Novelty under the European Patent Convention

Legal requirements applicable to European patent applications and patents
Note: The above list of legal requirements is not exhaustive.

Under the European Patent Convention (EPC), European patents shall be granted for inventions which inter alia are new. The central legal provision explaining what this means, i.e. the central legal provision relating to the novelty under the EPC, is Article 54 EPC. Namely, "an invention can be patented only if it is new. An invention is considered to be new if it does not form part of the state of the art. The purpose of Article 54(1) EPC is to prevent the state of the art being patented again."[1]

Definition of the "state of the art"

Since an invention is considered to be new if it does not form part of the state of the art, the legal concept of "state of the art" is critical for assessing whether an invention is new.

State of the art under Article 54(2) EPC

The state of the art is essentially defined in Article 54(2) EPC. Namely:

The state of the art shall be held to comprise everything made available to the public by means of a written or oral description, by use, or in any other way, before the date of filing of the European patent application.

The state of the art under the EPC is therefore said to be absolute. Even the disclosure to a single person who is under no obligation to maintain secrecy is sufficient for a disclosure to be considered part of the state of the art. The absolute novelty also means that even the theoretical possibility of having unrestricted access to a certain information is regarded as rendering this information available to the public.[2] In other words, as summarized in decision T 1081/01:[2]

The case law (...) accepts that information is "available to the public" if only a single member of the public is in a position to gain access to it and understand it, and if there is no obligation to maintain secrecy.[3]

State of the art under Article 54(3) EPC

Furthermore, Article 54(3) EPC extends the content of the state of the art by also including "the content of European patent applications as filed, the dates of filing of which are prior to the date referred to in paragraph 2 and which were published on or after that date". The purpose of this notional extension of the state of the art under the European Patent Convention is to address conflicting prior rights which might otherwise, without Article 54(3) EPC, lead to more than one patent granted for the same invention to different inventors. The extension of the definition of the state of the art under Article 54(3) EPC is limited to the assessment of novelty and does not apply to the assessment of inventive step.[4]

Novelty assessment

When assessing novelty, a generic disclosure (in the state of the art, i.e. for instance in a prior art document) does not normally take away the novelty of any specific example falling within that disclosure.[5] On the other hand, "a specific disclosure does take away the novelty of a generic claim embracing that disclosure".[6][7] For instance, the prior disclosure of the subset "vegetables" takes away the novelty of the wider set "fruits and plants".[5] Or, as two other examples,

"a disclosure of copper takes away the novelty of metal as a generic concept, but not the novelty of any metal other than copper, and one of rivets takes away the novelty of fastening means as a generic concept, but not the novelty of any fastening other than rivets."[6]

More generally, any disclosure in the prior art of something falling within the ambit of a claim deprives the claim of novelty.

Legal fiction of Article 54(4) and (5) EPC

Besides the general principle that something cannot be patented if it was already known in the state of the art (because not new), there are cases wherein a substance or composition may be notionally considered new (i.e. by virtue of a legal fiction) even when the substance or composition is as such already comprised in the state of the art. Namely, Article 54(4) and (5) EPC "acknowledges the notional novelty of substances or compositions even when they are as such already comprised in the state of the art, provided they are claimed for a new use in a method which Article 53(c) EPC excludes as such from patent protection."[8] Article 53(c) EPC excludes from patentability methods for treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy and diagnostic methods practised on the human or animal body, but this provision does not apply to products, in particular substances or compositions, for use in any of these methods. Article 54(4) and (5) EPC is complementary to Article 53(c) EPC.

See also

References

  1. ↑ EPO Board of Appeal Case Law, Special edition 2, Official Journal 2009, p. 18. See also decision T 12/81 of February 9, 1982, reasons 5: "(...) The purpose of Article 54(1) EPC is to prevent the state of the art being patented again."
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Paolo Ammendola (23–24 March 2011). Case law of the EPO boards of appeal: a review by internal and external experts, The concept of novelty according to the case law of the boards of appeal of the EPO, Part 1: Definitions. Munich, Germany: European Patent Office. 7:44 to 10:40 minutes in. Retrieved August 11, 2012. (with reference to decisions T 1081/01, T 482/89, and T 381/87).
  3. ↑ Decision T 1081/01 of September 27, 2004, reasons 5.
  4. ↑ Article 56(second sentence) EPC
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Legal Research Service for the Boards of Appeal, European Patent Office, Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO (7th edition, September 2013), i.c.4.2.6 : "Generic disclosure".
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Guidelines for Examination in the EPO, section g.vi.5 : "Generic disclosure and specific examples"
  7. ↑ See also T 651/91 (in German) point 4.3, and for instance T 776/07, point 2.2, third paragraph: "It is established case law that a specific disclosure takes away novelty of a generic feature in a claim but that a generic disclosure does not take away novelty of a specific feature".
  8. ↑ Decision G 2/08 of the Enlarged Board of Appeal dated 19 February 2010, Reasons 5.10.9.

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