Nortel

Nortel Networks Corporation
Public
Traded as
Industry
  • Telecommunications
  • Networking equipment
Fate Bankruptcy
Founded Montreal, Quebec (1895)
Headquarters Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Number of employees
  • 18 (US, July 2012);[1]
  • ~35 (non-US, July 2012)
Slogan Business Made Simple
Website www.nortel.com

Nortel Networks Corporation, formerly known as Northern Telecom Limited and sometimes known simply as Nortel, was a multinational telecommunications and data networking equipment manufacturer headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in Montreal, Quebec in 1895. At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all the companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), employing 94,500 worldwide.[2]

On January 14, 2009, Nortel filed for protection from its creditors in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, in order to restructure its debt and financial obligations.[3] In June 2009, the company announced it would cease operations and sell off all of its business units.[4] The period of bankruptcy protection was extended to February 2, 2013.[5] As part of the bankruptcy proceedings in the United States, Nortel Networks Inc. publishes monthly operating reports outlining cash receipts and disbursements.[6]

History

Origins

Alexander Graham Bell conceived the technical aspects of the telephone and invented it in July 1874,[7] while residing with his parents at their farm in Tutela Heights,[8] on the outskirts of Brantford, Ontario. He later refined its design at Brantford after producing his first working prototype in Boston.[9] Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd of Brantford, was a three story brick building that soon started manufacturing telephones for the Bell System, leading to the city's style as The Telephone City.[10][Note 1]

After Cowherd's death in 1881 which resulted in the closure of his Brantford factory, a mechanical production department was created within the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and production of Canadian telephones and telephone equipment was transferred to Montreal in 1882,[13] due to restrictions on importing telephone equipment from the United States.[15] In addition to phones, four years later, the department started manufacturing its first switchboard, a 50 line Standard Magneto Switchboard.[13][16] The small manufacturing department expanded yearly with the growth and popularity of the telephone to 50 employees in 1888.[17] By 1890 it had been transformed into its own branch of operations with 200 employees, and a new factory was under construction.[13]

As the manufacturing branch expanded, its production ability increased beyond the demand for phones, and it faced closure for several months a year without manufacturing other products.[18] This was a problem because the Bell Telephone Company of Canada's (later renamed to Bell Canada) charter would not allow them to build other products. So in 1895, the Bell Telephone of Canada was required to spin off its manufacturing arm to build phones for sale to other companies, as well as other devices such as fire alarm boxes, police street call boxes, and fire department call equipment. This company was incorporated as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited.[13]

Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company

Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited was incorporated on 7 December 1895, by the following corporate members (or Board of Directors):[19] Charles Fleetford Sise Sr., President of Bell Canada – Provisional Director; Robert Mackay, merchant – Provisional Director; Hugh Paton, manager of the Shedden Company – Provisional Director; The Hon. Joseph Rosaire Thibaudeau, Senator – Provisional Director; Robert Archer, gentleman – Provisional Director; Charles P. Sclater, secretary – Provisional Director; Lewis B. McFarlane, manager, all of the city and district of Montreal, Quebec.

The initial stock capital was $50,000 at $100 per share, with 93 percent held by the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and the remainder held by the seven corporate members above.[19] The first general stockholders meeting was held on March 24, 1896.

In December 1899, The Bell Telephone Company of Canada bought a cabling company for $500,000; a Canadian charter named it The Wire and Cable Company.[20] Northern Electric and Manufacturing further expanded its product line in 1900, manufacturing the first Canadian wind-up gramophones that played flat discs.[21] In 1911 the Wire and Cable company changed its name to the Imperial Wire and Cable Company.[22]

Northern Electric Company

1950 Logo

The construction of a new manufacturing plant started in 1913 at Shearer Street in Montreal, Canada, as preparations began for the two manufacturing companies' integration. Then, in January 1914, the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company and the Imperial Wire and Cable Company merged into the Northern Electric Company, commonly known simply as Northern Electric, and the new company opened the doors on a new manufacturing plant in January 1915. This facility at Shearer Street was the primary manufacturing centre until the mid-1950s.[21] Edward Fleetford Sise was the president and his brother Paul Fleetford Sise was the vice-president and general manager.[23]

An audio amplifier manufactured by Northern Electric.

During the First World War Northern Electric manufactured the Portable Commutator, a one-wire telegraphic switchboard for military operations in the field. In 1922, Northern started to produce, for $5, the "Peanut" vacuum tube, which required only a single dry-cell battery. The use of alternating current was still under development during this time. The "Northern Electric Peanut tube was the smallest tube made, and drew only one-tenth of an ampere and was the most remarkable radio frequency amplifier ever made."[24] During the 1920s Northern Electric made kettles, toasters, cigar lighters, electric stoves, and washing machines.[25] In January 1923, Northern Electric started to operate an AM radio station with call letters CHYC, in the Shearer Street plant, and much of the programming was religious services for the Northern Electric employees and families in the community. In July 1923, CHYC-AM was the first radio station to provide entertainment to the riders of the transcontinental train, in a parlor car fitted with a radio set to receive the broadcast as it left Montreal and traveled west.[26] Later in the 1920s, Northern created the first talking movie sound system in the British Empire for a theater in Montreal.[25]

During the Great Depression in the 1930s, Northern Electric was affected, like most other companies. From the beginning of 1930 through the end of 1933, sales dropped from $34 million to $8.2 million, and the number of employees dropped from 6,100 to 2,400.[27]

Independence from Western Electric

In 1949, an antitrust suit in the U.S. forced AT&T/Western Electric to sell its stake in Northern Electric to Bell Canada. Deprived of its Western Electric tie, Northern began developing its own products. In 1953, Northern Electric produced its first television sets using tubes made by RCA.[28] Bell Canada acquired 100 percent of Northern Electric in 1964; through public stock offerings starting in 1973, Bell's ownership of Northern Electric and its successors would be reduced, though it continued to have majority control.

In 1966, the Northern Electric research lab, Northern Electric Laboratories (the predecessor to Bell-Northern Research), started looking into the possibilities of fiber optic cable, and in 1969, began work on digitizing telephone communications. Also in 1969, Northern began making inroads into the U.S. market with its switching systems. In 1972, it opened its first factory in the U.S. in Michigan. In 1975, Northern began shipping its first digital switching systems, one of the earliest such systems to be sold.

Northern Telecom was, with Bell-Northern Research, in the early 70's a part owner of MicroSystems International a semiconductor manufacturer based in Kanata, outside Ottawa.

Northern Telecom and "Digital World"

In 1976, the company name was changed to Northern Telecom Limited, and management announced its intention to concentrate the company's efforts on digital technology. Northern Telecom was the first company in its industry to announce and to deliver a complete line of fully digital telecommunications products. The product line was branded "Digital World" and included the well known DMS-100, a fully digital central office switch serving as many as 100,000 lines, which was a key contributor to the company’s revenue for close to 15 years.

Starting in 1977, Nortel grew rapidly after the introduction of its DMS line of digital central office telephone switches, especially after the AT&T breakup in 1984. Northern Telecom became a significant supplier in Europe and China and was the first non-Japanese supplier to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone.

Deregulation

In 1983, due to deregulation, Bell Canada Enterprises (later shortened to BCE) was formed as the parent company to Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. Bell-Northern Research was jointly owned 50-50 by Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. The combined three companies were referred to as the tricorporate.[29][30][31]

As Nortel, the streamlined identity it adopted for its 100th anniversary in 1995, the company set out to dominate the burgeoning global market for public and private networks.

Optical boom and the Right Angle Turn

In 1998, with the acquisition of Bay Networks, the company's name was changed to Nortel Networks to emphasize its ability to provide complete solutions for multiprotocol, multiservice, global networking over the Internet and other communications networks. As a consequence of the stock transaction used to purchase Bay Networks, BCE ceased to be the majority shareholder of Nortel.

In 2000, BCE spun out Nortel, distributing its holdings of Nortel to its shareholders. Bell-Northern Research was gradually absorbed into Nortel, as it first acquired a majority share in BNR, and eventually acquired the entire company.

In the late 1990s, stock market speculators, hoping that Nortel would reap increasingly lucrative profits from the sale of fibre optic network gear, began pushing up the company's share price to unheard-of levels despite the company's repeated failure to turn a profit. Under the leadership of CEO John Roth, sales of optical equipment had been robust in the late 1990s, but the market was soon saturated. When the speculative telecom bubble of the late 1990s reached its pinnacle late in the year 2000, Nortel was to become one of the most spectacular casualties.

At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all the companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), employing 94,500 worldwide, with 25,900 in Canada alone.[2][32] Nortel's market capitalization fell from C$398 billion in September 2000 to less than C$5 billion in August 2002, as Nortel's stock price plunged from C$124 to C$0.47. When Nortel's stock crashed, it took with it a wide swath of Canadian investors and pension funds and left 60,000 Nortel employees unemployed. Roth was criticized after it was revealed that he cashed in his own stock options for a personal gain of C$135 million in 2000 alone.[33]

CEO John Roth retired in 2001. His planned successor and chief operating officer, Clarence Chandran, already on sick leave due to complications following his 1997 stabbing in Singapore,[34] decided to quit, however.[35] Chief financial officer Frank Dunn was eventually chosen as Roth's permanent replacement.

After the Internet bubble

Accounting restatements

Frank Dunn presided over a dramatic restructuring of Nortel, which included laying off two-thirds of its workforce (60,000 staff) and writedowns of nearly US$16 billion in 2001 alone. This had some initial perceived success in turning the company around, with an unexpected return to profitability reported in the first quarter of 2003. The black ink triggered a total of $70 million in bonuses to the top 43 managers,[36] with $7.8 million going to Dunn alone,[37] $3 million to chief financial officer Douglas Beatty, and $2 million to controller Michael Gollogly.[38] Independent auditor Deloitte & Touche advised audit committee chairman John Cleghorn and board chairman "Red" Wilson to look into the suspicious results, who promptly hired the law firm WilmerHale to vet the financial statements.[39] In late October 2003, Nortel announced that it intended to restate approximately $900 million of liabilities carried on its previously reported balance sheet as of June 30, 2003, following a comprehensive internal review of these liabilities. The Company stated that the restatement's principal effects would be a reduction in previously reported net losses for 2000, 2001, and 2002 and an increase in shareholders’ equity and net assets previously reported on its balance sheet. A dozen of the company's most senior executives returned $8.6 million of bonuses they were paid based on the erroneous accounting. Investigators ultimately found about $3 billion in revenue had been booked improperly in 1998, 1999, and 2000. More than $2 billion was moved into later years, about $750 million was pushed forward beyond 2003 and about $250 million was wiped away completely. The accounting scandal hurt both Nortel's reputation and finances, as Nortel spent an estimated US$400 million on outside auditors and management consultants to retrain staff.[39]

Dunn, Beatty, and Gollogly were fired on April 28, 2004 for financial mismanagement, and later charged with fraud by the RCMP.[40][41] The trial began on January 16, 2012,[42] ending with acquittals for all three.[43][44]

The SEC also filed charges against them and four vice-presidents for civil fraud.[41]

To improve Nortel's liquidity in support of its operations, Nortel reached an agreement in 2003 with Export Development Canada for it to provide Nortel with a credit support facility of up to US$750 million.[45] Walter Robinson of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation denounced the line of credit, calling it "corporate welfare at its worst."[46]

Owens and Zafirovski

After Dunn's firing, retired United States Admiral Bill Owens – at the time a member of the board of directors – was appointed interim CEO. Nortel Networks subsequently returned to using the Nortel name for branding purposes only (the official company name was not changed). Nortel acquired PEC Solutions, a provider of information technology and telecommunications services to various government agencies and departments, in June 2005 and renamed it Nortel Government Solutions Incorporated (NGS).[47][48] LG Electronics and Nortel formed a joint venture in August, with Nortel owning 50% plus one share, to offer telecom and networking solutions in the wireline, optical, wireless and enterprise areas for South Korean and global customers.

Peter W. Currie, previously the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of the Royal Bank of Canada, was named CFO of Nortel in 2005, having previously served as Northern Telecom's CFO in the 1990s. Gary Daichendt, the former Chief Operating Officer of Cisco Systems, was hired as President and COO, and was expected to succeed Owens as CEO. Shortly afterward, Daichendt appointed ex-Cisco Chief Science Officer Gary Kunis as Chief Technology Officer (CTO). Both Garys were concerned about the overall direction of Nortel, especially when compared to Cisco, their previous employer. Just three months later, Daichendt resigned after both his restructuring plan and his suggestion that Owens and Currie leave the company immediately were rejected by the board of directors. Kunis quit shortly thereafter.[49] At the year's end, directors Lynton "Red" Wilson and John Cleghorn retired from the board.

Mike S. Zafirovski, who had served as President and CEO of GE Lighting and then as Motorola President and COO, succeeded Owens as president and CEO on November 15, 2005.[50] Motorola filed a suit against Zafirovski's hiring, alleging that his new position would break the terms of the non-disclosure agreement he had signed. Nortel agreed to pay $11.5 million on his behalf to settle the lawsuit.[51] Nortel also paid out US$575 million and 629 million common shares in 2006 to settle a class-action lawsuit that accused the company of misleading investors about the company's health.

Currie stepped down as Executive Vice President and CFO in early 2007. In February 2007, Nortel announced its plans to reduce its workforce by 2,000 employees, and to transfer an additional 1,000 jobs to lower-cost job sites. The Securities and Exchange Commission filed civil fraud charges against Nortel for accounting fraud from 2000 to 2003; the fraud was allegedly to close gaps between its true performance, its internal targets and Wall Street expectations. Nortel settled the case, paying $35 million, which the Commission distributed to affected shareholders, and reported periodically to the Commission on remedial measures to improve its financial accounting.

Nortel announced plans in February 2008 to eliminate 2,100 jobs, and to transfer another 1,000 jobs to lower-cost centres.[52] As part of the reductions, Nortel shut down its Calgary campus in 2009.[53]

During its reporting of third quarter 2008 results, Nortel announced it would restructure into three vertically-integrated business units: Enterprise, Carrier Networks, and Metro Ethernet Networks. As part of the decentralization of its organization, four executive positions were eliminated, effective January 1, 2009: Chief Marketing Officer - Lauren Flaherty; Chief Technology Officer - John Roese; Global Services President - Dietmar Wendt; and Executive Vice President Global Sales - Bill Nelson. A net reduction of 1,300 jobs was also announced.[54] As its stock price dropped below $1, the New York Stock Exchange notified Nortel that it would be delisted if its common shares failed to rise above $1 per share within 6 months.[55] Rumours continued to persist of Nortel's poor financial health, amid the late 2000s recession, and its bids for government funds were turned down.[56]

Liquidation

Protection from creditors

On January 14, 2009, Nortel filed for protection from creditors, in the United States under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, in Canada under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, and in the United Kingdom under the Insolvency Act 1986.[3][57][58] Nortel was the first major technology company to seek bankruptcy protection in this global downturn.[59] Nortel had an interest payment of $107 million due the next day, approximately 4.6% of its cash reserves of approximately $2.3 billion.[60] After the announcement, the share price fell more than 79% on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Export Development Canada agreed to provide up to C$30 million in short-term financing through its existing credit support facility with Nortel. The Canadian government resisted characterizing its position on Nortel as a bailout.[61]

Nortel initially hoped to re-emerge from bankruptcy, implementing a retention bonus plan in an effort to retain its top executives during the restructuring period. These bonuses, totaling US$45 million, were targeted at 1,000 executive positions.[62] At the end of January 2009, Nortel announced that it would be discontinuing its WiMAX business and its agreement with Alvarion.[63][64] Nortel subsequently sold its Layer 4–7 application delivery business to Israeli technology firm Radware for $18 million, after Radware had initially placed a stalking horse bid.[65][66] Nortel had acquired the application switch product line in October 2000 when it purchased Alteon WebSystems.[67]

Wind-up

With the worsening recession and stock market decline deterring potential companies from bidding for Nortel's assets, and many of Nortel's major customers reconsidering their relationships with the restructuring company,[68] in June Nortel announced that it no longer planned to emerge from bankruptcy protection, and would seek buyers for all of its business units.[69] After announcing it planned to sell off all of its assets, Nortel shares were delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange on June 26, 2009 at a price of $0.185 per share, down from its high in 2000 when it comprised a third of the S&P/TSX composite index.[69][70][71] Mike Zafirovski subsequently resigned in August, and Nortel's board of directors was reorganized with three members instead of nine.[72] Nortel handed out $14.2 million in cash compensation to seven executives in 2009. Nortel also paid out $1.4 million to 10 former and current directors, and paid $140 million to lawyers, pension, human resources and financial experts helping to oversee the company’s bankruptcy proceedings.[73]

Nokia Siemens Networks made a stalking horse bid to purchase Nortel's CDMA and LTE assets for $650 million.[69] By the July 21 deadline for additional bids, MatlinPatterson and Ericsson had made offers,[74] and Ericsson emerged as the victor in the following auction, with a purchase price of $1.13 billion.[75][76] Avaya won an auction for Nortel's Enterprise Solutions business, including Nortel's stake in Nortel Government Solutions and DiamondWare, for $900 million,[77] after having placed a stalking horse bid of $475 million.[78] In November, Nortel sold its MEN (Metro Ethernet Networks) unit to Ciena Corporation for US$530 million in cash and US$239 million in convertible notes,[79][80] and its GSM business at auction to Ericsson and Kapsch for US$103 million.[81][82][83][84] Hitachi purchased the Next Generation Packet Core assets.[85] As insurance against judgments in class action lawsuits filed by former employees, John Roth filed in December 2009 for a US$1 billion indemnification from Nortel, joining the list of U.S. creditors.[86]

In February 2010, Ernst & Young, the court-appointed monitor of Nortel's Canadian bankruptcy proceedings, reported that the assets of Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust had a shortfall of $37 million in its net assets as of December 31, 2008. The trust supports pensioners' medical, dental and life insurance benefits, as well as income support for some groups such as long-term disability recipients.[87] Also in February, Nortel negotiated a $57-million deal to wind up the health care and other benefits provided to former Canadian employees. Shortly afterwards, Nortel proposed spending $92.3M on retention bonuses for 1,475 employees in its Nortel Business Services and Corporate groups, with $2.5 million in incentives going to Christopher Ricaute, president of Nortel Business Services; $27 million allocated for Canadian employees; and $55 million allocated for U.S. employees.[88] The proposed plan was later extended by an additional $27 million.[89] Claiming that the retention bonuses proposal was extraordinary, acting US trustee Roberta DeAngelis objected to the payment of $55.6 million to 866 employees.[90] However, court-appointed representatives for Nortel's former employees, who are creditors in the Ontario bankruptcy court, have signed an agreement to not oppose any employee incentive program.

Genband purchased the Carrier VoIP and Application Solutions (CVAS) unit in May 2010, as Nortel accepted its stalking horse bid of $282 million, with adjustments that decreased the net sale price to about $100 million, without a formal bidding process.[91][92][93] Ericsson purchased Nortel's share in its joint venture with LG Electronics for US$242 million, forming LG-Ericsson, in June 2010.[94][95] Ericsson also purchased Nortel's final operating unit, the Multi-Service Switch division, in September 2010 for US$65 million.[96][97][98] Nortel's Ottawa campus on Carling Avenue was purchased by Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC) in October 2010 for a cash purchase price of CDN$208 million.[99]

Nortel's 53.13% stake in Turkish company Nortel Netaş was acquired by One Equity Partners (OEP) and Rhea Investments for $68 million in December 2010.[100][101]

The last major asset of Nortel, approximately 6,000 patents and patent applications encompassing technologies such as wireless, wireless 4G, data networking, optical, voice, Internet, and semiconductors, was sold for $4.5 billion to a consortium including Apple, EMC, Ericsson, Microsoft, Research In Motion, and Sony, pending American and Canadian court approval.[102][103] (Google had placed the initial stalking horse bid of $900 million[104] and later upped the bid to $1,902,160,540, then $2,614,972,128, and eventually $3.14159 billion, which are references to Brun's constant, Meissel–Mertens constant, and pi.)[105] Bankruptcy filings state that Nortel owes former Canadian engineers $285,000 for patent awards that were not paid.[106]

In October 2011, the administrators of Nortel's British subsidiary lost their appeal to overturn a court order requiring them to pay £2.1 billion into Nortel's underfunded pension plan.[107]

Nortel Networks U.S. retirement income plan is now managed by PBGC Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation[108]

January 2014, a pact between U.S. and European divisions of Nortel Networks is approved by U.S. judge. Corp.<ref name = U.S. Court Approves Claims Settlement Between Nortel's U.S., European Units> Brickley, Peg (January 7, 2014). "U.S. Court Approves Claims Settlement Between Nortel's U.S., European Units". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 24, 2014.</ref>

Products

Nortel made telecommunications, computer network equipment and software. It served both general businesses and communications carriers (landline telephone, mobile phone, and cable TV carriers). Technologies included telephonic (voice) equipment, fiber optics, local wireless, and multimedia.

Past products included:

Telephone Systems Telephone sets and terminals LAN and MAN equipment
Application Server 5200 and Application Server 5300 (AS5300) Nortel business phones, digital sets for Meridian and Norstar Baystack and ERS (Ethernet Routing Switch), managed network switches for Ethernet; ERS-8600, ERS-8300, ERS-5600, ERS-5500, ERS-4500, ERS-2500
Digital Multiplex System (DMS and SL-100 families) large-scale digital carrier phone switch Northern Electric home phones Multiservice Switch (MSS) (formerly Passport); MSS20000, MSS15000, MSS7400, MSS6400
Meridian 1 (SL-1) medium-to-large-scale PBX Northern Telecom home phones Metro Ethernet Routing Switch 8600
Meridian Norstar small-to-medium-scale digital key telephone system Nortel payphones Nortel Secure Network Access (switch and software)
Nortel Communication Servers, medium-to-large-scale VoIP PBX Systems; CS2100, CS2000, CS1500, CS1000 Nortel IP Phone 1120E
DV-1 minicomputer digital voice and data system Nortel IP Phone 1140E
SG-1 analog stored program control PBX
SP-1 analog stored program control carrier switch
Routers Software Other WAN equipment
Secure Router 1000 Systems; SR1004, SR1002, SR1001S, SR1001 Visualization Performance & Fault Manager (VPFM) 1 Mbit/s modem
Secure Router 3120 Nortel Enterprise Switch Manager S/DMS SONET
Secure Router 4134 Nortel File and Inventory Manager OPTera Long Haul
Secure Router 8000 Systems; SR8002, SR8004, SR8008, SR8012 Nortel Multi-link Trunking Manager
VPN Routers; 1750, 2700, 2750, 5000 Nortel Multicast Manager
Nortel Speech Server
Passport Carrier Release
Nortel Routing Manager
Nortel Security Manager
Nortel VLAN manager
Unified Communications Management
Agile Communication Environment

Criticism and controversy

Hackers had free access for years without being detected

In September 1991, Julian Assange of WikiLeaks was discovered in the act of hacking into the Melbourne master terminal of Nortel.[109]

In 2004, it was discovered that crackers (malicious hackers) gained almost complete access to Nortel's systems. Thought to have originated in 2000, for nearly ten years they accessed documents including emails, technical papers, research, development reports, and business plans. The breach was not properly addressed by the time the company started selling some of its assets in 2009, following a bankruptcy filing. The Wall Street Journal reports that hackers working from Chinese IP addresses used seven passwords of Nortel executives, including a former CEO, to penetrate networks owned by the company.[110]

Brian Shields, a former systems security advisor for Nortel, led an internal investigation on the breach and exposed rootkit software on at least two machines in 2009 that allowed hackers to control them remotely and monitor email. Despite the original discovery in 2004 and the subsequent investigation that led to the rootkit detection in 2009, Nortel allegedly ignored the problem and failed to disclose it to potential buyers of its business. Avaya and Genband both acquired parts of Nortel, and some employees used old Nortel machines connected to the new companies' networks. Although Avaya says it has dealt with the issue, Shields says "it's despicable that Nortel didn't say anything," leaving it up to him to inform the new company of his investigation. Nortel refused to comment on The Wall Street Journal report, but former CEO Mike Zafirovski, in charge between 2005 and 2009, claimed the company "did not believe it was a real issue."[110][111][112] [113][114]

Mr. Shields went on to tell the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation that he believes the extensive cyberattacks on Nortel contributed to its downfall.[115]

Government bailouts

2003

On Feb 16, 2003 the Winnipeg Sun published an article criticising the Canadian Federal government for propping up “mega-loser Nortel” through Export Development Canada (EDC). The article interviewed Walter Robinson of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation who termed this EDC support as "corporate welfare at its worst." Mr Robinson was appalled that Canadians who already lost billions on Nortel on the stock market would be asked for even more money through their taxes to support Nortel.[46]

2009

EDC had agreed to provide up to $30 million in short-term financing through an existing bonding facility. The Canadian government resisted characterizing its position on Nortel as a bailout.[116]

Illegal breach of trust in Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust

There have been reports of financial irregularities at Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust. Diane Urquhart, a financial analyst, testified before a parliamentary committee that $100 million is missing from the HWT and that a $37 million loan to the corporation has not been paid back.[117] The HWT was an unregistered trust maintained by Nortel to provide medical, dental, life insurance, long-term disability and survivor income and pension transition benefits.[118][119] Until 2005 Nortel fully funded the disability insurance in its HWT. However, it is alleged that since then, the HWT Governance Committees and third party trustee, Northern Trust, breached their fiduciary duties to protect Nortel's disabled employees and survivors of deceased employees by allowing Nortel to misdirect over $100 million from the HWT for purposes inconsistent with the terms of the HWT.[120] As of March 1, 2012, Northern Trust continues to act as the paying agent for Canadian Nortel pensioners.[121]

Bookkeeping irregularities

In 2007 both the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Ontario Securities Commission laid charges against former senior financial officials from Nortel including Frank Dunn who was fired from Nortel in 2004. Frank Dunn was promoted from chief financial officer to replace John A. Roth as CEO in November, 2001. According to the SEC, Dunn and three other financial officers began to fudge revenue by misusing "bill and hold" transactions starting "no later than September, 2000". The SEC said that at least a year's worth of the alleged book-keeping took place while John Roth was still CEO of Nortel, even though no charges were laid against him.[122][123]

Executive compensation

2001 compensation

In the article “Nortel's Roth Rakes It In” published by Light Reading, Nortel was criticized for raising its CEO’s pay just days before he announced his intention to retire in May 2001. The article went on to state that Nortel’s share prices tumbled almost twentyfold during Roth’s years at the helm of Nortel and its number of employees dropped dramatically.[124]

2003 compensation

In 2003 Nortel paid tens of millions of dollars in so-called "return to profitability" bonuses, largely to a select group of senior managers. The "return to profitability" has been alleged to be a fabrication achieved by the release of $490 million in reserves to boost earnings.[125]

2008 compensation

In 2008, despite continuing losses, layoffs, and declining share prices at the struggling telecom-gear maker, Nortel Networks CEO Mike Zafirovski was awarded a 21.5 percent pay increase to $10.1 million.[126]

2009 compensation

As Nortel entered bankruptcy proceedings, it paid out retention bonuses to almost 1,000 top executives, totalling up to US$45 million,[62] drawing criticism as the company withheld severance payments to employees laid-off prior to the creditor protection filing. Nortel proceeded with thousands of additional layoffs without severance,[127][128] and the pension fund remained underfunded,[129] while Nortel paid $14.2 million in cash to seven executives. Nortel also paid $1.4 million to ten former and current directors, and paid $140 million to lawyers, pension, human resources and financial experts helping to oversee the company’s bankruptcy proceedings.[73]

2010 compensation

In a U.S. court filing on February 11, 2010, Nortel proposed to spend $92.3M on retention bonuses for 1,475 employees in its Nortel Business Services and Corporate groups. According to the plan, Christopher Ricaurte, president of Nortel Business Services, would receive $2.5 million in incentives. In all, Canadian employees were eligible for $27 million, U.S. employees $55 million, and about $10 million would go to others. This proposed plan came the same week Nortel negotiated a $57-million deal to wind up health care and other benefits for former Canadian employees.[130] Claiming that the retention bonuses proposal was extraordinary, acting US trustee Roberta DeAngelis objected to the payment of $55.6 million to 866 employees.[90] However, court appointed representatives for Nortel former employees, who are creditors in the Ontario bankruptcy court, have signed an agreement to not oppose any employee incentive program.

Treatment of Nortel pensioners

On June 23, 2010 the News and Observer published a story criticizing treatment pensioners have been receiving from their former employer, Nortel. According to the article, Nortel has asked a federal court to terminate medical coverage, prescription drug coverage, long-term disability, and life insurance of 4,000 retirees and dependents, claiming the benefits are costing the company $2 million per month. Nortel blamed the company's creditors for this decision.[131]

Nortel ex-CEO files as a creditor seeking $1 billion from the proceeds of bankruptcy

In the middle of the decade several class-action lawsuits were filed against John Roth and others, by former employees who felt that their 401K company plans were depleted due to misrepresentation by the defendants. They claimed they were duped into investing in Nortel stock, when those who encouraged them to do so allegedly knew that the company was ailing. John Roth left Nortel in 2001 with more than $130 million.

In 2009 Mr. Roth filed a claim for $1 billion, aiming to become a creditor to the assets of Nortel along with all other Nortel employees, in case the class action lawsuits against him succeeded.[132][133]

Conflicts of interest

During Nortel's 2002 annual shareholders' meeting held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, several shareholders (including Robert Verdun) complained about non-arms-length relationships with service providers such as director Yves Fortier, who provided legal services to Nortel while sitting on its board, and Nortel's auditors, Deloitte & Touche LLP, who were paid $15 million for non-auditing services.[134]

Corporate information

Headquarters

Nortel's former head offices at 195 The West Mall

Nortel's current headquarters is located at 5945 Airport Road in Mississauga, Ontario.[135] Previous locations of its head offices include Brampton, Ontario (sold to Rogers Communications in 2006 and now known as Rogers Park, Brampton) and 195 The West Mall in Toronto (now used by SNC-Lavalin).[136]

Global worksites, partners, and customers

Former campus in California

Nortel expanded into the U.S. in 1971. The company eventually had employees in over 100 locations in the U.S. with R&D, software engineering, and sales centres in many states including California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. Nortel's full-service R&D centres were located in Ottawa (its R&D headquarters), Beijing, and Guangzhou.[137] In Canada, Nortel also has R&D sites in Montreal, Belleville, and Calgary. In the United States, Nortel's major R&D sites were in Research Triangle Park (North Carolina), Richardson (Texas), Billerica (Massachusetts), and Santa Clara.

Nortel had a significant presence in Europe, Middle East, Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America. Nortel delivered network infrastructure and communication services to customers across Asia in (mainland) China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, and Turkey (Nortel owned 53.17% of Nortel Netaş, originally established as a joint venture with Turkish PTT in 1967).[138]). In addition, the company had three joint ventures in the People's Republic of China, including Guangdong Nortel Telecommunications Equipment (GDNT), which operated Nortel's full service R&D centres in China.

Business structure

At the start of 2010, based on membership in Nortel's benefit plan, there were 1,637 employees working for Nortel Networks and 982 working for Nortel Technology in Canada.[139] In February 2008, Nortel employed approximately 32,550 people worldwide, including 6,800 employees in Canada and 11,900 in the United States.[52] Nortel operations were divided into the following segments:[140][141]

Corporate governance

Nortel's board of directors resigned and the board disbanded effective October 3, 2012. All remaining executive officers also resigned effective this date. As part of the wind-down process, a court order was issued providing Ernst & Young Inc., the court-appointed monitor in Nortel’s creditor protection proceedings, the ability to exercise any powers which may be properly exercised by a board of directors of Nortel.[142]

Former members of the board of directors

[143]

Past Leadership

[145]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Alexander Graham Bell had originally asked Boston manufacturer Charles Williams to provide an initial order of 1,000 telephones for use in Canada, but Williams' small shop was only able to produce a fraction of that number. Bell then spoke with a Brantford friend, James Cowherd (1849? – Feb. 1881), who set up Canada’s first telephone factory which produced 2,398 telephones to Bell's specifications by 1881. Dr. Bell sent Cowherd to Boston in 1878 to study Williams manufacturing processes for a number of months; Cowherd then returned to Brantford to both produce Bell's production telephones and help develop newer models. Among Cowherd's designs was a transmitter fitted with a triple mouthpiece allowing three people to talk, and sing, simultaneously. Cowherd's untimely early death from tuberculosis was noted in major technical journals and led to the closure of the Bell Systems' manufacturing supplier plant in Brantford. Telephone production later resumed in Montreal, eventually leading to the creation of Northern Electric, later renamed Northern Telecom and then Nortel.[11][12][13] A Brantford Expositor article later noted of the historic factory building's demise: "[Brantford] City officials and heritage committee members hung their heads in shame in 1992 when it was learned that a building that once housed the first telephone factory in the world had been approved for demolition. The embarrassing oversight came to light too late to stop wrecking crews, who were already tearing down the aged building at 32 Wharfe St... The building, where equipment for Alexander Graham Bell's first telephone was made, had even been pictured and written about in a city-printed brochure about the great inventor. A plaque erected by [the] Telephone Pioneers of America heralding the building's significance had been stripped from the structure in the mid-1980s and given to the Brant County Museum".[14]

Citations

  1. ↑ "Notice of Debtors' Motion for Entry of an Order Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 105, 363 and 1108 Authorizing the Debtors to Terminate the Debtors' Long-Term Disability Plans and the Employment of the LTD Employees" (PDF). Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hasselback, Drew; Tedesco, Theresa. "The fate of once-mighty Nortel’s last billions lies in the hands of two men". financialpost.com. National Post. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Nortel Obtains Court Orders for Creditor Protection" (Press release). Nortel Networks Corporation. January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
  4. ↑ Gillies, Rob (June 20, 2009). "Nortel to sell itself off in pieces". PhysOrg. AP. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
  5. ↑ "Nortel Obtains Further Extension of Stay Period Under CCAA" (Press release). Nortel Networks. 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  6. ↑ Nortel Networks Inc. "Nortel Networks Inc. News Releases". Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  7. ↑ Bruce 1990, pp. 122-123.
  8. ↑ Patten, William; Bell, Alexander Melville. Pioneering The Telephone In Canada, Montreal: Herald Press, 1926. (Note: Patten's full name was William Patten, not Gulielmus Patten as credited elsewhere)
  9. ↑ MacLeod, Elizabeth. Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life. Toronto: Kids Can Press, 1999, p.14. ISBN 1-55074-456-9.
  10. ↑ Sharpe, Robert; Canadian Military Heritage Museum. Soldiers and Warriors: The Early Volunteer Militia of Brant County: 1856-1866, Brantford, ON: Canadian Military Heritage Museum, 1998, p. 80, ref. citations No. 142 & 143, which in turn cite:
  11. ↑ Reville 1920, p.322.
  12. ↑ Prevey, W. Harry (ed.); Collins, Larry. Electricity, The Magic Medium, Thornhill, ON: IEEE, Canadian Region, 1985, p. 4, ISBN 0-9692316-0-1.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Nortel Networks (2011). "History of Nortel: 1874 to 1899". Nortel Networks. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  14. ↑ Ibbotson, Heather. City Has Lost Many Historic Buildings, Brantford Expositor, 5 April 2012.
  15. ↑ Murphy, George Joseph (1993). A History of Canadian Accounting Thought and Practice. Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8153-1248-2.
  16. ↑ Rens & Roth 2001, p. 129.
  17. ↑ Rens & Roth 2001, p. 129-132.
  18. ↑ Rens & Roth 2001, p. 130.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Canadian Parliament (1896). Sessional Papers 29 (16). C. H. Parmelee. p. 34.
  20. ↑ Babe, Robert E. (1990). Telecommunications in Canada: technology, industry, and government. University of Toronto Press. p. 177. ISBN 9780802067388.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Nortel Networks (2009). "Corporate information: Nortel History – 1900 to 1919". Nortel Networks. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  22. ↑ Rens & Roth 2001, p. 132.
  23. ↑ Rens & Roth 2001, pp. 129–132.
  24. ↑ Lewis, H. Spencer (1998). The Mystic Triangle: A Modern Magazine of Rosicrucian Philosophy. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9780766107052.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Nortel Networks (2009). "Corporate information: Nortel History – 1920 to 1929". Nortel Networks. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  26. ↑ Rens & Roth 2001, p. 197.
  27. ↑ Chapuis, Robert J.; Joel, Amos E. (2003). 100 Years of Telephone Switching: Manual and Electromechanical Switching, 1878-1960's (2, illustrated ed.). IOS Press. p. 282. ISBN 9781586033491.
  28. ↑ Nortel Networks (2007). "Corporate information: Nortel History – 1950 to 1959". Nortel Networks. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  29. ↑ "Northern Electric – A Brief History". Retrieved September 12, 2006.
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  31. ↑ Oliver, Richard; Scheffinan, David (1995). "The Regulation of Vertical Relationships in the US Telecommunications Industry" (PDF). Managerial and Decision Economics 16 (4): 327–348. doi:10.1002/mde.4090160407.
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  35. ↑ Karleff, Ian (May 21, 2001). "Search for New CEO Launched by Nortel". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
  36. ↑ McFarland, Janet (January 20, 2012). "No business reason to release Nortel reserves, court told". The Globe and Mail (Toronto).
  37. ↑ Lewis, Michael (January 18, 2012). "Nortel trial: Letters show Nortel execs knew they were getting bonuses fraudulently, Crown alleges". The Star (Toronto).
  38. ↑ "Nortel execs were getting bonuses fraudulently: Crown |". CTV News. January 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Accounting scandal another nail in Nortel coffin". Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  40. ↑ Austen, Ian (June 20, 2008). "3 Ex-Nortel Executives Are Accused of Fraud". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Top former Nortel execs charged with fraud". Ottawa Citizen (CanWest MediaWorks Publications). June 20, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  42. ↑ Postmedia News (October 3, 2011). "Nortel criminal trial to begin Jan. 16". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  43. ↑ "Three former Nortel executives found not guilty of fraud". Globe and Mail (Toronto). January 14, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  44. ↑ The Star (Toronto) http://www.thestar.com/business/article/1314720--nortel-verdict-frank-dunn-two-other-executives-not-guilty-of-fraud. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ↑ "Nortel Networks Announces US$750 Million Support Facility with EDC and Details of Special Matters to be Considered at Upcoming Shareholders Meeting" (Press release). Nortel Networks Corporation. February 14, 2003. Retrieved December 9, 2009.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 McKibbon, Sean (February 16, 2003). "Bailout Billion; Taxpayers to prop up mega-loser Nortel". Winnipeg Sun (Winnipeg: Sun Media). p. 8.
  47. ↑ Nortel Government Solutions (2008). "Corporate Information: Nortel Government Solutions". Nortel Government Solutions. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  48. ↑ Witte, Griff (April 27, 2005). "Nortel to Buy PEC Solutions For $448 Million". Washington Post. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
  49. ↑
  50. ↑ "Nortel Announces Mike Zafirovski as President and CEO" (Press release). Nortel Networks. October 17, 2005. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  51. ↑ McMillan, Robert (October 31, 2005). "Motorola, Nortel settle Zafirovski dispute". infoworld.com. Retrieved September 5, 2006.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Nortel cutting 2,100 jobs". CBC News (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). February 27, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  53. ↑ "Nortel to close Calgary operations". CBC News (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). May 27, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  54. ↑ "Nortel Reports Financial Results for the Third Quarter 2008" (Press release). Nortel Networks. November 10, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  55. ↑ "Nortel gets delisting warning from NYSE". Triangle Business Journal. December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
  56. ↑ "Who killed Nortel?". National Post. January 9, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  57. ↑ Ricknäs, Mikael (January 14, 2009). "Nortel files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection". Computerworld (International Data Group). Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  58. ↑ Greene, Tim (January 14, 2009). "Nortel bankruptcy filings are last-ditch effort". Network World. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  59. ↑ "Canada's Nortel to sell itself off in pieces". Jerusalem Post. June 22, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  60. ↑ "Nortel Networks files for bankruptcy protection". CBC News (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
  61. ↑ Palmer, Randall (January 14, 2009). "Canada government pledges to help Nortel". Reuters.
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  63. ↑ "Nortel Refines Focus of Carrier Business: Ends Joint Agreement with Alvarion for Mobile WiMAX" (Press release). Nortel Networks. January 29, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
  64. ↑ Drew, Jeff (January 30, 2009). "Nortel getting out of WiMAX". Triangle Business Journal (American City Business Journals). Retrieved January 31, 2009.
  65. ↑ "Radware buys Nortel product line". Globes [online]. February 22, 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
  66. ↑ "Nortel Completes Divestiture of Certain L4-7 Data Assets to Radware" (Press release). Nortel Networks. March 31, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  67. ↑ "Nortel to Divest Layer 4–7 Data Portfolio: Enters into Asset Purchase Agreement with Radware" (Press release). Nortel Networks. February 19, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2009.
  68. ↑ "NP Story". National Post. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 "Nortel To Sell CDMA Business and LTE Assets; Company Advancing in Its Discussions With External Parties To Sell Other Businesses" (Press release). Nortel Networks. June 19, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
  70. ↑ "It's official: Nortel shares are worthless". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). June 22, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  71. ↑ Tedesco, Theresa; Sturgeon, Jamie (June 27, 2009). "Nortel: Cautionary tale of a former Canadian titan". Canada.com (Canwest Publishing). Retrieved July 25, 2009.
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  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Bankrupt Telecom Company Doled Out $8.6M in Bonuses Last Year". Phone Plus Magazine. March 19, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  74. ↑ Bagnall, James (July 24, 2009). "Moment of truth for Nortel's wireless unit". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  75. ↑ "Nortel Selects Ericsson as Successful Bidder For CDMA Business and LTE Access Assets" (Press release). Nortel Networks. July 25, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  76. ↑ Bagnall, James (July 25, 2009). "Ericsson prevails in fight for Nortel's wireless business with $1.13B bid". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  77. ↑ "Nortel selects Avaya as successful bidder for Enterprise Solutions Business." (Press release). Nortel Networks Corporation. September 14, 2009.
  78. ↑ "Nortel To Sell Enterprise Solutions Business" (Press release). Nortel Networks Corporation. July 20, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
  79. ↑ "Nortel Selects Ciena as Successful Bidder for Optical Networking and Carrier Ethernet Businesses" (Press release). Nortel Networks Corporation. November 23, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
  80. ↑ Musgrove, Mike (November 24, 2009). "Ciena buys Nortel unit to expand footprint". The Washington Post. WashTech. Archived from the original on November 24, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2009. subtitle: $769 million deal to triple Maryland tech firm's market share
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  83. ↑ "Nortel to sell Entire GSM Business". Business2press. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  84. ↑ "Nortel Provides Update on Auction Date for the Sale of its GSM/GSM-R Business; Obtains Further Extension of Stay Period Under CCAA; and Obtains Canadian and U.S. Court Approval for Sale of Packet Core Assets" (Press release). Nortel Networks Corporation. October 28, 2009. Retrieved November 14, 2009.
  85. ↑ "Nortel Completes Sale of Assets of Next Generation Packet Core Network Components to Hitachi". Nortel Networks Corporation. August 10, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
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  88. ↑ Hill, Bert (February 12, 2010). "Nortel allots $92.3M for top staff; Retention bonuses 'standard procedure' for key workers in bankruptcy proceedings". Ottawa Citizen. p. F.1.
  89. ↑ Hill, Bert (February 24, 2010). "Retention plan gives Nortel added flexibility". Ottawa Citizen. p. C.1.
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  111. ↑ Tom, Warren (February 14, 2012). "Hackers roamed Nortel's network for years without detection". The Verge. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  112. ↑ Albanesius, Chloe (February 14, 2012). "Report: Nortel Breached by Hackers for Almost 10 Years". PC Magazine.
  113. ↑ Stechyson, Natalie (February 15, 2012). "Nortel hacked for a decade, according to report". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  114. ↑ Video on YouTube
  115. ↑ "Nortel collapse linked to Chinese hackers". CBC News. February 16, 2012.
  116. ↑ Palmer, Randall (January 14, 2009). "UPDATE 2-Canada government pledges to help Nortel". Reuters.
  117. ↑ Standing committee on Finance hearings
  118. ↑ Superior Court of Justice – Ontario Endorsement
  119. ↑ "Senate kills bill that would help disabled Nortel workers". CTV News. December 9, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  120. ↑ Systemic Failure of Employer Sponsored Disability Insurance
  121. ↑ Minsky LLP, Koskie. "Nortel Networks Corporation – Developments". Kmlaw.ca. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  122. ↑ Erman, Boyd (March 13, 2007). "Ex-Nortel CEO John Roth says he's cleared – The Globe and Mail". The Globe and Mail (Toronto).
  123. ↑ "Unknown". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2011. (subscription required)
  124. ↑ "Nortel's Roth Rakes It In – Telecom News Analysis". Light Reading. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  125. ↑ "SEC Charges Four Former Senior Executives of Nortel". Sec.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  126. ↑ "Troubled Nortel boosts CEO's pay". Ottawa Citizen. February 29, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  127. ↑ "Nortel slashes 10% of workforce". National Post.
  128. ↑ "Nortel cuts another 3,200 workers worldwide with no severance pay". National Post. February 25, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  129. ↑ Teal, Kelly M. (July 17, 2009). "An Oral History: Inside Nortel's Meltdown". Xchangemag.com. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  130. ↑ "Nortel allots $92.3M for top staff". Ottawa Citizen.
  131. ↑ "Nortel wants to dump retirees". News and Observer. June 23, 2010.
  132. ↑ CBC News. December 17, 2009 http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2009/12/17/nortel-john-roth-lawsuits.html#ixzz17Fo2R8fU. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  133. ↑ Evans, Mark (December 18, 2009). "John Roth Wants Nortel’s Help!". Retrieved December 6, 2010.
  134. ↑ "Shareholders Blast Nortel – Telecom News Analysis". Light Reading. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  135. ↑ Nortel Networks Corporation (2009). "Nortel in Canada – Local Offices". Nortel Networks Corporation. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
  136. ↑ "Nortel Selects Toronto Location for New Global Headquarters" (Press release). Nortel Networks. December 20, 2005. Retrieved September 12, 2006.
  137. ↑ Nortel Networks (2008). "Nortel's Major Research & Development Locations". Retrieved September 4, 2008.
  138. ↑ Nortel Networks (2007). "Nortel Netaş". Retrieved August 8, 2007.
  139. ↑ Ernst & Young (February 23, 2010). "Supplement to the Thirty-Ninth Report of the Monitor" (PDF). p. 28. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  140. ↑ Nortel Networks (September 30, 2006). "United States SEC filing, 2006 Third Quarter Form 10-Q" (PDF). Retrieved November 12, 2006.
  141. ↑ Nortel Networks (March 31, 2007). "United States SEC filing, 2007 First Quarter Form 10-Q" (PDF). Retrieved June 26, 2007.
  142. ↑ Nortel Networks. "Nortel Announces Expanded Powers of Monitor under CCAA; Boards of Directors and Executive Officers Resign". Retrieved October 22, 2012.
  143. ↑ Nortel Networks. "Board of Directors". Retrieved October 23, 2006.
  144. ↑ Belson, Ken; Simon, Bernard (May 13, 2004). "Investors Are Taking Long, Hard Look at Nortel's Board". New York Times.
  145. ↑ Nortel. "Nortel's Past Leadership".
  146. ↑ "Profile: Jean C. Monty". Forbes.

Bibliography

External links