

• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Subacute bacterial endocarditis
• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Type 4 hypersensitivity (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity)

• Foreign

• Allergic contact dermatitis
• Mantoux test

• Autoimmune

• Diabetes mellitus type 1
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Guillain–Barré syndrome
• Multiple sclerosis
• Coeliac disease
• Giant-cell arteritis

• GVHD (Graft-versus-host disease)

• Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease

• Unknown/Multiple types

• Foreign

• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
• Transplant rejection
• Latex allergy (I+IV)

• Autoimmune

• Sjögren's syndrome
• Autoimmune hepatitis
• Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS1 / APS2)
• Autoimmune adrenalitis
• Systemic autoimmune disease

Immunodeficiency

• Primary immunodeficiency
• Acquired immunodeficiency
• Complement deficiency

Immune disorders: Lymphoid and complement immunodeficiency (D80–D85, 279.0–4) Primary Antibody/humoral (B) Hypogammaglobulinemia X-linked agammaglobulinemia Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy Dysgammaglobulinemia IgA deficiency IgG deficiency IgM deficiency Hyper IgM syndrome (2 3 4 5) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Hyper-IgE syndrome Other Common variable immunodeficiency ICF syndrome T cell deficiency (T) thymic hypoplasia: hypoparathyroid (Di George's syndrome) euparathyroid (Nezelof syndrome Ataxia telangiectasia) peripheral: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency Hyper IgM syndrome (1) Severe combined (B+T) x-linked: X-SCID autosomal: Adenosine deaminase deficiency Omenn syndrome ZAP70 deficiency Bare lymphocyte syndrome Acquired AIDS Leukopenia: Lymphocytopenia Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia Complement deficiency C1-inhibitor (Angioedema/Hereditary angioedema) Complement 2 deficiency/Complement 4 deficiency MBL deficiency Properdin deficiency Complement 3 deficiency Terminal complement pathway deficiency Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Complement receptor deficiency Index of the immune system Description Physiology cells autoantigens autoantibodies complement surface antigens IG receptors Disease Allergies Immunodeficiency Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders Hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders Neoplasms and cancer Treatment Procedures Drugs antihistamines immunostimulants immunosuppressants monoclonal antibodies

Cancers of the immune system

Hematological malignancy/leukemia histology (ICD-O 9590–9989, C81–C96, 200–208) Lymphoid/Lymphoproliferative, Lymphomas/Lymphoid leukemias (9590–9739, 9800–9839) B cell (lymphoma, leukemia) (most CD19 CD20) By development/ marker TdT+ ALL (Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma) CD5+ naive B cell (CLL/SLL) mantle zone (Mantle cell) CD22+ Prolymphocytic CD11c+ (Hairy cell leukemia) CD79a+ germinal center/follicular B cell (Follicular Burkitt's GCB DLBCL Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma) marginal zone/marginal-zone B cell (Splenic marginal zone MALT Nodal marginal zone Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma) RS (CD15+, CD30+) Classic Hodgkin's lymphoma (Nodular sclerosis) CD20+ (Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma) PCDs/PP (CD38+/CD138+) see immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders By infection KSHV (Primary effusion) EBV (Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder) HIV (AIDS-related lymphoma) Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma) Cutaneous Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma Primary cutaneous immunocytoma Plasmacytoma Plasmacytosis Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma T/NK T cell (lymphoma, leukemia) (most CD3 CD4 CD8) By development/ marker TdT+: ALL (Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma) prolymphocyte (Prolymphocytic) CD30+ (Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma Lymphomatoid papulosis type A) Cutaneous MF+variants indolent: Mycosis fungoides Pagetoid reticulosis Granulomatous slack skin aggressive: Sézary disease Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Non-MF CD30-: Non-mycosis fungoides CD30− cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma Lymphomatoid papulosis type B CD30+: CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large cell lymphoma Lymphomatoid papulosis type A Other peripheral Hepatosplenic Angioimmunoblastic Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma Peripheral T-cell lymphoma-Not-Otherwise-Specified (Lennert lymphoma) Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma By infection HTLV-1 (Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) NK cell/ (most CD56) Aggressive NK-cell leukemia Blastic NK cell lymphoma T or NK EBV (Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma/Angiocentric lymphoma) Large granular lymphocytic leukemia Lymphoid+myeloid Acute biphenotypic leukaemia Lymphocytosis Lymphoproliferative disorders (X-linked lymphoproliferative disease Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome) Leukemoid reaction Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with bandlike and perivascular patterns with nodular pattern Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin Index of the immune system Description Physiology cells autoantigens autoantibodies complement surface antigens IG receptors Disease Allergies Immunodeficiency Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders Hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders Neoplasms and cancer Treatment Procedures Drugs antihistamines immunostimulants immunosuppressants monoclonal antibodies

Myeloid hematological malignancy/leukemia histology (ICD-O 9590–9989, C81–C96, 200–208) CFU-GM/ and other granulocytes CFU-GM Myelocyte AML: Acute myeloblastic leukemia M0 M1 M2 APL/M3 MP Chronic neutrophilic leukemia Monocyte AML AMoL/M5 Myeloid dendritic cell leukemia CML Philadelphia chromosome Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia Myelomonocyte AML M4 MD-MP Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia Other Histiocytosis CFU-Baso AML Acute basophilic CFU-Eos AML Acute eosinophilic MP Chronic eosinophilic leukemia/Hypereosinophilic syndrome MEP CFU-Meg AML AMKL/M7 MP Essential thrombocytosis CFU-E AML Erythroleukemia/M6 MP Polycythemia vera MD Refractory anemia Refractory anemia with excess of blasts Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome Sideroblastic anemia Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia CFU-Mast Mastocytoma Mast cell leukemia Mast cell sarcoma Systemic mastocytosis Mastocytosis: Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis Erythrodermic mastocytosis Adult type of generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis Urticaria pigmentosa Mast cell sarcoma Solitary mastocytoma Systemic mastocytosis Xanthelasmoidal mastocytosis Multiple/unknown AML Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis Myeloid sarcoma MP Myelofibrosis Acute biphenotypic leukaemia Index of cells from bone marrow Description Immune system Cells Physiology coagulation proteins granule contents colony-stimulating heme and porphyrin metabolism intermediates Disease Red blood cell Monocyte and granulocyte Neoplasms and cancer Histiocytosis Symptoms and signs eponymous Blood tests findings Treatment Transfusion Drugs thrombosis bleeding other

Myeloid diseases

Hematologic disease: Monocyte and granulocyte disease (CFU-GM/CFU-Baso/CFU-Eos), including immunodeficiency (D70-D71, 288) Monocytes/ macrophages ↑ Histiocytosis Chronic granulomatous disease -cytosis: Monocytosis ↓ -penia: Monocytopenia Granulocytes ↑ -cytosis: granulocytosis Neutrophilia Eosinophilia/Hypereosinophilic syndrome Basophilia Bandemia ↓ -penia: Granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis (Neutropenia/Kostmann syndrome Eosinopenia Basopenia) PBD chemotaxis/degranulation: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency LAD1 LAD2 Chédiak–Higashi syndrome respiratory burst: Chronic granulomatous disease Neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome Myeloperoxidase deficiency Index of cells from bone marrow Description Immune system Cells Physiology coagulation proteins granule contents colony-stimulating heme and porphyrin metabolism intermediates Disease Red blood cell Monocyte and granulocyte Neoplasms and cancer Histiocytosis Symptoms and signs eponymous Blood tests findings Treatment Transfusion Drugs thrombosis bleeding other

Histiocytosis (D76.0, 277.89) WHO-I/Langerhans cell histiocytosis/ X-type histiocytosis Letterer–Siwe disease Hand–Schüller–Christian disease Eosinophilic granuloma Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis WHO-II/non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis/ Non-X histiocytosis Juvenile xanthogranuloma Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis Erdheim-Chester disease Niemann-Pick disease Sea-blue histiocyte syndrome Benign cephalic histiocytosis Generalized eruptive histiocytoma Xanthoma disseminatum Progressive nodular histiocytosis Papular xanthoma Hereditary progressive mucinous histiocytosis Reticulohistiocytosis (Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, Reticulohistiocytoma) Indeterminate cell histiocytosis WHO-III/malignant histiocytosis Histiocytic sarcoma Langerhans cell sarcoma Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma Ungrouped Rosai–Dorfman disease Index of cells from bone marrow Description Immune system Cells Physiology coagulation proteins granule contents colony-stimulating heme and porphyrin metabolism intermediates Disease Red blood cell Monocyte and granulocyte Neoplasms and cancer Histiocytosis Symptoms and signs eponymous Blood tests findings Treatment Transfusion Drugs thrombosis bleeding other

Inflammatory diseases

• Sepsis
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Cytokine storm

Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders

Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders (D89, 273) PCDs/PP Plasmacytoma Multiple myeloma (Plasma cell leukemia) MGUS IgM (Macroglobulinemia/Waldenström's macroglobulinemia) heavy chain (Heavy chain disease) light chain (Primary amyloidosis) Other hypergammaglobulinemia Cryoglobulinemia Index of the immune system Description Physiology cells autoantigens autoantibodies complement surface antigens IG receptors Disease Allergies Immunodeficiency Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders Hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders Neoplasms and cancer Treatment Procedures Drugs antihistamines immunostimulants immunosuppressants monoclonal antibodies

Lymphatic organ disease

Lymphatic disease: Lymphatic organ disease (D73/E32/I88–I89, 254/289.4–289.5/457) Thymus Abscess of thymus Thymus hyperplasia Spleen Acquired asplenia/hyposplenism Wandering spleen Splenomegaly (Banti's syndrome) Splenic infarction Tonsil see Template:Respiratory pathology Lymph node Lymphadenopathy/lymphadenitis Generalized lymphadenopathy Castleman's disease Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma Kikuchi disease Index of the lymphatic system Description Anatomy organs vessels Physiology Development Disease Vessels Organs congenital neoplasms and cancer Treatment Procedures

Immunologic techniques and tests

• Flow cytometry
• Mass cytometry
• Histology
• Adoptive cell transfer
• Experiments in immunology
• Genetically modified mouse
• Immunofluorescence
• Immunofixation
• Immunoadsorption
• MHC multimer
• Hybridoma technology

• Rabbit hybridoma
• Developmental studies hybridoma bank

Medical tests: Immunologic techniques and tests (CPT 86000–86849) Immunologic techniques and tests serology/ diagnostic immunology Immunoprecipitation Chromatin immunoprecipitation Immunodiffusion Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion Radial immunodiffusion Immunoelectrophoresis Counterimmunoelectrophoresis Immunoassay ELISA ELISPOT Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique RAST test Radioimmunoassay Radiobinding assay Immunofluorescence Agglutination Hemagglutination/Hemagglutinin Coombs test Latex fixation test Other Nephelometry Complement fixation test Immunocytochemistry Immunohistochemistry Direct fluorescent antibody Epitope mapping Skin allergy test Patch test Inflammation C-reactive protein Procalcitonin Total complement activity MELISA CBC lymphocyte count Index of the immune system Description Physiology cells autoantigens autoantibodies complement surface antigens IG receptors Disease Allergies Immunodeficiency Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders Hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders Neoplasms and cancer Treatment Procedures Drugs antihistamines immunostimulants immunosuppressants monoclonal antibodies

Medical test: Myeloid blood tests (CPT 85002–85999) MEP Clotting (megakaryocytes) CBC Platelet count Mean platelet volume vWF: Ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation clotting factors: Prothrombin time Partial thromboplastin time Thrombin time Activated clotting time other/general: coagulation Bleeding time animal enzyme Reptilase time Ecarin clotting time Dilute Russell's viper venom time Thromboelastography Thrombodynamics test fibrinolysis: Euglobulin lysis time D-dimer Red blood cell indices (erythrocytes) CBC RBC count Hematocrit Hemoglobin ratios: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Mean corpuscular volume Red blood cell distribution width Fetal hemoglobin: Apt–Downey test Kleihauer–Betke test Other Reticulocyte index Haptoglobin Mentzer index CFU-GM Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test CBC Absolute neutrophil count Other Blood film Blood viscosity Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Index of cells from bone marrow Description Immune system Cells Physiology coagulation proteins granule contents colony-stimulating heme and porphyrin metabolism intermediates Disease Red blood cell Monocyte and granulocyte Neoplasms and cancer Histiocytosis Symptoms and signs eponymous Blood tests findings Treatment Transfusion Drugs thrombosis bleeding other

Immunology and Health

• Prevention
• Immunostimulants
• Immunotherapy

• Activation immunotherapy

• Cancer immunotherapy
• Autologous immune enhancement therapy

• Immunosuppression

• Sublingual immunotherapy
• Allergen immunotherapy
• Immunosuppressive drug

Immunosuppressive drugs / Immunosuppressants (L04) Intracellular (initiation) Antimetabolites purine synthesis inhibitors: Azathioprine Mycophenolic acid pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors: Leflunomide Teriflunomide antifolate: Methotrexate Macrolides/ other IL-2 inhibitors FKBP/Cyclophilin/Calcineurin: Tacrolimus Ciclosporin Pimecrolimus Abetimus Gusperimus IMiDs Lenalidomide Pomalidomide Thalidomide Intracellular (reception) IL-1 receptor antagonists Anakinra mTOR Sirolimus Everolimus Ridaforolimus Temsirolimus Umirolimus Zotarolimus Extracellular Antibodies Monoclonal Serum target (noncellular) Complement component 5 (Eculizumab) TNF (Adalimumab Afelimomab Certolizumab pegol Golimumab Infliximab Nerelimomab) Interleukin 5 (Mepolizumab) Immunoglobulin E (Omalizumab) Interferon (Faralimomab) IL-6 (Elsilimomab) IL-12 and IL-23 (Lebrikizumab Ustekinumab) Cellular target CD3 (Muromonab-CD3 Otelixizumab Teplizumab Visilizumab) CD4 (Clenoliximab Keliximab Zanolimumab) CD11a (Efalizumab) CD18 (Erlizumab) CD20 (Obinutuzumab Rituximab Ocrelizumab Pascolizumab) CD23 (Gomiliximab Lumiliximab) CD40 (Teneliximab Toralizumab) CD62L/L-selectin (Aselizumab) CD80 (Galiximab) CD147/Basigin (Gavilimomab) CD154 (Ruplizumab) BLyS (Belimumab Blisibimod) CTLA-4 (Ipilimumab Tremelimumab) CAT (Bertilimumab Lerdelimumab Metelimumab) Integrin (Natalizumab) Interleukin-6 receptor (Tocilizumab) LFA-1 (Odulimomab) IL-2 receptor/CD25 (Basiliximab Daclizumab Inolimomab) T-lymphocyte (Zolimomab aritox) Unsorted Atorolimumab Cedelizumab Fontolizumab Maslimomab Morolimumab Pexelizumab Reslizumab Rovelizumab Siplizumab Talizumab Telimomab aritox Vapaliximab Vepalimomab Polyclonal Anti-thymocyte globulin Anti-lymphocyte globulin -cept (Fusion) CTLA-4 (Abatacept Belatacept) TNF inhibitor (Etanercept Pegsunercept) Aflibercept Alefacept Rilonacept Index of the immune system Description Physiology cells autoantigens autoantibodies complement surface antigens IG receptors Disease Allergies Immunodeficiency Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders Hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders Neoplasms and cancer Treatment Procedures Drugs antihistamines immunostimulants immunosuppressants monoclonal antibodies

• Artificial induction of immunity
• Immunization

• Active immunotherapy
• Passive immunity

• Temporarily induced immunity
• Adoptive immunity

• Vaccination

• Vaccine-naive
• Vaccine
• Herd immunity
• Adjuvant

Artificial induction of immunity / Immunization: Vaccines, Vaccination, and Inoculation (J07) Development Adjuvants List of vaccine ingredients Mathematical modelling Timeline Trials Classes Conjugate vaccine DNA vaccination Inactivated vaccine Live vector vaccine Attenuated vaccine Heterologous vaccine Subunit/component / Peptide / Virus-like particle Toxoid Administration Global: GAVI Alliance Policy Schedule Vaccine injury USA: ACIP Vaccine court Vaccines for Children Program VAERS VSD Vaccines Bacterial Anthrax Brucellosis Cholera# Diphtheria# Hib# Lyme disease‡ Meningococcus# MeNZB NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 Pertussis# Plague Pneumococcal# PCV PPSV Q fever Tetanus# Tuberculosis BCG# Typhoid# Ty21a ViCPS Typhus combination: DTwP/DTaP Viral Adenovirus Flu# H1N1 (Pandemrix) LAIV Hantavirus Hepatitis A# Hepatitis B# Hepatitis E HPV Cervarix Gardasil Japanese encephalitis# Measles# Mumps# Mumpsvax Polio# Sabin Salk Rabies# Rotavirus# Rubella# Smallpox Dryvax Tick-borne encephalitis Varicella zoster chicken pox# shingles Yellow fever# combination: MMR MMRV research: Chikungunya Cytomegalovirus Dengue Ebola Epstein–Barr virus Hepatitis C HIV Protozoan research: Malaria Trypanosomiasis Helminthiasis research: Hookworm Schistosomiasis Other Cancer vaccines ALVAC-CEA Hepatitis B# HPV Cervarix Gardasil NicVAX TA-CD TA-NIC Controversy General MMR NCVIA Pox party Thiomersal Andrew Wakefield Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services Alternative vaccination schedule See also Epidemiology Eradication of infectious diseases List of vaccine topics #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III Index of bacterial disease Description Bacteria classification Growth media Disease Gram-positive firmicutes Gram-positive actinobacteria Gram-negative proteobacteria Gram-negative non-proteobacteria Cholera Tuberculosis Treatment Antibiotics cell wall nucleic acid mycobacteria protein synthesis other Antibodies Vaccines Index of viral disease Description Virus classification Viral proteins Disease Systemic HIV and AIDS influenza Cutaneous Zoster Human papillomavirus Zoonotic Symptoms and signs Treatment Drugs antiretroviral DNA RNA Vaccines

• Organ transplantation

• Allotransplant
• Transplant rejection

Immunologists

Main article: List of immunologists

Immunology lists

• List of autoimmune diseases
• List of immunologists
• List of viruses
• List of human clusters of differentiation
• List of vaccine ingredients
• List of allergens
• List of cytokines
• List of cytokine receptors
• List of pattern recognition receptors
• List of tissue-resident macrophages
• List of branches of immunology
• List of acute-phase proteins

References

External links

• BMC: Immunology- BioMed Central:Immunology is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles.
• Nature Reviews Immunology (journal home)
• Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Overview at Medical College of Georgia
• MUGEN NoE murine models for immunological disease
• Transplantation Immunology Interesting web site made by the faculty of medicine of the University of Geneva dealing with the immunological issues linked with the transplantation of materials genetically different between donor and recipient (hematopoietical stem cells, organs or the transfusion of blood).
• Online lectures in immunology University of South Carolina
• BRT-Burleson Research Technologies Tests the effects of pharmaceuticals in the developmental stage on the immune system.

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