Oath of Allegiance (Canada)

Peter MacKay (left) reciting the Oath of Allegiance, as administered by Kevin G. Lynch (right), Clerk of the Privy Council, and in the presence of Governor General Michaëlle Jean (seated, centre), at Rideau Hall, 14 August 2007

The Canadian Oath of Allegiance is a promise or declaration of fealty to the Canadian monarch, taken, along with other specific oaths of office, by new occupants of various federal and provincial government offices, members of federal, provincial, and municipal police forces, and, in some provinces, all lawyers upon admission to the bar. The Oath of Allegiance also makes up the first portion of the Oath of Citizenship, the taking of which is a requirement of obtaining Canadian nationality.

The vow's roots lie in the oath taken in the United Kingdom, the modern form of which was implemented in 1689 by King William II and III and Queen Mary II[1] and was used in Canada prior to Confederation. The Canadian oath was established at that time in the British North America Act, 1867 (now Constitution Act, 1867), meaning that alteration or elimination of the oath for parliamentarians requires a constitutional amendment. The Oath of Allegiance has also been slightly altered and made or removed as a requirement for admission to other offices or positions through Act of Parliament or letters patent, to which proposals have been put forward for further abolishment or modification.

Composition

The present form of the Oath of Allegiance, which derives from that which was, and still is, taken by parliamentarians in the United Kingdom,[2] is:

“ I, [name], do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors. So help me God.[3] ”

A person may choose to replace the word swear with affirm, and to omit the phrase so help me God. The oath taker is also given the option of either swearing on a holy book or not.

The oath for senators and members of parliament has stood the same since confederation; according to Section IX.128 of the Constitution Act, 1867: "Every member of the Senate and the House of Commons of Canada shall before taking his Seat therein take and subscribe before the Governor General or some Person authorized by him, and every Member of a Legislative Council or Legislative Assembly of any Province shall before the Lieutenant Governor of the Province or some Person authorized by him, the Oath of Allegiance contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Act."[4] The oath set out in said schedule is: I, [name], do swear, that I will be faithful and bear true Allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, with the further instruction that "the name of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for the Time being is to be substituted from Time to Time, with Proper Terms of Reference thereto."[n 1] The oath thus presently reads as follows:

“ I, [name], do swear, that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.[5] ”

In French, this is:

“ Je, [nom], jure que je serai fidèle et porterai une vraie allégeance à Sa Majesté la Reine Élizabeth II.[6] ”

For those parliamentarians whose religion prohibits the swearing of oaths, there exists a compromise affirmation, first instituted in 1905:

“ I, [name], do solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm and declare the taking of an oath is according to my religious belief unlawful, and I do also solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm and declare that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.[7] ”

Purpose

The Oath of Allegiance was implemented to secure the supremacy of the reigning monarch of Canada,[8] the giving of faithfulness to whom is a manifestation of a key responsibility central to the Canadian system of government,[9] and serves to "remind individuals taking it of the serious obligations and responsibilities that he or she is assuming."[10] Allegiance is not, however, given to that royal figure as an individual so much as to the Crown and other institutions and concepts the sovereign represents within both the federal and provincial spheres,[n 2][10][12] including the state, its constitution and traditions,[9] unity, authority,[13] and democracy,[10][12][14] as well as, in the military context, the highest authority in the Canadian Forces.[15][16] Further, within Canada's constitutional system, "the oath to the Queen is in fact an oath to a domestic institution that represents egalitarian governance and the rule of law".[17] The oath also acts as the legal basis of ministerial responsibility for those being sworn into the Privy Council to sit in the Cabinet.[18]

Former Premier of Ontario Mike Harris said in 1993: "The oath to the Queen is fundamental to the administration of the law in this country. It signifies that, here in Canada, justice is done—not in the name of the Prime Minister, or the Mayor, or the Police Chief, as in totalitarian nations—but by the people, in the name of the Queen,"[19] while James Robertson stated that the oath was the way elected members of parliament—who are assuming positions of public trust—promise to carry out their duties "patriotically, and in the best interests of the country."[20] The Federal Court also expressed that giving allegiance to the sovereign was "a solemn intention to adhere to the symbolic keystone of the Canadian Constitution, thus pledging an acceptance of the whole of our Constitution and national life,"[21] though also reflecting: "It may be argued that it strikes at the very heart of democracy to curtail collective opposition and incentive for change by demanding loyalty to a particular political theory."[22]

The relationship between the oath taker and the monarch is a complex one with roots reaching back to historical periods when a monarch ruled and accepted an oath of fealty from his or her subjects. The modern oath remains both fiduciary and reciprocal;[9] mirroring citizens' oaths to the monarch,[23] the sovereign takes the Coronation Oath, wherein he or she promises "to govern the Peoples of... Canada... according to their respective laws and customs."[24] It has been said of this mutual verbal contract: "except through the person of the Queen, Canada cannot take an oath to Canadians in return. It doesn't exist in the sense that it can take an oath. It is fundamental to our tradition of law and freedom that the commitments made by the people are reciprocated by the state. Reciprocal oaths are essential to our Canadian concept of government."[25] For members of the Canadian Forces, the oath to the monarch is "the soldier's code of moral obligation."[26]

Administration of the oath

Michaëlle Jean reciting the Oath of Allegiance as she is sworn in as the 27th Governor General of Canada, 27 September 2005
Crown appointees

The letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI outline that the Oath of Allegiance must be taken by a newly appointed governor general and stipulate that the oath must be administered by the chief justice or other judge of the Supreme Court of Canada in the presence of members of the Queen's Privy Council.[27] In the 19th century, the oath was recited by recently commissioned federal viceroys at whatever port they arrived at in Canada. However, the contemporary practice is to swear-in governors general as part of a ceremony in the Senate chamber on Parliament Hill.[28] New members of the Queen's Privy Council recite a specific oath that contains a variant on the Oath of Allegiance,[29] as administered by the Clerk of the Privy Council,[30] usually in the presence of the governor general at Government House in Ottawa. Twice, however, the oath has been delivered in front of the reigning monarch: In the year of Canada's centennial, the provincial premiers then in office were sworn in as members of the Privy Council before Elizabeth II in a ceremony on Parliament Hill and, during her tour of Canada to mark the 125th anniversary of Confederation, new appointees to the Privy Council recited the oath before the Queen at her Ottawa residence.[30] The chief justice of the Supreme Court similarly recites the Oath of Allegiance in front of the governor general.[31]

Parliamentarians

The Clerk of the House, or an authorized designate, administers the Oath of Allegiance to both new and returning members of parliament. Failure to take the oath constitutes an absolute bar on sitting or voting in parliament, along with a denial of the associated salary; this does not mean the person ceases to be a member of the house, simply that they cannot sit or participate in it.[32] In 1875, George Turner Orton, member for Wellington Centre, inadvertently failed to swear the oath. Though Orton did eventually take his Oath of Allegiance, the matter was referred to the Select Standing Committee on Privileges and Elections, which found that the votes Orton cast in the house prior to his swearing the oath were rendered invalid.[33] The only way to change this stipulation would be to amend the constitution, though it is not entirely clear whether or not this could be done under the general amending formula (through resolutions of parliament and of the legislatures of at least two-thirds of the provinces having at least 50% of the population), or if it would necessitate the undivided agreement of all the parliamentary houses across Canada, as is required for any constitutional alteration that affects the Crown.[34]

A breach of the oath can also be seen as an act punishable by the denial of the offender's ability to sit in the House of Commons. Actions such as making treasonous comments in a time of war could be considered a break of the oath, as the oath to the monarch is considered an oath to the country,[35] but expressing anti-confederation sentiments is not, so long as the proponent continues to work for their cause within the laws and customs of Canada. Also, the Queen could remain head of any new state formed after secession from Canada.[36]

As early as 1867, this notion was tested; Joseph Howe was an opponent to confederation, but was elected to the House of Commons and took the Oath of Allegiance, after which he continued to work towards dissolving the union.[37] Later, in 1976, members of the sovereigntist Parti Québécois (PQ) were elected to the National Assembly of Quebec; according to press reports, some of those persons swore the oath with their fingers crossed and others later added flippant commentary to their oath,[38] such as "et aussi au Roi de France" ("and also to the King of France") and "Vive la République" ("live the republic!"), or whispered the words "Sa Majesté la Reine Élisabeth II".[6] In 2003, Premier of Quebec Bernard Landry, leader of the PQ, added to the oath "for the duration of the present constitutional order, which will hopefully change one day in a democratic fashion."[39] None of the actions had any effect on the enforcement of the oath itself, however.[40]

Canadian Forces members

Allegiance and loyalty to the monarch, and the manner in which they are expressed, are specifically outlined in the Canadian Forces regulations and subordinate orders. Within the Queen's Regulations and Orders, it is stipulated that all Canadian citizens or British subjects who enroll in the forces must take the Oath of Allegiance before either a commissioned officer or a justice of the peace. Others must recite a longer oath: "I, [name], do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her heirs and successors according to law, in the Canadian Forces until lawfully released, that I will resist Her Majesty's enemies and cause Her Majesty's peace to be kept and maintained and that I will, in all matters pertaining to my service, faithfully discharge my duty. So help me God"; the words So help me God are omitted if a solemn affirmation is taken.[41]

Those required to take the oath

The following persons must take the Oath of Allegiance before occupying a governmental, military, police, or judicial post. Generally, these individuals are appointed by the monarch or relevant viceroy, meaning they serve at Her Majesty's pleasure, and are charged with creating or administering the law.

Federal

Provincial

Territorial

Optional

Opposition and augmentation

Early opposition to the Oath of Allegiance was expressed by the inhabitants of Quebec shortly following the transfer of that territory from King Louis XV to King George III via the 1763 Treaty of Paris. The Quebec Act, issued in 1774, subsequently established a special Oath of Allegiance for the Roman Catholics of Quebec that, unlike the one sworn by others, which had remained the same since the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, bore no references to the Protestant faith. It read:

I [name] do sincerely promise and swear, That I will be faithful, and bear true Allegiance to his Majesty King George, and him will defend to the utmost of my Power, against all traitorous Conspiracies, and Attempts whatsoever, which shall be made against his Person. Crown. and Dignity; and I will do my utmost Endeavor to disclose and make known to his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, all Treasons, and traitorous Conspiracies, and Attempts, which I shall know to be against him, or any of them; and all this I do swear without any Equivocation, mental Evasion, or secret Reservation, and renouncing all Pardons and Dispensations from any Power or Person whomsoever to the contrary. So help me God.[80]

In 1970, the recently elected members of the sovereigntist Parti Québécois refused to recite the Oath of Allegiance before taking their seats in the National Assembly of Quebec. At the time, all the other parties in the assembly agreed that the oath was outdated and needed to be amended.[81] The Act Respecting the National Assembly of Quebec was granted Royal Assent in 1982, in which a supplementary oath pledging loyalty to the people of Quebec was included.[82] The Members' Manual of the National Assembly outlines that this additional oath is to the people and constitution of Quebec, distinct from the Oath of Allegiance, which is an oath to the country via the Queen,[83] though some saw the monarch, in that context, as representative of the Quebec state and not of Canada, taking into account Canada's "divisible" Crown.[84] Also, Ontario Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) Dominic Agostino proposed in 1996 that the Legislative Assembly of Ontario follow that of Quebec and add another requisite oath of allegiance to Canada, to be taken by MPPs following the oath to the sovereign. However, the Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly found that the monarch referred to in the Oath of Allegiance was already the personification of the Canadian state and it was thus redundant to offer allegiance to both the Queen and to Canada.[25]

Amendments have also been proposed in the federal scope, though the same difficulty in altering the constitution thwarted any changes, leading members of parliament (MPs) in Ottawa to table various bills that sought to alter the Parliament of Canada Act, instead. While none were ever successful, certain MPs have recited further pledges in the presence of their constituents or added their own pledge after reciting the Oath of Allegiance.[85][86] In 2005, Senator Raymond Lavigne uttered the words "and to my country, Canada," at the end of the Oath of Allegiance, which raised questions from other senators and Lavigne was instructed to take the oath again, without the amendment. Following this, the Senator proposed that the Senate rules be changed to add an oath to Canada after the oath to the sovereign, in the form of: "I, [name], do swear (or solemnly affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Canada." The motion never passed.[87]

All members of the federal Civil Service were previously required to take the Oath of Allegiance before being officially hired, a stipulation that prompted Pierre Vincent, a civil servant of Acadian descent who refused to swear the oath, to undertake a three year legal challenge against the Public Service Commission. The latter found that Vincent could keep his job with the Civil Service and, though the Supreme Court ruled that civil servants continued to be employees of the monarch,[88] Royal Assent was granted to the Public Service Modernization Act in 2003, which removed the necessity of the bureaucratic civil servants to take the oath to their employer.

The inclusion of the Oath of Allegiance in the Oath of Citizenship has also met with opposition, though this was never a constitutional matter,[5] instead falling within the scope of the Citizenship Act.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Constitution Act, 1867, has not been amended to reflect the changes both in the name of the United Kingdom and in the status of Canadian sovereignty from that country; see Monarchy of Canada > International and domestic aspects.
  2. ↑ Frank MacKinnon stated in The Crown in Canada: "Elizabeth II is the personal expression of the Crown of Canada."[11]

References

  1. ↑ Walker, Aileen; Wood, Edward (14 February 2000), The Parliamentary Oath, Research Paper 00/17, Westminster: House of Commons Library, p. 17, retrieved 6 January 2009
  2. ↑ Bédard, Michel; Robertson, James R. (October 2008), Oaths of Allegiance and the Canadian House of Commons, Ottawa: Library of Parliament, p. 2, 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3. (U.K.), retrieved 5 January 2009
  3. ↑ Elizabeth II (1985), Oaths of Allegiance Act, 2, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, R.S., 1985, c. O-1, retrieved 5 January 2009
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Victoria (1 July 1867), Constitution Act, 1867, IX.128, Westminster: Parliament of the United Kingdom, retrieved 1 April 2009
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Victoria 1867, Fifth Schedule
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 le Clère, René (Summer 2003), "Serment d'allégeance à la Reine dénaturé par des députés souverainistes du Québec!", Canadian Monarchist News (Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada) 7 (4), retrieved 13 January 2009
  7. ↑ Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille (2000), House of Commons Procedure and Practice, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 176
  8. ↑ Forsey, Eugene (2005), How Canadians Govern Themselves (5 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, ISBN 978-0-660-16872-2
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Aagaard, Lindsay (2008), "Fiduciary Duty and Members of Parliament", Canadian Parliamentary Review (Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association) 31 (2), retrieved 10 February 2009
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Bédard 2008, p. 16
  11. ↑ MacKinnon, Frank (1976), The Crown in Canada, Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute, p. 69, ISBN 978-0-7712-1016-7
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Marleau, Robert & Montpetit, Camille. "House of Commons Procedure and Practice > 4. The House of Commons and Its Members". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  13. ↑ Department of Canadian Heritage (11 December 2008). "The crown in Canada > The Sovereign Personifying the State". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  14. ↑ Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2009), Discover Canada, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 2, ISBN 978-1-100-12739-2, retrieved 3 December 2009
  15. ↑ Department of National Defence (1 April 1998), Canada's Army: We Stand on Guard for Thee, B-GL-300-000/FP-000, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 31, retrieved 4 January 2009
  16. ↑ Dickenson, Ron A.; Joyce, C. Tony (May 2002), written at Canadian Forces Leadership Institute, The Military as a Profession: An Examination, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 20, retrieved 5 January 2009
  17. ↑ Morgan, J. (2013). McAteer et al. v. Attorney General of Canada, 2013 ONSC 5895. Ontario Superior Court of Justice. p. 13.
  18. ↑ Smith, David E. (10 June 2010), "The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?", The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options (Kingston: Queen's University): 4, retrieved 18 May 2010
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  20. ↑ Robertson, James (2005), Oath of Allegiance and the Canadian House of Commons, Ottawa: Library of Parliament, pp. 16–17
  21. ↑ Charles C. Roach v. The Minister of State for Multiculturalism and Citizenship, A-249-92 Case dismissed, Linden (Federal Court of Canada 20 January 1994).
  22. ↑ Roach v The Minister of State for Multiculturalism and Citizenship 1994, Freedom of association
  23. ↑ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002), Fifty Years the Queen, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 78, ISBN 1-55002-360-8
  24. ↑ Kershaw, Simon (2002). "The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in The Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Tuesday, the second day of June, 1953 > IV.The Oath". Simon Kershaw. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Hansard (10 April 1996), Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly, Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995, Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, retrieved 5 January 2009
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  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 George VI (1 October 1947), Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada, X., Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada, retrieved 5 January 2009
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  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Office of the Governor General of Canada (2 March 2006). "Oaths of Office". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Office of the Governor General of Canada (2 February 2006). "The Swearing-In of Privy Councillors". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
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  33. ↑ House of Commons (1875), Journals, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 176
  34. ↑ Bédard 2008, p. 17
  35. ↑ Beauchesne, Arthur (1958), Rules & Forms of the House of Commons of Canada (Fourth ed.), Toronto: The Carswell Company Limited, p. 14
  36. ↑ Bédard 2008, p. 7
  37. ↑ Pryke, Kenneth George (1962), Nova Scotia and Confederation, 1864-1870, Doctoral Dissertation, Durham: Duke University, p. 147
  38. ↑ Lynch, Charles (29 July 1990), "Bloc Québécois: Members Make Oaths of Office Seem Ridiculous", The Ottawa Citizen
  39. ↑ Coates, Colin MacMillan (2006), Majesty in Canada: essays on the role of royalty, Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., p. 12, ISBN 978-1-55002-586-6
  40. ↑ Bédard 2008, p. 10
  41. ↑ Department of National Defence (14 July 2008), Queen's Regulations and Orders, 6.04 1, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 7 January 2009
  42. ↑ "Parliament of Canada Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  43. ↑ "Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  44. ↑ Governor General's Foot Guards. "Join the Guards". Governor General's Foot Guards. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  45. ↑ "Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  46. ↑ "Locally-Engaged Staff Employment Regulations (SOR/95-152)". Department of Justice. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  47. ↑ Victoria 1867, V.61
  48. ↑ Elizabeth II (1 June 2011), Auditor General Act, Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER A.35, retrieved 8 April 2014
  49. ↑ Elizabeth II (1990), Public Service Act, 10, Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, R.S.O. 1990, c. P.47, retrieved 5 January 2009
  50. ↑ "The Civil Service Act". Province of Manitoba. 30 June 2004. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  51. ↑ Elizabeth II (22 June 2006), Public Officers Act, Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER P.45, retrieved 9 December 2009
  52. ↑ "Police Oath/Solemn Affirmation Regulation". Queen's Printer BC. 7 June 2002. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  53. ↑ "Railway Act". Queen's Printer BC. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  54. ↑ "Police Regulations". Department of Justice. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  55. ↑ "The Municipal Police Recruiting Regulations, 1991". Saskatchewan Queen's Printer. 1995. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  56. ↑ "Forms of Oath Regulation". Ministry of the Attorney General. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  57. ↑ "Police Act". Schedule 1. Queen's Printer Alberta. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  58. ↑ "Municipal Elections Act". Office of the Legislative Counsel. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  59. ↑ "The Fatality Inquiries Act". Province of Manitoba. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  60. ↑ "SHERIFF'S ACT, 1991". Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly. 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  61. ↑ Legal Profession Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. L-8, s. 44((2))
  62. ↑ "Barristers’ Roll". Law Society of Newfoundland and Labrador. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  63. ↑ "Admission as a Member of the Law Society". Law Society of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  64. ↑ "NOTARIES PUBLIC ACT". Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly. 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  65. ↑ "Yukon Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  66. ↑ "Northwest Territories Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  67. ↑ "Nunavut Act". Department of Justice. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Legislative Assembly and Executive Council Act". CanLii. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  69. ↑ "Legislative Assembly Act". Queen's Printer Yukon. 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  70. ↑ "Forms (oaths) Regulation C.O. 1973/398". Queen's Printer Yukon. 17 September 1973. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  71. ↑ "Coroners Act". Queen's Printer Yukon. 2002. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  72. ↑ "Legal Profession Act". CanLii. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  73. ↑ "Local Government Act". Queen's Printer BC. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  74. ↑ "By-Law 4". Law Society of Upper Canada. 25 October 2012. s. 22. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  75. ↑ "Bar Admission ceremonies". Nova Scotia Barristers' Society. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  76. ↑ "Admission to the Law Society". Law Society of New Brunswick. n.d. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  77. ↑ "Legal Profession Act". Queen's Printer Yukon. 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  78. ↑ "ONTARIO REGULATION 268/10". Ministry of the Attorney General. 17 July 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  79. ↑ "School Act". Queen's Printer BC. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  80. ↑ George III (1774), Quebec Act, VII, Westminster: King's Printer, 14 George III, c. 83 (U.K.), retrieved 5 February 2010
  81. ↑ "René Lévesque's Separatist Fight > René, The Queen and the FLQ > Did you know?". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  82. ↑ Elizabeth II (1982), An Act Respecting the National Assembly of Quebec, Schedule I.15, Quebec: Éditeur officiel du Québec, R.S.Q., chapter A-23.1, retrieved 5 January 2009
  83. ↑ National Assembly of Quebec (1986), Manuel des membres de l'Assemblée nationale, 2.1, Quebec: Éditeur officiel du Québec, p. 2
  84. ↑ Bédard 2008, p. 9
  85. ↑ Hansard (14 March 1994), House of Commons, Debates, 1140, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, Ted White, MP
  86. ↑ Hansard (5 May 2003), House of Commons, Debates, 1730, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, Eugène Bellemare, MP
  87. ↑ Hansard (16 April 2002), written at 104, Senate, Debates, 1520 (Question Period), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada
  88. ↑ Smith, David E. (1995), The Invisible Crown, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 79, ISBN 0-8020-0743-0

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