Once Upon a Time in America

Once Upon a Time in America
(C'era una volta in America)

Theatrical release poster by Tom Jung
Directed by Sergio Leone
Produced by Arnon Milchan
Screenplay by Franco Arcalli
Leonardo Benvenuti
Piero De Bernardi
Franco Ferrini
Ernesto Gastaldi
Stuart M. Kaminsky
Sergio Leone
Enrico Medioli
Based on The Hoods 
by Harry Grey
Starring
Music by Ennio Morricone
Cinematography Tonino Delli Colli
Edited by Nino Baragli
Production
company
Distributed by Warner Bros.
Release dates
  • 23 May 1984 (Cannes)
  • 1 June 1984 (USA)
Running time
 229 minutes (European release)
139 minutes (US release)
Country Italy
United States
Language English
Budget $30 million
Box office $5,321,508

Once Upon a Time in America (Italian: C'era una volta in America) is a 1984 Italian epic crime drama film co-written and directed by Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. It chronicles the lives of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence in New York City's world of organized crime. The film explores themes of childhood friendships, love, lust, greed, betrayal, loss, broken relationships, and the rise of mobsters in American society.

Based on Harry Grey's novel The Hoods, it was the final film of Leone's career and the first feature-film he had directed in thirteen years. The cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and Ennio Morricone provided the film score. It is the final installment in Leone's Once Upon a Time Trilogy, preceded by Once Upon a Time in the West and Once Upon a Time... the Revolution.

Plot

The film is presented in non-chronological order, from the 1920s to the 1960s, and it is largely told through flashbacks from the viewpoint of one person.

David "Noodles" Aaronson struggles as a street kid in the Jewish ghetto on the Lower East Side of Manhattan,[1] in 1920. His gang, consisting of Patrick "Patsy" Goldberg, Phillip "Cockeye" Stein, and little Dominic work for an older boy named Bugsy until they meet Max Bercovicz who convinces them that they should form their own operation. The boys establish a suitcase money fund, which they hide in a locker at a train station, giving the key to Fat Moe, a reliable friend who's not part of the operation. Noodles is in love with Deborah, Fat Moe's sister, who aspires to be a dancer and actress. One day Bugsy attacks the boys and Dominic is shot and killed. In a rage, Noodles stabs Bugsy and a police officer who tried to intervene. He is sentenced to prison for 12 years.

An adult Noodles is released from jail in 1932 and is reacquainted with his old gang: Max, Patsy, and Cockeye, who are now major players in the bootlegging industry during Prohibition. Noodles meets up with Deborah and tries to rekindle a relationship. Meanwhile, the gang meets Carol during a robbery and she soon becomes Max's girlfriend. The gang prospers financially under prohibition as they engage in bootlegging and also provide muscle for union boss Jimmy Conway O'Donnell. Noodles tries to impress Deborah on an extravagant date, but feels rejected when she states that she is leaving for the West Coast to further her acting career. On their way home, they kiss in a limousine, but upon Deborah's reluctance to go further, Noodles rapes her. After Deborah leaves, he regrets what he has done.

The gang's financial success is threatened when prohibition is repealed. Max suggests robbing the New York Federal Reserve Bank, but Noodles sees it as suicidal. Carol, who also fears for Max's life, convinces Noodles to call the police on his friends. Later, Noodles learns that Max, Patsy, and Cockeye have been killed in a gunfight when cornered by the police. He is consumed with guilt for making the phone call. The same night Noodles discovers Fat Moe horribly beaten and the money from their railway locker suitcase missing. After using drugs in an opium den, Noodles flees the city for Buffalo to live under an assumed name.

In 1968, Noodles receives a letter informing him that the cemetery where his friends are buried has been sold and asking him to make arrangements for their reburial. Realizing that someone has deduced his identity, Noodles returns to Manhattan and stays with Fat Moe above his restaurant. Noodles visits a new mausoleum where his friends are interred and discovers a key, similar to the one for the railway locker the gang had previously used. Going to the locker, he discovers a suitcase full of cash and a note saying the money is a down payment on his next job.

Noodles visits Carol, who lives at a retirement home run by the Bailey Foundation. She tells him that Max caused the gang's death by opening fire on the police. While at the home, Noodles sees a photo of Deborah at the institution's dedication. Noodles tracks down Deborah, who is now a successful Broadway actress. He questions her about Secretary Bailey, an embattled political figure whose name has been mentioned in news reports, telling her that he has received an invitation to a party at Bailey's house. Deborah claims not to know much about Bailey, despite public statements indicating that they have lived together for years. As he is about to leave, Deborah introduces Noodles to Bailey's son David, who is named after Noodles and resembles the adolescent Max.

Noodles attends the party at Secretary Bailey's house and hides his shock in discovering that Bailey is Max. The two go in private, where Max reveals that he faked his own death and stole the gang's money in order to start a new life. Now faced with scandal and corruption accusations, Max asks Noodles to kill him. Noodles refuses, despite Max goading him with the fact that he "stole" Noodles' life. As Noodles leaves Bailey's estate, he hears a garbage truck start up and looks back to see a man standing at the driveway's gated entrance. As the man begins to walk towards Noodles, the truck passes between them. When Noodles walks up to the truck, its auger is grinding down rubbish and the man is nowhere to be seen.

Cast

The cast also includes Robert Harper as Sharkey, Mario Brega as Mandy, Paul Herman as Monkey, Marcia Jean Kurtz as Max's Mother, Estelle Harris as Peggy's Mother, and Richard Foronji as Whitey. Louise Fletcher can also be seen in the 2012 restoration as the director of the cemetery Noodles visits in 1968.[2]

Production

Development

During the mid-1960s, Sergio Leone read the novel The Hoods by Harry Grey, a pseudonym for the former gangster-turned-informant whose real name was Harry Goldberg.[3] In 1968, after shooting Once Upon a Time in the West, Leone made many efforts to talk to Grey. Having enjoyed Leone's Dollars Trilogy, Grey finally responded and agreed to meet with Leone at a Manhattan bar.[4] Following that initial meeting, Leone met with Grey several times throughout the remainder of the 1960s and 1970s to understand America through Grey's point of view. Intent on making another trilogy about America,[3] Leone turned down an offer from Paramount Pictures to direct The Godfather to pursue his pet project.[5][6]

Casting

Leone considered many actors for the film during the long development process. Originally in 1975, Gérard Depardieu, who was determined to learn English with a Brooklyn accent for the role, was cast as Max with Jean Gabin playing the older Max. Richard Dreyfuss was cast as Noodles with James Cagney playing the older Noodles. In 1980, Leone spoke of casting Tom Berenger as Noodles with Paul Newman playing the older Noodles. Among actors considered for the role of Max were Dustin Hoffman, Jon Voight, Harvey Keitel, John Malkovich and John Belushi.

Early in 1981, Brooke Shields was offered the role of Deborah Gelly, after Leone had seen The Blue Lagoon, claiming that "she had the potential to play a mature character." A writers' strike delayed the project, and Shields withdrew before auditions began. Elizabeth McGovern was cast as Deborah and Jennifer Connelly as her younger self.

Joe Pesci was among many to audition for Max. He got the smaller role of Frankie, partly as a favor to his friend De Niro. Danny Aiello auditioned for several roles and was ultimately cast as the police chief who (coincidentally) shares his surname. Claudia Cardinale (who appeared in Once Upon a Time in the West) wanted to play Carol, but Leone was afraid she would not be convincing as a New Yorker and turned her down.

Filming

The film was shot between 14 June 1982 and 22 April 1983. Leone tried, as he had with A Fistful of Dynamite, to produce the film with a young director under him. In the early days of the project he courted John Milius, a fan of his who was enthusiastic about the idea; but Milius was working on The Wind and the Lion and the script for Apocalypse Now, and could not commit to the project. For the film's visual style, Leone used as references the paintings of such artists as Reginald Marsh, Edward Hopper, and Norman Rockwell, as well as (for the 1922 sequences) the photographs of Jacob Riis. F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby influenced Noodles' relationship with Deborah.

Most exteriors were shot in New York City (such as in Williamsburg along South 6th Street, where Fat Moe's restaurant was based, and South 8th Street), but several key scenes were shot elsewhere. Most interiors were shot in Cinecittà in Rome. The beach scene where Max unveils his plan to rob the Federal Reserve was shot at the Don CeSar in St. Petersburg, Florida.[7] The New York's railway "Grand Central Station" scene in the thirties flashbacks was filmed in the Gare du Nord in Paris.[8] The interiors of the lavish restaurant where Noodles takes Deborah on their date were shot in the Hotel Excelsior in Venice, Italy.[8] The gang's hit on Joe was filmed in Quebec. The view of the Manhattan Bridge shown in the movie's poster can be seen from Washington Street in Brooklyn.[9]

The shooting-script, completed in October 1981 after many delays and a writers' strike between April and July of that year, was 317 pages in length.

Editing

By the end of filming, Leone had eight to ten hours worth of footage. With his editor Nino Baragli, Leone trimmed this to almost six hours, and he originally wanted to release the film as two movies with three-hour parts.[10] The producers refused, partly due to the commercial and critical failure of Bertolucci's two-part 1900, and Leone was forced to further shorten it.[10] The film was originally 269 minutes (4 hours and 29 minutes), but when the film premiered out of competition at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival,[11] Leone had cut it to 229 minutes (3 hours and 49 minutes) to appease the distributors, which was the version shown in European cinemas. However, the American wide release was edited further to 139 minutes (2 hours and 19 minutes) by the studio, against the director's wishes.

Music

The musical score was composed by Leone's long-time collaborator, Ennio Morricone. Due to the film's long production, Morricone had finished composing most of the soundtrack before many scenes had been filmed. Some of Morricone's pieces were played on set as filming took place, a technique that Leone used for Once Upon a Time in the West. "Deborah's Theme" was written for another film in the 1970s but rejected; Morricone presented the piece to Leone, who was initially reluctant, considering it too similar to Morricone's main title for Once Upon a Time in the West. The score is also notable for Morricone’s incorporation of Gheorghe Zamfir, who plays a pan flute. At times this music is used to convey remembrance, at other times terror. Zamfir’s flute playing was used to a similarly haunting effect in Peter Weir’s Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975).[12] Morricone also collaborated with vocalist Edda Dell'Orso on the score.

Once Upon a Time in America
Soundtrack album by Ennio Morricone
Released 1 June 1984
17 October 1995 (Special Edition)
Recorded December 1983
Studio Forum Studios, Rome
Genre Contemporary classical
Label Mercury Records
Producer Ennio Morricone
Special Edition cover
1995 Special Edition

A soundtrack album was released in 1984 by Mercury Records.[13] This was followed by a special edition release in 1995, featuring four additional tracks.[14]

Side one
No. Title Length
1. "Once Upon a Time in America"   2:11
2. "Poverty"   3:37
3. "Deborah's Theme"   4:24
4. "Childhood Memories"   3:22
5. "Amapola"   5:21
6. "Friends"   1:34
7. "Prohibition Dirge"   4:20
Side two
No. Title Length
8. "Cockeye's Song"   4:20
9. "Amapola, Part II"   3:07
10. "Childhood Poverty"   1:41
11. "Photographic Memories"   1:00
12. "Friends"   1:23
13. "Friendship & Love"   4:14
14. "Speakeasy"   2:21
15. "Deborah's Theme - Amapola"   6:13
Bonus tracks (1995 Special Edition)
No. Title Length
16. "Suite from Once Upon a Time in America (Includes Amapola)"   13:32
17. "Poverty (Temp. Version)"   3:26
18. "Unused Theme"   4:46
19. "Unused Theme (Version 2)"   3:38

Besides the original music, the film used source music, including:

Release

Once Upon a Time in America premiered at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May and received a "15 minute standing ovation".[11][10] In the United States, the film received a wide release in 894 theaters on 1 June 1984 and grossed $2.4 million during its opening weekend.[15] It ended its box office run with a gross of just over $5.3 million on a $30 million budget,[16] and became labeled as a box office flop.[17] The financial and critical disaster of the American release almost bankrupted the The Ladd Company. Eventually, the film premiered in Leone's native Italy out of competition at the 41st Venice International Film Festival in September 1984.[18] That same month, the film was released wide in Italy on 28 September 1984 in its 229-minute version.

Versions

Several different versions of Once Upon a Time in America have been shown. The original European release version (1984, 229 minutes) was shown internationally as well as when the film was shown in limited release and for film critics in America, where it was slightly trimmed to secure an 'R' rating. These cuts were made to two rape scenes and some of the more graphic violence at the beginning. Noodles' meeting with Bailey in 1968 was also excised. The film gained a mediocre reception at several sneak premieres in North America. Due to this early audience reaction, the fear of its length, its graphic violence, and the inability of theaters to have multiple showings in one day, the decision was made by The Ladd Company to make many edits and cut entire scenes without the supervision of Sergio Leone.[10] This American wide release (1984, 139 minutes) was drastically different from the European release, as the non-chronological story was rearranged into chronological order. Other major cuts involved many of the childhood sequences, making the adult 1933 sections more prominent. Noodles' 1968 meeting with Deborah was excised, and the scene with Bailey ends with him shooting himself (with the sound of a gunshot off screen), rather than the garbage truck conclusion of the 229-minute version.

In the Soviet Union, the film was theatrically shown in the late 1980s, with other Hollywood blockbusters such as the two King Kong movies. The story was rearranged in chronological order and the movie was shown in two parts, one containing all childhood scenes and the other for adulthood scenes. The parts were run as two movies.[19] Despite the rearrangement, no major scene deletions were made. It was rated as "16+" by the Goskino.

A network television version was also shown in the early-to-mid 1990s with a running time of almost three hours (without commercials). While it retained the film's original non-chronological order, many key scenes involving violence and graphic content were left out. This version was a one-off showing, and no copies are known to exist.

Robert De Niro and Elizabeth McGovern at the screening of the film's restored version, during the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.

In March 2011, it was announced that Leone's originally intended 269-minute version was to be re-created by a film lab in Italy under the supervision of Leone's children, who acquired the Italian distribution rights, and the film's original sound editor, Fausto Ancillai, for a premiere in 2012 at either the Cannes Film Festival or Venice Film Festival.[20][21]

The restored film premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, but due to unforeseen rights issues for the deleted scenes, the film's restoration ran for 251 minutes.[22][23][24] However, Martin Scorsese (whose Film Foundation helped with the restoration), stated that he is helping Leone's children gain the rights to the final 24 minutes of deleted scenes for a complete version of Leone's original 269 minute version. On 3 August 2012, it was reported that after the premiere at Cannes the restored film was pulled from circulation pending further restoration work.[25]

Home media

In North America, the heavily edited 139-minute version was made available on DVD in the late 1990s. This was followed by a two-disc special edition release on 10 June 2003, featuring the 229-minute version of the film.[26] This special edition was re-released on 11 January 2011 on both DVD and Blu-ray Disc.[27] On 30 September 2014, Warner Bros. released a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD set of the 2012 restoration version dubbed as the Extended Director's Cut, with a running time of 251 minutes.[28] Previously released on 4 September 2012 in Italy, this version is what was shown to audiences at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.[29]

Critical reception

Once Upon a Time in America's initial critical response was mixed because of the different versions released worldwide. While internationally the film was well-received in its original form, American critics were much more dissatisfied with the 139-minute version released in North America. This condensed version was a critical and financial disaster and many American critics, who knew of Leone's original cut, attacked the short version. Some critics compared shortening the film to shortening Richard Wagner's operas, saying that works of art that are meant to be long should be given the respect they deserve. Roger Ebert wrote in his 1984 review that the uncut version was "an epic poem of violence and greed" but described the American theatrical version as a "travesty".[30] Ebert's television movie critic partner Gene Siskel considered the uncut version to be the best movie of 1984.[31]

It was only after Leone's death and the subsequent restoration of the original 229-minute version that a widespread of critics began to give it the kind of praise displayed at its original Cannes showing. The uncut original film is considered to be far superior to the edited version shown in America. Ebert, in his review of Brian De Palma's The Untouchables, called the original uncut version of Once Upon a Time in America the best film depicting the Prohibition era.[32] James Woods, who considers this to be Leone's finest film, mentioned in the DVD documentary that one critic dubbed the film the worst of 1984, only to see the original cut years later and call it the best of the 1980s.[19] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 89% approval rating with an average rating of 8.5/10 based on 45 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Sergio Leone's epic crime drama is visually stunning, stylistically bold, and emotionally haunting, and filled with great performances from the likes of Robert De Niro and James Woods."[33]

The film has since been ranked as one of the best films ever made, especially among the gangster genre. When Sight & Sound asked several UK critics what their favorite films of the last 25 years were in 2002 as a reaction to its earlier poll, the film placed at number 10.[34] In 2015, the film was ranked at number nine on Time Out's list of the 50 best gangster movies of all time.[35]

Interpretations

As the film begins and ends in 1933, with Noodles hiding in an opium den from Syndicate hitmen, and the last shot of the movie is of Noodles in a smiling, opium-soaked high, the film can be interpreted as having been a drug-induced dream, with Noodles remembering his past and envisioning the future. In an interview by Noël Simsolo published in 1987, Leone confirms the validity of this interpretation, saying that the scenes set in the 1960s could be seen as an opium dream of Noodles.[36] In the DVD commentary for the film, film historian and critic Richard Schickel states that opium users often report vivid dreams and that these visions have a tendency to explore the user's past and future.[37]

Many people (including Schickel) assume that the 1968 Frisbee scene, which has an immediate cut and gives no further resolution, was part of a longer sequence.[38] Ebert stated that the purpose of the flying disc scene was to establish the 1960s time frame and nothing more.[30]

Accolades

Despite its modern critical success, the initial American release did not fare well with critics and received no Academy Award nominations.[39] The film's music was disqualified from Oscar consideration due to a technicality,[40] as the studio accidentally omitted the composer's name from the opening credits when trimming its running time for the American release.[19]

Award Category Nominee Result
38th British Academy Film Awards[41] Best Costume Design Gabriella Pescucci Won
Best Film Music Ennio Morricone Won
Best Direction Sergio Leone Nominated
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Tuesday Weld Nominated
Best Cinematography Tonino Delli Colli Nominated
42nd Golden Globe Awards[42] Best Director Sergio Leone Nominated
Best Original Score Ennio Morricone Nominated
8th Japan Academy Prize[43] Outstanding Foreign Language Film
–
 Won
10th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards[44] Best Film
–
 Nominated
Best Director Sergio Leone Nominated
Best Music Score Ennio Morricone Won

American Film Institute lists

See also

References

  1. ↑ Joe Klein, Peter Blauner: A Film Grows in Brooklyn. New York Magazine, 24 January 1983, p. 3, pp.16–17. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  2. ↑ Macnab, Geoffrey (15 May 2012). "Martin Scorsese breathes new life into gangster classic Once Upon a Time in America". The Independent. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hughes Crime Wave: The Filmgoers' guide to the great crime movies pp.156–157.
  4. ↑ Frayling, Christopher (1 July 2000). Sergio Leone: Something to Do with Death (PDF). London: Faber and Faber. pp. 388–392. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Roger Fristoe. "Sergio Leone Profile". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  6. ↑ Lucia Bozzola. "Sergio Leone". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  7. ↑ "History of Loews Don CeSar Hotel". Loews Hotels. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations
  9. ↑ Washington Street, Brooklyn | New York
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Hughes Crimewave: The Filmgoers' guide to the great crime movies p.163.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Festival de Cannes: Once Upon a Time in America". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  12. ↑ Other reviews by Messrob Torikian (25 August 2003). "Once Upon a Time in America (1984)". Soundtrack. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in America [Special Edition] - Ennio Morricone". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in America". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  16. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in America". The Numbers (website). Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  17. ↑ McCarty, John (24 May 2005). Bullets Over Hollywood: The American Gangster Picture from the Silents to "The Sopranos". Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. p. 235. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  18. ↑ "History of the Venice Film Festival: The 1980's". Carnival of Venice. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Once Upon a Time: Sergio Leone (Documentary) (in English and Italian). CreaTVty, Westbrook. 8 January 2001.
  20. ↑ Variety (10 March 2011): "'Once Upon a Time' to be restored" Retrieved 21 April 2011
  21. ↑ The Film Forum (13 Mar 2011): "Once Upon a Time in America – 269 minute version in 2012" Retrieved 21 April 2011
  22. ↑ Barraclough, Leo (16 May 2012). "Another chance for 'Once' – Entertainment News, Film Festivals, Media". Variety. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  23. ↑ Gallman, Brett (21 April 2012). "'Once Upon a Time in America,' Other Director's Cuts Worth Watching – Yahoo! Movies". Movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  24. ↑ Cannes Classics 2012 - Festival de Cannes 2014 (International Film Festival). Festival-cannes.fr. Retrieved on 5 June 2014.
  25. ↑ Paley, Tony (3 August 2012). "Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in America is withdrawn from circulation". The Guardian (London).
  26. ↑ Erickson, Glenn (June 2003). "DVD Savant Review: Once Upon a Time in America". DVD Talk. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  27. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in America Preview". IGN. Ziff Davis. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  28. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in America: Extended Director's Cut Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. 5 June 2014.
  29. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in America (Comparison)". Movie-Censorship.com. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Ebert, Roger (1 January 1984). "Once Upon A Time in America". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  31. ↑ Siskel, Gene. ""Siskel and Ebert" Top Ten Films (1980-1998)". Estate of Gene Siskel. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  32. ↑ Ebert, Roger (3 June 1987). "The Untouchables (1987)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  33. ↑ "Once Upon a Time in America". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  34. ↑ "Modern Times". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. December 2002. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  35. ↑ "The 50 best gangster movies of all time". Time Out. Time Out Limited. 12 March 2015. p. 5. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  36. ↑ Simsolo, Noël (1987). Conversations avec Sergio Leone. Paris: Stock. ISBN 2-234-02049-2.
  37. ↑ Once Upon a Time in America commentary with film historian Richard Schikel
  38. ↑ Once Upon a Time in America DVD audio commentary
  39. ↑ "Snubbed by Oscar: Mistakes & Omissions". AMC Networks. American Movie Classics Company. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  40. ↑ Ibid
  41. ↑ "Film in 1985". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  42. ↑ Thomas, Bob (8 January 1985). "Amadeus," The Killing Fields," Top Nominees". Associated Press Archive. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  43. ↑ "8th Japan Academy Prize". Japan Academy Prize Association (in Japanese). Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  44. ↑ "10th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards". Los Angeles Film Critics Association. 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  45. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). American Film Institute. 23 September 2003. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Top 10 Ballot" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 27 March 2015.

Bibliography

External links