Niobium-titanium

Niobium-titanium (NbTi) is an alloy of niobium and titanium, used industrially as a type II superconductor wire for superconducting magnets,[1] normally as Nb-Ti fibres in an aluminium or copper matrix.

Its critical temperature is 10 kelvin[2] and can remain superconductive until about 15 tesla.

It cannot withstand magnetic field intensity as high as the more expensive (and harder to use) niobium-tin, but for applications with fields of <9 Tesla it generally is sufficient.

In 1962 the superior high-critical-magnetic-field, high-critical-supercurrent-density properties of Nb-Ti were discovered by T.G. Berlincourt and R.R. Hake, then at Atomics International. Those properties, together with affordability and easy workability, distinguish Nb-Ti alloys from thousands of other superconductors and justify their status as workhorse superconductors.[3]

Notable uses

Superconducting magnets

A bubble chamber at Argonne National Laboratory has a 4.8 meter diameter Nb-Ti magnet producing a magnetic field of 1.8 tesla.[4]

About 1000 NbTi SC magnets were used in the 4 mile long main ring of the Tevatron accelerator at Fermilab.[5] The magnets were wound with 50 tons of copper cables containing 17 tons of NbTi filaments.[6] They operate at 4.5 K generating fields up to 4.5 tesla.

1999: The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider uses 1,740 NbTi SC 3.45 tesla magnets to bend beams in its 3.8 km double storage ring.[7]

In the Large Hadron Collider particle accelerator the magnets (containing 1200 tonnes of NbTi cable[8]) are cooled to 1.9 K to allow safe operation at fields of up to 8.3 T.

Niobium-titanium superconducting magnet coils (liquid helium cooled) were built to be used in the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer mission to be flown on the international space station. They were later replaced by non-superconducting magnets.

The experimental fusion reactor ITER uses Niobium-titanium for its poloidal field coils. In 2008 a test coil achieved stable operation at 52 kA and 6.4 Tesla.[9]

Nb-Ti wires coming out of an LHC dipole magnet

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.americanmagnetics.com/charactr.php AMI
  2. ↑ Flükiger, R.; Hariharan, S. Y.; Küntzler, R.; Luo, H. L.; Weiss, F.; Wolf, T.; Xu, J.Q. (1994). Flükiger, R.; Klose, W., eds. Nb-Ti. 21b2: Nb-H - Nb-Zr, Nd - Np (The Landolt-Börnstein Database ed.). SpringerMaterials. doi:10.1007/10423690_53. ISBN 3-540-57541-3.
  3. ↑ T.G. Berlincourt and R.R. Hake, “Pulsed-Magnetic-Field Studies of Superconducting Transition Metal Alloys at High and Low Current Densities,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. II 7 408 (1962) and T.G. Berlincourt, “Emergence of Nb-Ti as Supermagnet Material,” Cryogenics 27, 283 (1987)
  4. ↑ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/solids/scmag.html
  5. ↑ http://supercon.lbl.gov/SuperconDocuments/SSC-MAG-81-1986.pdf
  6. ↑ http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/test-tm/0000/fermilab-tm-0763.pdf The Tevatron 1978
  7. ↑ http://www.bnl.gov/magnets/RHIC/RHIC.asp
  8. ↑ http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0953-2048/23/3/034001/
  9. ↑ "Milestones in the History of the ITER Project". iter.org. 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011. The test coil achieves stable operation at 52 kA and 6.4 Tesla