Ouranopithecus

Ouranopithecus
Temporal range: Miocene
Ouranopithecus macedoniensis skull, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Ouranopithecus
Bonis & Melentis, 1977
Species

†Ouranopithecus macedoniensis
†Ouranopithecus turkae

Ouranopithecus is an extinct genus of Eurasian great ape represented by two species, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis, a late Miocene (9.6mya-8.7mya) hominoid from Greece and Bulgaria,[1][2] and Ouranopithecus turkae, also from the late Miocene (8.7mya-7.4mya) of Turkey.[3] Based on O. macedoniensis's dental and facial anatomy, it has been suggested that the Ouranopithecines were actually Dryopithecine. However, Ouranopithecines are probably more closely related to the Ponginae.[4][5] Some researchers consider O. macedoniensis to be the last common ancestor of apes and humans,[6] and a forerunner to australopithecines and man,[7] although this is very controversial and not widely accepted. It is true that O. macedoniensis shares derived features with some early hominins (such as the frontal sinus, a cavity in the forehead), but they are almost certainly not closely related species.[8] It has been suggested that it may be a synonym of Graecopithecus freybergi,[9] although this is widely disputed in the literature.[10]

Ouranopithecus macedoniensis

Ouranopithecus macedoniensis is known from three localities in Northern Greece. The type location is Ravin de la Pluie. The other localities are Chalkidiki and Xirochori. It is known from a large collection of cranial fossils and few post cranial. The material has been dated to the late Miocene 9.6 – 8.7 million years old, so slightly earlier than O. turkae.[7] To some this suggests O turkae is the direct ancestor to O. Macedoniensis although it is generally accepted that they are sister taxons [3]

Etymology

macedoniensis due to the holotype fossils discovery in Macedonia, Greece.

Habitat

Examination of dental remains of O. macedoniensis and associated bovid species indicate a habitat of low tree cover and a rich herbaceous layer.[11]

Morphology

O. macedoniensis had a large, broad face with a prominent supraorbital torus. It also had square-shaped orbits.[6] O. macedoniensis may have had a relatively large body size. The post cranial evidence is thin, but the dentition of O. macedoniensis suggests extreme sexual dimorphism, a far higher degree than that seen in any extant great ape.[11] The ape was probably a quadruped. It is not possible to postulate on how O. macedoniensis used the trees but it seems likely that it did. O. macedoniensis's molar enamel cover was fairly thick and had low cusps. The male O. macedoniensis had large canine teeth with shearing lower premolars.[11]

Diet

Based on the heavily pitted surface of the second molar of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis, it is assumed that its diet consisted of harder foods such as nuts or tubers.[11]

Behaviour

Behaviour is very difficult to infer in species with such a small diversity of fossil remains. It is reasonable to suggest it may have been either solitary or group living. The large body size may have made climbing difficult in some aspects so it may have been a terrestrial forager but this is purely speculation within the literature.[7]

Ouranopithecus turkae

Ouranopithecus turkae is known from the Corakyerler locality, central Anatolia. It is known only from three cranial fossils. Dated faunal remains associated with the O. turkae fossils have been attributed to the late Miocene 8.7 – 7.4 million years ago, making O. turkae one of the youngest Eurasian great apes ever known.[3]

Etymology

Ouranopithecus due to its similarities with its probable sister taxon O. macedoniensis. Turkae after the discovery of the holotype fossils in the Republic of Turkey.

Habitat

Associated faunal remains suggest O. turkae lived in either open woodland or an open savannah type environment.[3]

Morphology

The morphology of O. turkae is difficult to determine due to the complete lack of post-cranial remains. The post-canine dentary is second only to that of Gigantopithecus in size, perhaps suggesting a large body size.[3] It is unknown whether the species was sexually dimorphic as there are no known female fossils. The ape was probably a quadruped but there is no evidence to confirm this.

Diet

Tooth morphology and wear suggest a diet of tough, abrasive food, the kind typically found in the type of environment O. turkae probably lived in.[3]

Behaviour

Again, the lack of post-cranial remains makes it difficult to determine how O. turkae behaved. The fossils were not associated with any females of the species so it could be suggested that the males, at least, were solitary.[3] It may also be assumed that O. turkae climbed trees, possibly to feed or to avoid predation, although their suggested large body size may have made climbing difficult. Some believe O. turkae was probably a terrestrial forager and did not feed in the trees.[3]

Systematics

See the phylogeny from.[4] Note the placing of Ouranopithecus closer to the Ponginae than the Hominids.

See also

References

  1. ↑ de Bonis, Louis; Melentis, J (1977). "Les primates hominoides du Vallesien de Macedoine (Grece): etude de la machoine inferieure". Geobias 10: 849–855. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(77)80081-8.
  2. ↑ N. Spassov, D. Geraads, L. Hristova, G.N. Markov, G. Merceron, T. Tzankov, K. Stoyanov, M. Böhme, A. Dimitrova. «A hominid tooth from Bulgaria: The last pre-human hominid of continental Europe»
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Gulec, Erksin S. et al. (2007). "A new great ape from the lower Miocene of Turkey". Anthropological Science 115: 153–158. doi:10.1537/ase.070501.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Alba, D.M. et al. (2010). "Enamel thickness in the middle Miocene great apes Anoiapithecus, Picrolapithecus and Dryopithecus". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277: 2237–2245. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0218.
  5. ↑ Begun, David R. (2005). "Relations among great apes and humans: New interpretations based on the fossil great ape Dryopithecus". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 37: 11–63. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330370604.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 de Bonis, Louis et al. (1990). "New hominoid skull material from the late Miocene of Macedonia in Northern Greece". Nature 345 (6277): 712–4. doi:10.1038/345712a0. PMID 2193230.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 de Bonis, Louis; Koufos, George D. (2004). "Ouranopithecus and dating the splitting of extant hominoids". Comptes Rendus Palevol 3: 257–264. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.04.002.
  8. ↑ de Bonis, Louis (1981). "Dental metric variation in early Hominids comparison between Australopithecus afarensis and Ouranopithecus Macedoniensis". Comptes Rendus des Sceances 292: 263–266.
  9. ↑ Andrews, Martin L. (1984). "The phylogenetic position of Graeceopithecus freybergi Koenigswald". Courrier Forschung Institute Senckenberg 69: 25–40.
  10. ↑ Koufos, George D.; de Bonis, Louis (2005). "The late Miocene Hominoids Ouranopithecus and Graeceopithecus. Implications about their relationships and taxonomy". Annales de Paleontologie 91: 227–240. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2005.05.001.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Schrein, Caitlin M. (2006). "Metric variation and sexual dimporphism in the dentition of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis". Journal of Human Evolution 50: 460–468. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.11.007.

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