On Your Knees Cave

On Your Knees Cave (49-PET-408) is an archaeological site located in southeastern Alaska. Human remains were found at the site in 1996 that dated between 9,730 ±60 and 9,880±50 radiocarbon YBP (Years Before Present)[1] or a calendrical date of 10,300 YBP.[2] In addition to human skeletal remains, stone tools and animal bones were discovered. DNA analyses performed on the human skeletal remains document the presence of mitochondrial haplogroup D which occurs widely in the Americas.[2] Isotopic analysis indicated that the individual had a primarily marine based diet.

Location

On Your Knees Cave is located on the northern tip off Prince of Wales Island within the Tongass National Forest. Its location is approximately one kilometer from the coast and 125 meters above sea level.[3] Originally, the entrance of the cave was obstructed by large rocks and soil that had fallen from the cliff above. However, the cave’s entrance also was heavily covered with vegetation. These factors made the entrance of the cave very difficult to find when the Tongass Cave Project began work near the site. After the obstructions were cleared, the entrance proved to be very small thereby giving the cave its name after the manner one must enter the cave. Once inside the cave, there is a lengthy tunnel with an extremely low ceiling with old bear dens throughout.

Discovery

The site was first discovered in 1993 by the Tongass Cave Project. The Tongass Cave Project was a joint cooperation between the Tongass National Forest and the National Speleological Society. Starting the following year, old bear dens within the cave were explored and numerous animal bones began to be found. Many different animal species were found during the excavations, including species now extinct on the island.[4] After the discovery of animal bones in 1994, Timothy Heaton, paleontologist with the University of South Dakota-Vermillion at the time, lead the research project, assisted in 1996 and after by Fred Grady with the Smithsonian Institution. Brian Kemp, a molecular anthropologist, and E. James Dixon assisted in the analyses.[5] However, the discovery of human skeletal remains in 1996 changed the direction of the research project.

The human skeletal remains included a mandible with all but the incisors, partial remains of a right pelvis and small other fragments, 5 vertebrae, 3 maxillary incisors, and 1 maxillary canine.[2] Stone tools were found among the animal and human bones. The stone tool material, obsidian, suggests trade or movement[1] across water and land boundaries in the area.

Significance

On Your Knees Cave is currently one of the earliest known settlements along the Northwest Coast of North America. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from one of the individual’s molars. The genetic analysis revealed that the individual was a male. Further examination of the teeth indicated that the man died in his mid-twenties[2]. Through mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the individual was determined to be a member of a subgroup of haplogroup D,[2][6] marking the earliest occurrence of this haplogroup.[6] This haplogroup is found in populations along the western coast of the Americas.[2][5] A tribal group in the area of the discovery, the Tlingit, submitted DNA samples to be compared to the On Your Knees Cave individual. However, no match was found, indicating that the individual and modern Alaska Native American tribes are likely not closely related,[7] although this does not mean that ancient Alaskan Native American groups would not have been closely related to the individual.

Isotopic analyses conducted on the human skeletal remains revealed this individual’s diet was almost entirely marine protein.[8] This, given On Your Knees Cave’s location on an island, suggests a maritime adaptation was present at an early time level in this region.[8]

One hundred animal bones samples from On Your Knees Cave underwent carbon-14 dating and the results indicated that during the past 40,000 years there was almost continuous occupation and use of the cave by animals, indicating the island was never completely glaciated or uninhabitable during this interval.[9] The stone tools that were found within the cave were made at the site, but not of materials known to be from the site such as obsidian.[1] Since the cave site is on an island and the lithic material was not known to the site, researchers have suggested that the individual and others at that time were mariners who could cross bodies of water by boats. The evidence from this site suggesting a marine based diet, extralocal artifacts, and a maritime adaptation supports a coastal migration model for the first Americans as proposed by K.R. Fladmark in 1979.[10]

NAGPRA and the human skeletal remains

In accordance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, excavations at On Knees Cave were halted after the discovery of human skeletal remains in 1996.[4] After the discovery, Heaton and other project leaders contacted and begun consulting with local tribal governments in the area to determine the ownership of the remains. The rightful ownership was deemed to belong to the Tlingit people in Southeastern Alaska. The Tlingit had their reservations about allowing scientists to test the remains, but finally agreed to analyses of the human bones and further excavation[4] if they were notified of any additional discoveries. This led to a 12-year-long partnership between the Tlingit Native American tribe and the scientific community.[7] After the human skeletal remains had been studied for a time, they were repatriated to the Tlingit people for a reburial and a celebration festival.[7]

Funding

The research at On-Your-Knees Cave was funded by the National Science Foundation, National Geographic Society, Tongass National Forest, University of South Dakota, and National Speleological Society.[11]

Further reading

Documentary

A documentary Kuwóot yas.éin (His Spirit is Looking Out From the Cave) has been made by the Sealaska Heritage Institute.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Saleeby, Becky M. (2010). "Ancient Footsteps in a New Land: Building an Inventory of the Earliest Alaskan Sites". Arctic Anthropology 47 (2): 116–132. doi:10.1353/arc.2010.0004.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Kemp, Brian M.; Malhi, RS; McDonough, J; Bolnick, DA; Eshleman, JA; Rickards, O; Martinez-Labarga, C; Johnson, JR et al. (2007). "Genetic Analysis of Early Holocene Skeletal Remains From Alaska and its Implications for the Settlement of the Americas". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132 (4): 605–21. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20543. PMID 17243155.
  3. ↑ Heaton, Timothy H. "Southeast Alaska: On Your Knees Cave". Retrieved March 31, 2011.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Fifield, Terence E. "Human Remains Found in Alaska Reported to be 9,730 Years Old". SAA Bulletin. SAA Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Casselman, Anne (2008). "Tooth DNA Dates the First Americans". Discover 29 (1): 43.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mayes, Arion T. (2010). "These Bones Are Read: The Science and Politics of Ancient Native America". American Indian Quarterly 34 (2): 131–156. doi:10.1353/aiq.0.0106.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lawler, Andrew (2010). "A Tale of Two Skeletons". Science 339 (6001): 171–172. doi:10.1126/science.330.6001.171.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Carlson, Roy L. (1998). "Coastal British Columbia in the Light of North Pacific Maritime Adaptations". Arctic Anthropology 35 (1): 23–35.
  9. ↑ Society for Science and the Public (2000). "Paleontology: The Last Ice Age wasn't Totally Icy". Science News 158 (20): 317. doi:10.2307/4018796. JSTOR 4018796.
  10. ↑ Fladmark, K.R. (1979). "Routes: Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America". American Antiquity 44 (1): 55–69. doi:10.2307/279189. JSTOR 279189.
  11. ↑ Heaton, Timothy H. "Participants and Acknowledgements". Southeast Alaska: On Your Knees Cave. Retrieved April 2, 2011.

External links

Coordinates: 56°20′00″N 133°35′30″W / 56.33333°N 133.59167°W