Online refuelling

In nuclear power technology, online refuelling is a technique for changing the fuel of a nuclear reactor while the pile is critical.

Online refuelling has been provided for three main reasons:

• To allow low-burnup fuel to be extracted for the production of plutonium suitable for nuclear weapons
• To allow frequent rearrangement of fuel within the core for the purposes of balancing the thermal load and allowing higher fuel burnup, reducing both the fuel requirements and the amount of high-level nuclear waste for disposal
• To improve availability and economy by reducing the downtime required for refuelling and other maintenance

Power reactors provided with online refuelling facilities include:

• Generation 1 gas-cooled reactors (Magnox reactors and UNGG reactors)
• Advanced gas-cooled reactors (problems with the mechanism led to the discontinuation of full-load refuelling of this class)
• CANDU reactors
• RBMK reactors
• The BN-600 reactor
• Most pebble-bed reactors
• All molten salt reactors using liquid fuels

Reactor design

Suitable types

Reactors provided with online refuelling have to date been one of two types:

• Reactors cooled by gas such as the Magnox
• Reactors cooled by water in pressurised channels, rather than in a pressure vessel. Channel-type reactors include the CANDU and RBMK

Unsuitable types

Refuelling a water-cooled, pressure-vessel type reactor has, to date, always involved a major shutdown in which the coolant is depressurised to allow for disassembly of the pressure vessel. These types of reactors include the popular PWR and BWR types and their generation III descendants.