Nuckelavee

The nuckelavee chasing an islander

The nuckelavee, or nuckalavee, is a horse-like demon from Orcadian mythology that combines equine and human elements. Originating in Northern folklore and the most horrible of all the demons of the Scottish islands, its name may be a progenitor of that by which Satan is sometimes known, Old Nick. The nuckelavee's breath can wilt crops and sicken livestock, and the creature was held responsible for droughts and epidemics on land despite its being predominantly a sea-dweller.

A graphic first-hand description of the nuckelavee as it appears on land was given by an islander who claimed to have had a confrontation with it, but accounts describing the details of the creature's appearance are inconsistent. In common with many other sea monsters it is unable to tolerate fresh water, therefore those it is pursuing have only to cross a river or stream to be rid of it. The nuckelavee is kept in confinement during the summer months by the Mither o' the Sea, an ancient Orcadian divine and the only one able to control it.

Orcadian folklore had a strong Scandinavian influence, and it may be that the nuckelavee is a composite of a water horse from Celtic mythology and a creature imported by the Norsemen. As with similar malevolent entities such as the kelpie, it offered an explanation for incidents that simple islanders could not otherwise understand.

Etymology

The late 19th century saw the onset of an interest in transcribing folklore, but the recorders were inconsistent in spelling and frequently anglicised words, which could result in differing names for the same entity.^[1] The term nuckelavee is a corruption of the Orcadian knoggelvi, which in turn seems to be related to the Icelandic nykur.^[2] The same demon is called a mukkelevi in Shetland, where it was considered a nasty sea trow or sea devil.^[3] Derivatives may have been the progenitors of the name Old Nick given to the Devil.^[4] According to Walter Traill Dennison, an Orcadian resident and folklorist, nuckelavee means "Devil of the Sea".^[5]

Folk beliefs

The tempestuous seas of Orkney are home to the nuckelavee.

Description and common attributes

Stories of mythical Orcadian demons are recorded in the 16th-century Latin manuscripts of Jo Ben,^[6] who may have been referring to the nuckelavee in his description of the Orkney island of Stronsay.^[7] Dennison transcribed much of the information available about traditional tales told on Orkney, but to an extent "romanticised and systematised" certain elements in the process of transforming the stories into prose.^[8]

The nuckelavee is a mythical sea creature that appears as a horse-like demon when it ventures onto land.^[9] Writer and folklorist Ernest Marwick considered it very similar to the Norwegian nøkk, the nuggle of the Shetlands and the kelpie.^[3] A unique and solitary creature possessing extensive evil powers, its malevolent behaviour can influence events throughout the islands.^[3] Islanders were terrified of the creature and would not speak its name without immediately saying a prayer.^[10] It was often found in the vicinity of a beach, but would never come ashore if it was raining.^[11]

No tales describe what form the nuckelavee takes when in the sea,^[5] but its appearance on land has been recounted in graphic detail.^[12] An islander, Tammas, survived a confrontation with the beast and, after much cajoling from Dennison, reluctantly gave his description of the monster, the only known first-hand account.^{[lower-alpha 1]} According to Tammas it has a man's torso attached to a horse's back as if it were a rider.^[5] The male torso has no legs, but its arms can reach the ground from its position on top of the equine body, the legs of which have fin like appendages.^[10] The torso has a large head – possibly as much as 3 feet (0.91 m) in diameter – that rolls back and forth.^[11] The monster described by Tammas has two heads;^[14] the equine head has an enormous gaping mouth that exudes a smelly toxic vapour, and a single giant eye like a burning red flame. A particularly gruesome detail is that the nuckelavee has no skin;^[15] black blood courses through yellow veins, and the pale sinews and powerful muscles are visible as a pulsating mass.^[10] Other reports state that the creature resembles a centaur;^[16] narratives are inconsistent in the finer details of the demon's description however.^[2] Traill Dennison only describes a man's head which has a "mouth projected like that of a pig".^[10] Marwick also only mentions one head with a single red eye and he borrows some of Tammas's characterisation by recording the creature's mouth as "like a whale's".^[11]

The nuckelavee's breath can wilt crops and sicken livestock, and it was considered responsible for epidemics and drought.^[10] Kelp burning to create soda ash, an alkali used to treat acidic soil, began in Orkney in 1722.^[3] The pungent smoke emitted during the process can enrage the nuckelavee, resulting in a wild rampage of plague, the deaths of cattle and the destruction of crops.^[17][18] The nuckelavee infected horses on Stronsay with a deadly disease known as mortasheen, to demonstrate its fury and exact its revenge against the islanders for burning seaweed; the infection subsequently spread to all the other islands involved in the industry.^[3][19] The creature can impose prolonged periods of abnormally low rainfall, leading to water shortages and poor harvests.^[3]

Confinement

The nuckelavee is the most malevolent of the demons in and around the Scottish islands, without any redeeming characteristics.^[20] The only entity able to control it is the Mither o' the Sea, an ancient divine in Orcadian mythology who keeps the nuckelavee confined during the summer months.^[21] In common with other mythical sea monsters, with the possible exception of kelpies and the nuggle of Shetland, it is unable to wade through fresh flowing water,^[15] therefore those it is chasing have only to cross a stream to be rid of it.^[22] Tammas managed to escape from the nuckelavee after he inadvertently splashed it with water from the loch he was alongside; this briefly distracted the monster, allowing Tammas to run over to a nearby channel of fresh water and jump to safety on the opposite bank.^[14]

Origins

Malevolent creatures served to provide explanations for incidents simple islanders could not otherwise understand; many ancient myths were based upon the natural elements of the turbulent and ever changing sea surrounding Orkney.^[23] Established Orcadian tales were strongly influenced by Scandinavian mythology with a blending of traditional Celtic stories,^[24] so the nuckelavee may have its roots in a mythical creature imported by the Norsemen fused with a traditional Celtic water horse.^[2]

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography