Orthogonal wavelet

An orthogonal wavelet is a wavelet whose associated wavelet transform is orthogonal. That is, the inverse wavelet transform is the adjoint of the wavelet transform. If this condition is weakened you may end up with biorthogonal wavelets.

Basics

The scaling function is a refinable function. That is, it is a fractal functional equation, called the refinement equation (twin-scale relation or dilation equation):

\phi(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{N-1} a_k\phi(2x-k),

where the sequence (a_0,\dots, a_{N-1}) of real numbers is called a scaling sequence or scaling mask. The wavelet proper is obtained by a similar linear combination,

\psi(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{M-1} b_k\phi(2x-k),

where the sequence (b_0,\dots, b_{M-1}) of real numbers is called a wavelet sequence or wavelet mask.

A necessary condition for the orthogonality of the wavelets is that the scaling sequence is orthogonal to any shifts of it by an even number of coefficients:

\sum_{n\in\Z} a_n a_{n+2m}=2\delta_{m,0}

In this case there is the same number M=N of coefficients in the scaling as in the wavelet sequence, the wavelet sequence can be determined as b_n=(-1)^n a_{N-1-n}. In some cases the opposite sign is chosen.

Vanishing moments, polynomial approximation and smoothness

A necessary condition for the existence of a solution to the refinement equation is that some power (1+Z)A, A>0, divides the polynomial a(Z):=a_0+a_1Z+\dots+a_{N-1}Z^{N-1} (see Z-transform). The maximally possible power A is called polynomial approximation order (or pol. app. power) or number of vanishing moments. It describes the ability to represent polynomials up to degree A-1 with linear combinations of integer translates of the scaling function.

In the biorthogonal case, an approximation order A of \phi corresponds to A vanishing moments of the dual wavelet \tilde\psi, that is, the scalar products of \tilde\psi with any polynomial up to degree A-1 are zero. In the opposite direction, the approximation order à of \tilde\phi is equivalent to à vanishing moments of \psi. In the orthogonal case, A and à coincide.

A sufficient condition for the existence of a scaling function is the following: if one decomposes a(Z)=2^{1-A}(1+Z)^Ap(Z), and the estimate

1\le\sup_{t\in[0,2\pi]}|p(e^{it})|<2^{A-1-n} for some n\in\N,

holds, then the refinement equation has a n times continuously differentiable solution with compact support.

Examples:

References