Orenburg
| Orenburg (English) Оренбург (Russian) | |
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 Library of the Orenburg State University | |
.svg.png) Location of Orenburg Oblast in Russia | |
  Orenburg | |
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| Administrative status (as of November 2011) | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Orenburg Oblast[1] |
| Administratively subordinated to | City of Orenburg[1] |
| Administrative center of | Orenburg Oblast,[1] Orenburgsky District,[2] City of Orenburg[3] |
| Municipal status (as of December 2011) | |
| Urban okrug | Orenburg Urban Okrug[4] |
| Administrative center of | Orenburg Urban Okrug, Orenburgsky Municipal District |
| Head | Yury Mishcheryakov[5] |
| Representative body | City Duma |
| Statistics | |
| Area | 259 km2 (100 sq mi)[6] |
| Population (2010 Census) | 548,331 inhabitants[7] |
| - Rank in 2010 | 28th |
| Density | 2,117/km2 (5,480/sq mi)[8] |
| Time zone | YEKT (UTC+05:00)[9] |
| Founded | 1743[10] |
| Postal code(s)[11] | 460000 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 3532 |
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| Orenburg on WikiCommons | |
Orenburg (Russian: Оренбург; IPA: [ərʲɪnˈburk]) is a transcontinental city and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the Ural River 1,478 kilometers (918 mi) southeast of Moscow, very close to the border with Kazakhstan. Population: 548,331 (2010 Census);[7] 549,361 (2002 Census);[12] 546,501 (1989 Census).[13]
Geography
The city is located at the confluence of the Sakmara and Ural Rivers. The highest point of the city is 154.4 meters (507 ft).
History
The Russian Empire began plans for the expansion into Asia by construction of an eastern frontier fortress town in the southern Ural region to be named Orenburg in 1734. The colonists originally founded a settlement in 1735 at the confluence of the Ural River with the Or River. The town's name meant "fortress near the Or," as Burg is German for fortress. This settlement changed its name in 1739 to Orsk. An attempt was made to found another Orenburg about 175 kilometers (109 mi) west at a location called Krasnogor, or "Red Hill," in 1741, but this settlement failed. A third Orenburg was successfully established by Ivan Neplyuyev at its present location approximately 250 kilometers (160 mi) west down the Ural from Orsk in 1743. This third Orenburg functioned as an important military outpost on the frontier with the nomadic Kazakhs. It became the center for the Orenburg Cossacks.
Orenburg played a major role in Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1774). At the time, it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor. Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 - March 26, 1774. The defense was organized by lieutenant-general Reinsdorp. General Golytsin defeated Pugachev at Berda, and later again at Kargala (north of Orenburg). Most of the city was left in ruins, and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege.
The famous Russian writer Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a research trip for his books The History of Pugachev and his famous novel The Captain's Daughter. He met his friend Vladimir Dal here, who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language.
Orenburg was the base for General Perovsky's expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva in the 1830s through 1850s. After the incorporation of Central Asia into the Russian Empire, Orenburg became a trading station and, since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway, a prominent railway junction en route to the new Central Asian possessions and to Siberia.
Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in present-day Kazakhstan) within Russia from 1920–1925. When that republic was renamed Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1925, Orenburg joined Russia and Kyzylorda became the new capital. Alma-Ata became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turkestan–Siberia Railway. Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to the union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR in 1936. Orenburg remained in Russia.
From 1938 to 1957, the city bore the name Chkalov (Чка́лов) (after the prominent test pilot Valery Chkalov). The city's distance from the German invasion during World War II led many Soviet enterprises to flee there, helping to spur the city's economic growth.
Administrative and municipal status
Orenburg is the administrative center of the oblast[1] and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Orenburgsky District,[2] even though it is not a part of it.[3] As an administrative division, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated separately as the City of Orenburg[1]—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Orenburg is incorporated as Orenburg Urban Okrug.[4]
Economy
Orenburg is a home for several large companies or their subsidiaries: Orenburggazprom,[14] the subsidiary of Gazprom; Orenburgneft,[15] the subsidiary of TNK-BP oil company; Orenburgenergy, one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia.
Transportation
Orenburg has been a major railway center ever since the Samara-Zlatoust and Orenburg-Tashkent railroads were completed, respectively in 1876 and 1905.[16]
Orenburg's main airport is the Orenburg Tsentralny Airport,[17] located about 25 kilometers (16 mi) east of the city, on the Orsk destination, and is the headquarters of Orenair.[17]
Military
There is an airbase located 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) southwest of the city.
Climate
| Climate data for Orenburg | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
18.9 (66) |
31.3 (88.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
39.8 (103.6) |
41.6 (106.9) |
40.9 (105.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
41.6 (106.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −8 (18) |
−7.2 (19) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
12.8 (55) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.5 (81.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
10.78 (51.40) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
20.6 (69.1) |
22.3 (72.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
14.0 (57.2) |
5.9 (42.6) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
5.33 (41.59) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −15.5 (4.1) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
1.7 (35.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
7.9 (46.2) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−6.1 (21) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
0.25 (32.45) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −43.2 (−45.8) |
−40.1 (−40.2) |
−36.8 (−34.2) |
−26 (−15) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−35.7 (−32.3) |
−39.2 (−38.6) |
−43.2 (−45.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 29 (1.14) |
22 (0.87) |
25 (0.98) |
28 (1.1) |
30 (1.18) |
36 (1.42) |
41 (1.61) |
29 (1.14) |
26 (1.02) |
34 (1.34) |
33 (1.3) |
31 (1.22) |
364 (14.33) |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[18] | |||||||||||||
Education and culture
Orenburg is a regional center of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums.
Education
Established in 1955 as a Branch of Kuibyshev Polytechnical Institute (currently Samara State Technical University). It was transformed to the Orenburg Polytechnical Institute in 1971. In 1994 it was named as Orenburg State Technical University. Gained status of university in 1996. Currently, there are 18 Faculties, 3 Research & Development institutes, 4 Regional Branches, technology incubator “OSU Technopark”, botanic garden, meteorological station, sport complex.
- Orenburg State Medical Academy
Established in 1944 as Chkalov State Medical Institute. It was renamed to Orenburg State Medical Institute in 1957 (at that time Orenburg city regained its original name after being named Chkalov from 1937 till 1957). Gained status of academy in 1994. Currently there are 8 Faculties: Medicine, Pediatric, Stomatology (Dentistry), Pharmacy, Clinical Psychology, Nursing, Public Health (Медико-профилактический), Continuing Education.
- Orenburg State Agrarian University
Established in 1930 as Orenburg Agricultural Institute. It was transformed to Orenburg State Agricultural Academy in 1992. Since 1995 named as Orenburg State Agrarian University. There are 8 Faculties and 4 Institutes.
- Orenburg State Pedagogical University
Established in 1919 as Institute of Public Education. Renamed to Pedagogical Institute in 1930. Transformed to Pedagogical University in 1996. There are 10 Faculties and 4 Research Institutes.
- Orenburg State Institute of Management (OSIM)
Established in 1991. Provides education in the fields of economics, management, information technologies, information securing, business informatics and innovation.
- Orenburg Branch of Moscow State Law Academy
- Orenburg Branch of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
- Orenburg Campus of Russian State University of Trade and Economics
Museums
- Orenburg Regional Museum of History and Natural Science
- Orenburg Regional Museum of Art
- Museum of Orenburg History
- Memorial Apartment of Yuri and Valentina Gagarin
- Memorial Apartment of Leopold and Mstislav Rostropovich
- Memorial Apartment of T.G. Shevchenko
- Orenburg City Memorial House
Theaters
- Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Dramatic Theater
- Orenburg State Regional Musical Theater [19]
- Orenburg State Tatar Dramatic Theater
- Orenburg State Regional Puppet Theater
- Orenburg Municipal Puppet Theater "Pierrot
- Orenburg Municipal Chamber Choir
- Orenburg State Academic Russian Folk Choir
Tourism
Mountain and river tourism is developed in the region. There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range, popular with tourists.
The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawls. The thinnest lacy design, knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs (pautinkas), is not only warm, but also is used for decorative purposes.
Architecture
A famous boulevard on the embankment of the Ural River is one of the most notable places in Orenburg.
Orenburg TV Tower is a guyed mast of unusual design. It is a 200-meter (660 ft) tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys.[20]
Sports
- Lokomotiv has played in the highest division of the Russian Bandy League. Now they play in the second highest division. Their home arena has a capacity of 5000.
- Nadezhda Orenburg is a women's basketball club competing in the Russian Women's Basketball Premier League and playing in the Orenburzhe Sports Hall.
Honors
The asteroid 27709 Orenburg was named after the city on June 1, 2007.†
Notable people
- Ivan Krylov (1769–1844), writer
- Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky (1794—1857), statesman
- Vladimir Dal (1801–1872), lexicographer
- Yevgraf Fyodorov (1853–1919), mathematician, crystallographer, and mineralogist
- Paul Nazaroff (1890–1942), geologist and writer
- Joseph Kessel (1898–1979), journalist and novelist
- Musa Cälil (1906–1944), poet
- Alexander Schmorell (1917–1943), a member of the anti-Nazi group White Rose
- Aleksander Burba (1918-1984), industry leader and educator
- Mstislav Rostropovich (1927–2007), cellist
- Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968), cosmonaut
- Denis Istomin (born 1986), tennis player
- Georgy Malenkov (1902-1988) communist party leader
International relations
Orenburg has the following sister cities:[21]
Khujand, Tajikistan
Legnica, Poland
Orlando, United States
Ufa, Russia
Oral, Kazakhstan
References
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Law #1370/276-IV-OZ
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 53 234», в ред. изменения №243/2014 от 18 апреля 2014 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 53 234, as amended by the Amendment #243/2014 of April 18, 2014. ).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 53 401», в ред. изменения №243/2014 от 18 апреля 2014 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 53 401, as amended by the Amendment #243/2014 of April 18, 2014. ).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Law #2367/495-IV-OZ
- ↑ "Глава города Оренбурга". Официальный портал города Оренбурга. Archived from the original on 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
- ↑ Генеральный план Оренбурга. Материалы по обоснованию проекта. Раздел 4.1. Территория города. Стр. 29
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ↑ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
- ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №248-ФЗ от 21 июля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of July 21, 2014 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
- ↑ Из истории Казахстана XVIII в
- ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (Russian)
- ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года[All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ↑ http://www.gazprom.com/eng/articles/article28937.shtml
- ↑ http://www.tnk-bp.com/operations/enterprises/orenburgneft/
- ↑ Correspondence, Foreign (November 7, 1904). "RUSSIA'S NEW GREAT RAILROAD IN ASIA; Orenburg-Tashkent Line Was Completed a Few Days Ago. GREAT VALUE STRATEGICALLY Prince Hilkoff Pushed the Construction of the Road with Much Energy -- The Cities Traversed". The New York Times.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 http://www.airoport.orenair.ru/index.php?eng=1
- ↑ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- ↑ http://www.orenburg.ru/culture/theatre/
- ↑ http://vcfm.ru/vc/Cities/orenburg.htm
- ↑ profile documents, Orenburg
Sources
- Законодательное Собрание Оренбургской области. Закон №1370/276-IV-ОЗ от 11 июля 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Оренбургской области», в ред. Закона №2826/783-V-ОЗ от 15 декабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Оренбургской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Оренбургской области"». Вступил в силу после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Южный Урал", №№134–135 (спецвыпуск №40 с документами Законодательного Собрания Оренбургской области), 21 июля 2007 г. (Legislative Assembly of Orenburg Oblast. Law #1370/276-IV-OZ of July 11, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Orenburg Oblast, as amended by the Law #2826/783-V-OZ of December 15, 2014 On Amending the Law of Orenburg Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Orenburg Oblast". Effective as of after the official publication date.).
- Законодательное Собрание Оренбургской области. Закон №2367/495-IV-ОЗ от 15 сентября 2008 г. «Об утверждении перечня муниципальных образований Оренбургской области и населённых пунктов, входящих в их состав», в ред. Закона №2534/709-V-ОЗ от 3 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Оренбургской области "Об утверждении перечня муниципальных образований Оренбургской области и населённых пунктов, входящих в их состав"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Бюллетень Законодательного Собрания Оренбургской области", 22 заседание, I часть, 29 августа 2008 г. (Legislative Assembly of Orenburg Oblast. Law #2367/495-IV-OZ of September 15, 2008 On Adopting the Registry of the Municipal Formations of Orenburg Oblast and the Inhabited Localities They Comprise, as amended by the Law #2534/709-V-OZ of October 3, 2014 On Amending the Law of Orenburg Oblast "On Adopting the Registry of the Municipal Formations of Orenburg Oblast and the Inhabited Localities They Comprise". Effective as of after 10 days following the official publication.).
External links
- Official website of Orenburg (Russian)
- Orenburg State Institute of Management
- Photos of Orenburg (Russian)
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