Nonconformist
"Nonconformist" or "Non-conformist" was a term used in England and Wales after the Act of Uniformity 1662 to refer to a Protestant Christian who did not "conform" to the governance and usages of the established Church of England. English Dissenters (such as Puritans) who violated the Act of Uniformity 1559 may retrospectively be considered Nonconformists, typically by practising or advocating radical, sometimes separatist, dissent with respect to the established state church. By the late 19th-century the term included Reformed Christians (Presbyterians and Congregationalists), Baptists, and Methodists, among other groups. Historically, Nonconformists were restricted from many spheres of public life.
Origins
The Act of Uniformity 1662 required the use of all the rites and ceremonies in the Book of Common Prayer in church services.[1] It also required episcopal ordination for all ministers. As a result, nearly 2,000 clergymen were "ejected" from the established church for not conforming to the provisions of the Act.[1] Subsequently, a Nonconformist was an English subject belonging to any non-Anglican church or to a non-Christian religion. A person who also advocated religious liberty may be more narrowly considered as such.[2]
Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, and those less organized were considered Nonconformists at the time of the 1662 Act of Uniformity. Later, as other groups formed, they were also considered Nonconformists. These included Methodists, Unitarians, Quakers, Plymouth Brethren, English Moravians, and The Salvation Army.[3]
The term "dissenter" came into use particularly after the Act of Toleration (1689), which exempted nonconformists who had taken the oaths of allegiance from penalties for non-attendance at the services of the Church of England.[4]
The religious census of 1851 revealed that total Nonconformist attendance was very close to that of Anglicans. In most of the chief manufacturing areas, Nonconformists clearly outnumbered members of the Church of England.[5] Nonconformist chapel attendance significantly outnumbered Anglican church attendance in Wales by 1850.[6]
The different Nonconformists campaigned together against the Test and Corporation Acts that had been passed by Parliament in the 17th century.[5] These acts excluded Nonconformists from holding civil or military office. Attendance at an English university had required conformity to the Church of England before University College London (UCL) was founded, compelling Nonconformists to fund their own Dissenting Academies privately.
The Tories in the House of Commons tended to be in favour of these acts and so the Nonconformist cause was linked closely to the Liberal Party, who advocated civil and religious liberty.[5] After the Test and Corporation Acts were repealed in 1828, all the Nonconformists elected to Parliament were Liberals.[5]
Nonconformists were angered by the Education Act 1902, which integrated denominational schools into the state system and provided for their support from taxes. John Clifford formed the National Passive Resistance Committee and by 1906 over 170 Nonconformists had gone to prison for refusing to pay school taxes.[7][8] They included 60 Primitive Methodists, 48 Baptists, 40 Congregationalists, and 15 Wesleyan Methodists.
Today
Today, Protestant churches independent of the Anglican Church of England or the Presbyterian Church of Scotland are often called "free churches", meaning they are free from state control. This term is used interchangeably with "Nonconformist". In Scotland, the Anglican Scottish Episcopal Church is considered Nonconformist (despite its English counterpart's status) and in England, the United Reformed Church, principally a union of Presbyterians and Congregationalists, is in a similar position.
In Wales the strong traditions of Nonconformism can be traced to the Welsh Methodist revival; Wales effectively had become a Nonconformist country by the mid-19th century. The influence of Nonconformism in the early part of the 20th century, boosted by the 1904–1905 Welsh Revival, led to the disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Wales in 1920 and the formation of the Church in Wales. The term has also been used to refer to ghair muqallid Muslims.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Choudhury 2005, p. 173
- ↑ Reynolds 2003, p. 267
- ↑ "Nonconformist (Protestant)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ↑ Cross 1997, p. 490
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Mitchell 2011, p. 547
- ↑ "Religion in 19th and 20th century Wales". BBC History. BBC. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ↑ Mitchell 2011, p. 66
- ↑ "Dr. Clifford and Passive Resistance". The Tablet. 20 February 1909. p. 35.
- ↑ Encyclopedeia of Eminent Thinkers - Page 38, K. S. Bharathi - 1998
Bibliography
- Choudhury, Bibhash (2005), English Social and Cultural Histor: An Introductory Guide and Glossary (2. print. ed.), PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, ISBN 8120328493
- Cross, F.L. (1997), E.A. Livingstone, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press
- Davies, Gwyn (2002), A light in the land: Christianity in Wales, 200–2000, Bridgend: Bryntirion Press, ISBN 1-85049-181-X
- Mitchell, Sally (2011), Victorian Britain An Encyclopedia., London: Taylor & Francis Ltd, ISBN 0415668514
- Reynolds, Noel Beldon (2003), Cole Durham, ed., Religious liberty in Western thought, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, ISBN 0802848532
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