Northeastern United States

This article is about the geographical region. For other uses of the term, see Northeastern United States (disambiguation).
The states shown in the two darkest red shades are included in the United States Census Bureau Northeast Region, with states in lighter shades included in other regional definitions (see Composition).

The Northeastern United States, or simply the Northeast, is a geographical region of the United States bounded to the north by Canada, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Southern United States, and to the west by the Midwestern United States. The Northeast is one of the four regions defined by the Census Bureau for the collection and analysis of statistics.[1] The Census Bureau-defined region has a total area of 181,324 sq mi (469,630 km2) with 162,257 sq mi (420,240 km2) of that being land mass.[2] Though lacking a unified cultural identity, the Northeastern region is the nation's most economically developed, densely populated, and culturally diverse.[3][4] Of the nation's four census regions, the Northeast is the second most urban, with 85 percent of its population residing within urban areas, led by the West with 90 percent.[5]

Composition

The Census Bureau has defined the Northeast region as comprising nine states: the New England states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; and the Mid-Atlantic states of New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.[1][lower-alpha 1] This definition has been essentially unchanged since 1880, and is widely used as a standard for data tabulation.[7][8][9][10] The Census Bureau has acknowledged the limitations of this definition[11] and the potential merits of a proposal created after the 1950 census that would include changing regional boundaries to include Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. with the Mid-Atlantic states, but ultimately decided that "the new system did not win enough overall acceptance among data users to warrant adoption as an official new set of general-purpose State groupings. The previous development of many series of statistics, arranged and issued over long periods of time on the basis of the existing State groupings, favored the retention of the summary units of the current regions and divisions."[12] The Census Bureau confirmed in 1994 that it would continue to "review the components of the regions and divisions to ensure that they continue to represent the most useful combinations of States and State equivalents."[12] Many organizations and reference works follow the Census Bureau's definition for the region,[13][14][15] however, other entities define the Northeastern United States in significantly different ways for various purposes. The Association of American Geographers divides the Northeast into two divisions- "New England", which consists of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, and "Middle States", which consists of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.[16] Similarly, the Geological Society of America defines the Northeast as these same states but with the addition of Maryland and the District of Columbia.[17]

The Library of Congress defines the Northeastern states as those east of Mississippi River and north of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers.
Northeastern United States as configured in the Plant Taxonomic Database Standards

The Library of Congress, which provides overlapping definitions of various U.S. regions, broadly includes all the states east of Mississippi River and north of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers, which includes the Census Bureau-defined states plus Delaware, Maryland, Washington, D.C., Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.[18] The narrowest definitions include only the states of New England.[19] Other more restrictive definitions include New England and New York as part of the Northeast United States, but exclude Pennsylvania and New Jersey.[20][21] States beyond the Census Bureau definition that other entities include in the Northeast United States are:

History

Indigenous peoples

Anthropologists recognize the "Northeastern Woodlands" as one of the cultural regions that existed in the Western Hemisphere at the time of European colonists in the 15th and later centuries. Most did not settle in North America until the 17th century. The cultural area, known as the "Northeastern Woodlands," in addition to covering the entire Northeast U.S., also covered much of what is now Canada and others regions of what is now the eastern United States.[34] Among the many tribes that inhabited this area were those that made up the Iroquois nations and the numerous Algonquian peoples.[35] In the United States of the 21st century, 18 federally recognized tribes reside in the Northeast.[36]

Colonial history

All of the states making up the Northeastern region were among the original Thirteen Colonies, though Maine and Vermont were part of other colonies before the United States became independent in the American Revolution. The two cultural and geographic regions that form parts of the Northeastern region have distinct histories.

New England

The Landing of the Pilgrims, Henry A. Bacon (1877)

The first Europeans to settle New England were Pilgrims from England, who landed in present-day Massachusetts in 1620.[37] The Pilgrims arrived by the Mayflower and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely.[37] Ten years later, a larger group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony.[38] In 1636, colonists established Connecticut Colony and Providence Plantations.[39][40] Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship.[40] Anne Hutchinson, who was also banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth.[40] Providence, Portsmouth, and two other towns (Newport and Warwick) consolidated to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.[40]

Although the first settlers of New England were motivated by religion, in more recent history, New England has become one of the least religious parts of the United States. In a 2009 Gallup survey, less than half of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported religion as an important part of their daily life.[41] In a 2010 Gallup survey, less than 30% of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported attending church weekly, giving them the lowest church attendance among U.S. states.[42]

New England played a prominent role in early American education. Starting in the 17th century, the larger towns in New England opened grammar schools, the forerunner of the modern high school. The first public school in the English colonies was the Boston Latin School, founded in 1635.[43] In 1636, the colonial legislature of Massachusetts founded Harvard College, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.[44]

Mid-Atlantic

Henry Hudson explored the area of present-day New York in 1609 and claimed it for the Netherlands. His journey stimulated Dutch interest, and the area became known as New Netherland. In 1625, the city of New Amsterdam (the location of present-day New York City) was designated the capital of the province.[45] The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River and, for a time, the New Sweden settlement along the Delaware River divided the English settlements in the north and the south. In 1664, Charles II of England formally annexed New Netherland and incorporated it into the English colonial empire.[46] The territory became the colonies of New York and New Jersey.[46] New Jersey was originally split into East Jersey and West Jersey until the two were united as a royal colony in 1702.[46]

In 1681, William Penn, who wanted to give Quakers a land of religious freedom, founded Pennsylvania and extended freedom of religion to all citizens.[47]

Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his Pennsylvania province and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware"[48] from the Duke.

Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly in 1682. However, by 1704 the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle. Penn and his heirs remained proprietors of both and always appointed the same person Governor for their Province of Pennsylvania and their territory of the Lower Counties. The fact that Delaware and Pennsylvania shared the same governor was not unique. From 1703 to 1738, New York and New Jersey shared a governor.[49] Massachusetts and New Hampshire also shared a governor for some time.[50]

Environment

High Point Monument as seen from Lake Marcia at High Point, Sussex County, the highest elevation in New Jersey at 1803 feet above sea level
Cape Cod Bay, a leading tourist destination in Massachusetts
The Palisades along the Hudson River, New Jersey
U.S. Route 220 as it passes through Lamar Township, Pennsylvania

Topography

While most of the Northeastern United States lie in the Appalachian Highlands physio-graphic region, some are also part of the Atlantic coastal plain which extends south to the southern tip of Florida. The coastal plain areas (including Cape Cod in Massachusetts, Long Island in New York, most of New Jersey, Delaware, and the Chesapeake Bay region of Maryland) are generally low and flat, with sandy soil and marshy land.[4] The highlands, including the Piedmont and the Appalachian Mountains, are generally heavily forested, ranging from rolling hills to summits greater than 5,000 feet (1,500 m), and pocked with many lakes.[4] The highest peak in the Northeast is Mount Washington (New Hampshire), at 6,288 feet (1,917 m).[51]

Land use

As of 2007, forest-use covered approximately 60% of the Northeastern states (including Delaware, Maryland, and the District of Columbia), about twice the national average. About 12% was cropland and another 4% grassland pasture or range. There is also more urbanized land in the Northeast (11%) than any other region in the U.S.[26]

Climate

The climate of the Northeastern United States is impacted by the position of the general west to east flow of weather in the middle latitudes that much of the central and northern USA is controlled by. Mountain ranges to the west and proximity of the Atlantic Ocean also impacts the climate from the western highlands to the Atlantic lowlands.

A semi-permanent high pressure system (Bermuda High) over the subtropical Atlantic Ocean causes summers to be generally warm and humid. During the winter, the subtropical high retreats eastward, and prevailing westerly flow of air masses combines with the polar jet stream to bring cold and frequent storm systems to the region.[52] Annual mean temperatures range from the low 50s F from Connecticut south to Maryland, and in the 40's F in most of New York State, New England, and northern PA .[52] According to the Northeast Regional Climate Center, the average January temperature in its twelve-state region is 23.6 °F (−4.7 °C), with 3.07 inches (78 mm) of precipitation.[53] This compares to July, when the regional average temperature is 69.9 °F (21.1 °C), with 4.25 inches (108 mm) of precipitation.[54]

Wildlife

The Northeast has 72 National Wildlife Refuges, encompassing more than 500,000 acres (780 sq mi; 2,000 km2) of habitat, and designed to protect some of the 92 different threatened and endangered species living in the region.[36]

Demography

New York City, the most populous city in the Northeast and all of the United States
Philadelphia, the second most populous city in the Northeast and the fifth most populated city in the United States
Boston, the most populated city in Massachusetts and New England and the third most populated city in the Northeast
Pittsburgh, the second most populous city in Pennsylvania, and the fourth most populous city in the Northeast

As of the July, 2013 U.S. Census Bureau estimate, the population of the region totaled 55,943,073.[55] With an average of 345.5 people per square mile, the Northeast is 2.5 times as densely populated as the second-most dense region, the South. Since the last century, the U.S. population has been shifting away from the Northeast (and Midwest) toward the South and West.[56]

The two U.S. Census Bureau divisions in the Northeast (New England and Mid-Atlantic) rank #1 and #2 among the 9 divisions in population density according to the 2013 population estimate. The South Atlantic region (233.1) was very close behind New England (233.2). Due to the faster growth of the South Atlantic region, it will take over the #2 division rank in population density in the next estimate, dropping New England to 3rd position. New England is projected to retain the number 3 rank for many, many years, as the only other lower-ranked division with even half the population density of New England is the East North Central division (192.1) and this region's population is projected to grow slowly. [lower-alpha 2][57]

Population, land area and density
Rank[lower-alpha 3] State
Division/Region		 Population
(2013 est.)		 Land area
(sqmi)		 Density
(sqmi)		 Geog.
sort
2  Rhode Island 1,051,511 1,034 1,017.1 NEng
3  Massachusetts 6,692,824 7,800 858.0 NEng
4  Connecticut 3,596,080 4,842 742.6 NEng
21  New Hampshire 1,323,459 8,953 147.8 NEng
31  Vermont 626,630 9,217 68.0 NEng
38  Maine 1,328,302 30,843 43.1 NEng
2        New England 14,618,806 62,688 233.2 NEast
1  New Jersey 8,899,339 7,354 1,210.1 MdAtl
7  New York 19,651,127 47,126 417.0 MdAtl
9  Pennsylvania 12,773,801 44,743 285.5 MdAtl
1        Mid-Atlantic 41,324,267 99,223 416.5 NEast
1        Northeast 55,943,073 161,912 345.5 USA

Below are the ten most populous metropolitan statistical areas, and the ten largest cities of the Census Bureau-defined region. Several of these cities in a narrow strip along the seaboard comprise the backbone of the Northeast megalopolis, excluding Baltimore and Washington, D.C.[58][59]

Rank Metropolitan Area State(s) Population
(2010 Census)
1 New York City CT, NJ, NY, PA 18,897,109
2 Philadelphia DE, MD, NJ, PA 5,965,343
3 Boston MA, NH, RI 4,552,402
4 Pittsburgh PA 2,356,285
5 Providence MA, RI 1,600,852
6 Hartford CT 1,212,381
7 Buffalo NY 1,135,509
8 Rochester NY 1,054,323
9 Bridgeport CT 933,835
10 Worcester MA, CT 923,762

[60]

Rank City State Population
(2012 est.)		 City area (km2) Population density /km2
(2012 est.)
1 New York NY 8,336,697 784 10,640
2 Philadelphia PA 1,547,607 347 4,394
3 Boston MA 636,479 125 4,980
4 Pittsburgh PA 306,211 144 2,140
5 Newark NJ 277,727 63 4,424
6 Buffalo NY 259,384 105 2,569
7 Jersey City NJ 254,441 38 6,462
8 Rochester NY 210,855 93 2,369
9 Yonkers NY 198,449 18 4,188
10 Worcester MA 182,669 97 1,808

[61]

Economy

As of 2012, the region accounts for approximately 23% of U.S. gross domestic product.[62]

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission oversees 34 nuclear reactors, eight for research or testing and 26 for power production in the Northeastern United States.[25]

New York City, considered a global financial center, is in the Northeast.

The Federal Bureau of Prisons maintains 17 federal prisons and two affiliated private facilities in the region.[32]

Transportation

The following table includes all eight airports categorized by the FAA as large hubs[63] located in the Northeastern states[64] (New England and Eastern regions[65]):

Rank Metro area served Airport
code 		Airport name Largest airline[66]
1 New York JFK John F Kennedy International JetBlue (37%)
2 New York EWR Newark Liberty International United (49%)
3 Philadelphia PHL Philadelphia International US Airways (42%)
4 Boston BOS General Edward Lawrence Logan International JetBlue (29%)
5 New York LGA La Guardia Delta (21%)
6 Baltimore / Washington BWI Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Southwest (65%)
7 Washington IAD Washington Dulles International United (41%)
8 Washington DCA Ronald Reagan Washington National US Airways (19%)

Culture

Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky asserts that the Northeast region lacks a unified cultural identity,[3] but has served as a "culture hearth" for the rest of the nation.[67] Several much smaller geographical regions within the Northeast do have distinct cultural identities.[3]

Landmarks

Almost half of the National Historic Landmarks maintained by the National Park Service are located in the Northeastern United States.[68]

Religion

According to a 2009 Gallup poll, the Northeastern states differ from most of the rest of the U.S. in religious affiliation, generally reflecting the descendants of immigration patterns of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with many Catholics arriving from Ireland, Italy, and eastern Europe. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey are the only states in the nation where Catholics outnumber Protestants and other Christian denominations. More than 20% of respondents in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont declared no religious identity.[69]

Sports

The Northeast region is home to 22 professional sports franchises in the "Big Four" leagues (NFL, NBA, NHL and MLB),[70] with more than 110 championships collectively among them.[71] The region has also been noted for the relative prevalence of the traditionally Northeastern sports of hockey and lacrosse.[72]

Health

The rate of potentially preventable hospital discharges in the Northeastern United States fell from 2005 to 2011 for overall conditions, acute conditions, and chronic conditions.[73]

Politics

The Northeastern United States tended to vote Republican in federal elections through the first half of the 20th century, but the region has since the 1990s shifted to become the most Democratic in the nation.[24] Results from a 2008 Gallup poll indicated that eight of the top ten Democratic states were located in the region, with every Northeastern state having a Democratic party affiliation advantage of at least ten points.[74] The following table demonstrates Democratic support in the Northeast as compared to the remainder of the nation.[75]

Year % President vote % Senate seats % House seats
Northeast Remainder Northeast Remainder Northeast Remainder
2000 57.6 47.5 60.0 46.3 59.6 45.7
2002     60.0 45.0 58.3 44.7
2004 57.1 47.3 60.0 40.0 59.5 43.0
2006     75.0 45.0 73.8 48.3
2008 60.7 52.0 80.0 52.5 81.0 52.9
2010     75.0 47.5 67.9 38.5

The following table of United States presidential election results since 1900 illustrates that over the past six presidential elections, only one Northeastern state supported a Republican candidate (New Hampshire voted for George W. Bush in 2000).[76] Bolded entries indicate that party's candidate also won the general election.

State 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
CT R R R D R R R R R D D D R R R D D D R R R R R D D D D D D
DE R R R D R R R R R D D D R R R D D R R D R R R D D D D D D
DC                                 D D D D D D D D D D D D D
ME R R R D D R R R R R R R R R R R D D R R R R R D D D D D D
MD R D D D D R R R D D D D R R R D D D R D D R R D D D D D D
MA R R R D R R R D D D D D D R R D D D D D R R D D D D D D D
NH R R R D D R R R R D D D R R R R D R R R R R R D D R D D D
NJ R R R D R R R R D D D D R R R D D R R R R R R D D D D D D
NY R R R D R R R R D D D D R R R D D D R D R R D D D D D D D
PA R R R P R R R R R D D D R R R D D D R D R R R D D D D D D
RI R R R D R R R D D D D D D R R D D D R D D R D D D D D D D
VT R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D R R R R R R D D D D D D

The following table shows the breakdown of party affiliation of governors, state legislative houses, and U.S. congressional delegation for the Northeastern states, as of 2010.[77] (Demographics reflect registration-by-party figures from that state's registered voter statistics.)

State Governor Upper House Majority Lower House Majority Senior U.S. Senator Junior U.S. Senator U.S. House Delegation Demographics
CT Democratic Democratic
22-14		 Democratic
98-53		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
5-0		 Democratic
37-20
DE Democratic Democratic
13-8		 Democratic
27-14		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
1-0		 Democratic
47-29
ME Republican Democratic
19-15-1		 Democratic
89-58-4		 Republican Independent Democratic
2-0		 Democratic
33-28
MD Republican Democratic
35-12		 Democratic
98-43		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
7-1		 Democratic
56-27
MA Democratic Democratic
36-4		 Democratic
131-29		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
9-0		 Democratic
37-11
NH Democratic Republican
13-11		 Democratic
221-179		 Democratic Republican Democratic
2-0		 Tied
29-29
NJ Republican Democratic
24-16		 Democratic
48-32		 Democratic Democratic Tied
6-6		 Democratic
33-20
NY Democratic Coalition
36-27		 Democratic
105-44-1		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
21-6		 Democratic
49-25
PA Democratic Republican
27-23		 Republican
110-93		 Democratic Republican Republican
13-5		 Democratic
51-37
RI Democratic Democratic
32-5-1		 Democratic
69-6		 Democratic Democratic Democratic
2-0		 Democratic
38-11
VT Democratic Democratic
23-7		 Democratic
98-44-8		 Democratic Independent Democratic
1-0		 Democratic
29-27

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The U.S. Census Bureau reorganized its administrative units and its regional offices do not cover the Census regions (the northeastern most regional office headquartered in New York City covers New England, New York, New Jersey, and Puerto Rico).[6]
  2. ↑ Based on U.S. Census Bureau population projections to 2030 (and assuming constant land area) the population density for the South Atlantic division will increase significantly to 294.6/sqmi, New England's density will increase to 249.2/sqmi and the East North Central division will increase only slightly to 200.2/sqmi. The division with the 5th highest density is projected to be the East South Central division at 111.6/sqmi.[57]
  3. ↑ Where each state, division and region ranks among the 50 states, 9 districts and 4 regions in population density.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). United States Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, United States Census Bureau, Geography Division.
  2. ↑ "American FactFinder, GCT-PH1-Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density". U.S. Census Bureau. 2000.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Zelinsky, Wilbur (June 1980). "North America's Vernacular Regions". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70 (1). doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1980.tb01293.x.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hobbs, Joseph John (2009). World Regional Geography. Cengage Learning. p. 647. ISBN 9780495389507. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  5. ↑ Elkins, Rick (March 28, 2012). "Census Bureau releases list of urban areas". Porterville Recorder. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  6. ↑ "2013 Regions of the US Census Bureau" (PDF). Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  7. ↑ Geographic Areas Reference Manual. U.S. Census Bureau. 1994. p. 6-1. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
  8. ↑ Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn (1982). Asking Questions: Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design. Jossey-Bass. p. 205. The most widely used regional definitions follow those of the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
  9. ↑ Dale M. Lewison (1997). Retailing. Prentice Hall. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-13-461427-4. Perhaps the most widely used regional classification system is one developed by the U.S. Census Bureau.
  10. ↑ Pamela Goyan Kittler, Kathryn P. Sucher (2008). Food and Culture. Cengage Learning. p. 475. ISBN 9780495115410. (M)ost demographic and food consumption data are presented in this four-region format.
  11. ↑ Proceedings of the National Geographic Areas Conference: putting it together for 1990. U.S. Census Bureau. 1984. p. 161.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Six: Statistical Groupings of States and Counties". Geographic Areas Reference Manual (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. November 1994. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  13. ↑ Verne Thompson, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Associations: Regional, State, and Local Organizations: Northeastern States. (Vol. 2: Northeastern States) (22 ed.). Gale.
  14. ↑ The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind. Macmillan. 2011. p. 630. ISBN 9781429950855.
  15. ↑ Kelley, Mary Lebreck & Virginia Macken Fitzsimons (2000). Understanding Cultural Diversity: Culture, Curriculum, and Community in Nursing. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 220. ISBN 9780763711061.
  16. ↑
  17. ↑
  18. ↑ "Regions of the United States: Regions Defined".
  19. ↑ "NROC Overview". Northeast Regional Ocean Council. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Safety: ORA District and Headquarters Recall Coordinators". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
  21. ↑ "About The Council". Department of Defense Northeast Regional Council. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  22. ↑ John C. Hudson (2002). Across This Land: A Regional Geography of the United States and Canada. p. 81 ff. ISBN 0801865670.
  23. ↑ Thomas F. McIlwraith, Edward K. Muller (2001). North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. p. 190. ISBN 0742500195.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Shelley, Fred M., ed. (1996). Political Geography of the United States. Guilford Press. ISBN 1572300485.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Region I Jurisdiction". Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cynthia Nickerson, Robert Ebel, Allison Borchers, and Fernando Carriazo (2007). "Major Uses of Land in the United States". USDA's Economic Research Service.
  27. ↑ Barron, Eric (2001). "Chapter 4: Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the Northeastern United States". In National Assessment Synthesis Team, U.S. Global Change Research Program. Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change (PDF). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00075-0. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  28. ↑ "Northeast Climate Region". United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  29. ↑ "Northeast Regional Climate Center". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  30. ↑ "Northeast Region". United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
  31. ↑ "National Park Service Regions" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Northeast Region Locations". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  33. ↑ R. K. Brummitt and others (August 2001). "World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions" (PDF) (2nd ed.). Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  34. ↑ Mir Tamim Ansary (2001). Eastern Woodlands Indians. Capstone Classroom. p. 4. ISBN 9781588104519.
  35. ↑ Pritzker, Barry (2000). A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford University Press. p. 398. ISBN 0195138775.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Northeast Region Fact Sheet" (PDF).
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Arenstam, Peter; Kemp,, John; Grace, Catherine O'Neill (2007). Mayflower 1620: A New Look at a Pilgrim Voyage. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. ISBN 9780792262763.
  38. ↑ "A Brief History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA". Cambridge Historical Commission. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  39. ↑ Kelly, Martin. "Connecticut Colony". About.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Kelly, Martin. "Rhode Island Colony". About.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  41. ↑ Newport, Frank. "State of the States: Importance of Religion". Gallup. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  42. ↑ "Mississippians Go to Church the Most; Vermonters, Least". Gallup.com. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
  43. ↑ Jenks, Henry Fitch (1880). The Boston Public Latin School. 1635-1880. M. King. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  44. ↑ "Harvard University Founded". CelebrateBoston.com. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  45. ↑ Barreveld, Drs. Dirk J. (2001). From New Amsterdam to New York : the founding of New York by the Dutch in July 1625. New York: Writers Club Press. ISBN 9780595198900.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 "The Middle Colonies". Radford University. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  47. ↑ Forrest, Tuomi J. "William Penn - Introduction". Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  48. ↑ Munroe, John A (2006). "3. The Lower Counties on The Delaware". History of Delaware (5th, illustrated ed.). University of Delaware Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-87413-947-3.
  49. ↑ Lurie, Mappen M (2004), Encyclopedia of New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, p. 327, ISBN 0-8135-3325-2.
  50. ↑ Mayo, LS (1921), John Wentworth, Governor of New Hampshire: 1767–1775, Harvard University Press, p. 5.
  51. ↑ "Mount Washington". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 2013.
  53. ↑ "Climate Summaries - Northeast Overview - January 2013".
  54. ↑ "Climate Summaries - Northeast Overview - July 2012".
  55. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013" (CSV). 2013 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  56. ↑ Frank Hobbs & Nicole Stoops (2002). Demographic Trends in the 20th Century. p. 18. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 http://www.census.gov/population/projections/data/state/projectionsagesex.html
  58. ↑ Jean Gottmann (1961). Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States. New York: Twentieth Century Fund.
  59. ↑ Raymond E. Murphy (July 1962). "Geographical Review:Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States by Jean Gottmann". Geographical Review 52 (3): 452–454. doi:10.2307/212544. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  60. ↑ "Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico more information 2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data". 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 14, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  61. ↑ "American FactFinder". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  62. ↑ "Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State".
  63. ↑ Calendar Year 2011 Primary Airports
  64. ↑ Flight Delay Information - Northeastern States
  65. ↑ Airports Regional & District/Development Offices
  66. ↑ RITA|BTS|Transtats
  67. ↑ Zelinsky, Wilbur (December 1955). "Some Problems in the Distribution of Generic Terms in the Place-Names of the Northeastern United States". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 45 (4). doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1955.tb01491.x.
  68. ↑ "Northeast Region - History & Culture".
  69. ↑ "Religious Identity: States Differ Widely".
  70. ↑ "All Cities Are Not Created Equal".
  71. ↑ "The Northeast Region".
  72. ↑ Kirsch, George B., Othello Harris, Claire Elaine Nolte, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313299110.
  73. ↑ Torio CM, Andrews RM (September 2014). "Geographic Variation in Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations for Acute and Chronic Conditions, 2005-2011". HCUP Statistical Brief #178. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
  74. ↑ "State of the States: Political Party Affiliation".
  75. ↑ Reiter, Howard L. & Jeffrey M. Stonecash (2011). Counter Realignment: Political Change in the Northeastern United States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139493132.
  76. ↑ "Historical Election Results". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
  77. ↑ Hrebenar, Ronald J., Clive S. Thomas, ed. (2010). Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States. Penn State Press. ISBN 0271043970.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Northeastern United States.

Coordinates: 42°N 73°W / 42°N 73°W