Outline of history

History
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to history:

History – discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented.

Nature of history

History can be described as all of the following:

• Academic discipline – body of knowledge given to - or received by - a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialise in.
  • one of the humanities – academic discipline that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.
• Field of science – widely-recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer reviewed research is published. There are many sociology-related scientific journals.
  • Social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society.

Essence of history

• Chronology
• Past
• Time

Branches

• Archaeology – study of past human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data
• Archontology – study of historical offices and important positions in state, international, political, religious and other organizations and societies
• Art history – the study of changes in and social context of art
• Chronology – locating events in time
• Cultural history – the study of culture in the past
  • History of science – the study of the emergence and development of scientific inquiry
• Economic history – the study of economies in the past
• Environmental history – study of natural history and the human relationship with the natural world
• Futurology – study of the future: researches the medium to long-term future of societies and of the physical world
• History painting – the painting of works of art having historical motifs or depicting great events
• Military history – the study of warfare and wars in history
• Natural history – history of the natural world, now usually referred to as science
• Naval history – the branch of military history devoted to warfare at sea or in bodies of water
• Paleography – the study of ancient texts
• Political history – the study of past political events, ideas, movements, and leaders
• Public history – the presentation of history to public audiences and other areas typically outside academia
• Psychohistory – study of the psychological motivations of historical events
• Social history – the study of societies and social trends in the past
• Urban history – the historical nature of cities and towns, and the process of urbanization
• World history – the study of global historical trends and dynamics

Record of history

History by chronology

• Timeline of the Big Bang
• Formation and evolution of the Solar System
• Geologic time scale
• History of the world (see also: World history)
• Universal history
  • Ancient history
    • Prehistory
    • Classical antiquity
  • Post-classical history
  • Modern history
• Pre-Columbian
  • Mesoamerican chronology
• Renaissance
• Future history

Ages of history

Prehistoric Ages

• Stone Age
  • Paleolithic
    • Lower Paleolithic
      • (Homo)
      • (control of fire, stone tools)
    • Middle Paleolithic
      • (Homo neanderthalensis)
      • (Homo sapiens)
      • (Recent African origin of modern humans)
    • Upper Paleolithic
      • (behavioral modernity, atlatl, Origin of the domestic dog)
  • Mesolithic
    • (microliths, bow, canoes)
  • Neolithic
    • Stone Age Levant
      • Tell Halaf
      • Ubaid period
    • Neolithic Europe
      • (Linear Pottery)
      • (Vinča culture)
    • Neolithic China
    • Neolithic South Asia
      • Mehrgarh
    • Paleo-Indians (Americas)
  • Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
    • Uruk period
    • (Yamna culture)
    • (Corded Ware)
    • Europe
    • (Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica)

Historic Ages

• Ancient Age
  • Bronze Age
  • Iron Age
• Postclassical Age (Middle Ages)
  • Early Middle Ages
  • High Middle Ages
  • Late Middle Ages
• Modern Age
  • Early modern Age
  • Late Modern Age
  • Contemporary Age

Other Ages

• Axial Age
• Dark Age
• Viking Age
• Age of Discovery
• Age of Reason
• Age of Enlightenment
• Industrial Age
• Information Age
• Space Age

History by region

• Ancient Egypt
• Babylonia
• India
• Classics
  • Ancient Greece
  • Ancient Rome
• Ancient China
• Mesoamerica

History by continent and country

• Timeline of country and capital changes since 1001 CE
• Timeline of ancient country changes before 1001 CE

History of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara

History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

History of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau

History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Late Antiquity Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Decline of the Roman Empire Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Byzantine Empire Maritime republics Christianization Viking Age Kievan Rus' High Middle Ages Holy Roman Empire Crusades Feudalism Late Middle Ages Hundred Years' War Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Modern history Age of Enlightenment Great Divergence French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Industrialisation World War I October Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe

History of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna

Economic history by region

Economic history of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

Economic history of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

Economic history of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Economic history of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau

Economic history of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other territories Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Svalbard

Economic history of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna

Military history by region

Military history of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

Military history of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

Military history of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Military history of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau

Military history of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other territories Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Svalbard

Military history of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna

Eras by region

• Chinese Eras
• Japanese Eras
• Korean Eras
• Vietnamese Eras

History by field

History of Art

• History of art
  • History of the performing arts
    • History of dance
    • History of film
    • History of music
    • History of opera
    • History of theatre
  • History of visual arts
    • History of architecture (timeline)
    • History of design
    • History of drawing
    • History of film
    • History of painting
    • History of photography
    • History of sculpture

History of Culture

• Cultural history
  • History of archaeology (timeline)
  • History of banking
  • History of cooking
  • History of games
    • History of chess
  • History of literature
  • History of money
  • History of poetry
  • History of sport

History of Mathematics

• History of mathematics (timeline)
  • History of algebra
  • History of arithmetic
  • History of calculus
  • History of geometry
  • History of trigonometry
  • History of logic
  • History of statistics

History of Philosophy

• History of philosophy (timeline)
  • History of ethics
    • History of normative ethics
    • History of meta-ethics
  • History of humanism
  • History of logic
  • History of metaphysics
  • History of transhumanism
  • History of Western philosophy

History of Religions

• History of religions (timeline)
  • Axial Age
  • Evolutionary origin of religions
  • The Bible and history
  • History of Ayyavazhi
  • History of Buddhism (timeline)
  • History of Christianity (timeline)
    • Historical Jesus
    • History of the Catholic Church
    • History of Protestantism
      • History of the Puritans
  • History of creationism
  • History of Hinduism
  • History of Islam (timeline)
  • History of Judaism
  • History of Taoism
  • History of Wicca

History of Science

• History of science
  • History of science in general
    • History of scientific method
    • Theories/sociology of science
    • Historiography
    • History of pseudoscience
  • By era
    • History of science in early cultures
    • History of science in Classical Antiquity
    • History of science in the Middle Ages
    • History of science in the Renaissance
    • Scientific revolution
  • History of natural science
    • History of biology
      • History of biochemistry
    • History of physical science
      • History of nature
      • History of astronomy (timeline)
      • History of chemistry
      • History of ecology
      • History of geography
      • History of geology (timeline)
      • History of meteorology (timeline)
      • History of oceanography
      • History of physics

History of Social sciences

• History of the social sciences
  • Business history
  • Historiography
  • History of anthropology
  • History of archaeology (timeline)
  • History of criminal justice
  • History of economic thought
  • History of education
  • History of geography
  • History of linguistics
  • History of management
  • History of marketing
  • History of political science
  • History of psychology (timeline)
  • History of science and technology
  • History of scientific method
  • History of sociology (timeline)
  • Legal history (history of law)

History of Technology

History of technology History of technology cultures Prehistoric technology Neolithic Ancient Egypt Mayan Ancient Greek Roman Chinese Byzantine Medieval Islam Medieval Europe Renaissance Ottoman Industrial Revolution Modern History of technology domains History of biotechnology History of communication History of computing hardware History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport

• History of technology
  • Aviation history
  • History of agricultural science
  • History of agriculture
  • History of architecture (timeline)
  • History of artificial intelligence
  • History of biotechnology
  • History of cartography
  • History of communication
  • History of computer science
    • History of programming languages (timeline)
    • History of software engineering
  • History of electromagnetism
  • History of engineering
    • History of chemical engineering
    • History of electrical engineering
  • History of health science
  • History of materials science
  • History of measurement
  • History of medicine
  • History of transport
  • Industrial history
  • Military history
    • List of battles
    • List of wars
  • Timeline of historic inventions

Methods and tools

• Prosopography – a methodological tool for the collection of all known information about individuals within a given period
• Historical revisionism – traditionally used in a completely neutral sense to describe the work or ideas of a historian who has revised a previously accepted view of a particular topic
• Historiography – the study of historical methodology

Concepts

• Annals
• Big History
• Centuries
• Chronicle
• Chronology
• Classics
• Cultural history
• Family history
• Future
• Genealogy
• Historian
• Historical classification
• Historical revisionism
• Historical thinking
• Historiography
• History
• History is written by the victors
• History of science and technology
  • Timeline of historic inventions
  • Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics
  • Timeline of mathematics
  • Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics
• Identity
• Intellectual History
• Intellectual history of time
• Landscape history
• List of time periods
• Local history
• Marxist historiography
• Mythology
• Narrative
• Oral history
• Palaeography
• Past
• Periodization
• Philosophy of history
• Prehistory
• Present
• Pseudohistory
• Social history
• Social change
• Virtual history

Historians

Historian

• Herodotus
• Dio Cassius
• Livy
• Appian
• Jean Froissart
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
• Voltaire
• Edward Gibbon
• Thomas Macaulay
• Alexis de Tocqueville
• Arnold J. Toynbee
• J. B. Bury
• Will Durant
• Samuel Eliot Morison
• Francis Parkman

Lists

• Outline of archaeology
• Outline of classical studies
• Outline of medieval history
• Outline of the Renaissance
• List of historians
• List of timelines

References

Further reading

• Williams, H. S. (1907). The historians' history of the world. (ed., This is Book 1 of 25 Volumes; PDF version is available)
• Wells, H. G. (1921). The outline of history, being a plain history of life and mankind. (ed., This is Book 1 of multi-volume set.)

External links

• Internet History Sourcebooks Project See also Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use.
• WWW-VL: History Central Catalogue first history on the WWW, located at European University Institute
• BBC History Site
• History of things provides quality historical information about countries, sports, brands, music and many other facts and stuff.

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