Operation Product

Operation Product Operatie Product
Part of Indonesian National Revolution
Date July 21 - August 5, 1947 Location Java and Sumatra, Indonesia Result United Nations and United States' mandated ceasefire Indonesian Republican forces continue to conduct guerrilla operations afterwards despite severe losses Territorial changes Takeover of Sumatra economic centers and Java ports by the Dutch Rural surroundings in these areas continue to be held by Indonesian Republican forces
Belligerents
Indonesia	Netherlands
Commanders and leaders
Soedirman	Simon Hendrik Spoor Alvin Spoor Hubertus van Mook
Strength
Around 500,000	200,000
Casualties and losses
150,000	6,200

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Operation Product, was the first of two major Dutch military offensives against the Republic of Indonesia during the Indonesian National Revolution.^[1] It took place between 21 July and 4 August 1947.

The offensive was launched in violation of the Linggadjati Agreement between the Republic and the Netherlands. The offensive resulted in the Dutch reducing Republican-held areas to smaller areas of Java and Sumatra, split by Dutch-held areas.^[1]

Background

Following Dutch assertions that Indonesia cooperated insufficiently in the implementation of the Linggadjati Agreement, which had been ratified on March 25, 1947 by the lower chamber of the Dutch parliament. This police action was also influenced by a Dutch perception that the Republic had failed to curb the influence of Indonesian Chinese, Indonesian Indians and the rising Indonesian Communist Party.^[2]

The 100,000 inactive Dutch soldiers in Java was a significant financial burden on the Netherlands after the ravages of World War II.^[3] By May 1947, the Dutch had decided they needed to directly attack the Republic to access commodities in Republican-held areas, in particular sugar in Java and oil and rubber in Sumatra. The Dutch military estimated they would need two weeks to secure Republican-held cities and six months for the whole of the Republican territory.^[3] The offensive was intended to not include an attack on Yogyakarta, seat of the Republican government, due to high expected costs of fighting there.

The offensive

On July 21, the Dutch deployed three divisions in Java and three brigades on the less-densely populated Sumatra. The operation resulted in the occupation of large parts of Java and Sumatra, with the Republican army (TNI) offering only weak resistance.^[4]

Nevertheless, the TNI and its allies continued to conduct guerilla operations from the hills in Dutch-controlled territory. The Dutch retaliated with air strikes and a blockade of Republican-held areas. However, the Dutch were held back from full conquest of the Republic because of pressure from the UN Security Council, and by the United States, who were calling for a ceasefire.^[5]

The Renville Agreement

The international pressure led to a ceasefire in January 1948 followed by a formal armistice. As a consequence, what was previously considered to be an internal Dutch affair now took on an international dimension. The Renville Agreement, as the armistice was called, stipulated the withdrawal of Indonesian forces from Dutch-occupied territory and the establishment of a ceasefire boundary known as the Van Mook Line.^[6] After some time, however, the Indonesian military, secretly, returned and began guerrilla operations against the Dutch. This led, eventually, to the second major Dutch offensive, called Operatie Kraai.^[7]

See also

• Rawagede massacre

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operatie Product.

Bibliography

• Jackson, Robert (2008). Modern Military Aircraft om Combat. London: Amber Books. 
• Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. 
• Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.