Nine Regrets

"Nine Regrets" (traditional Chinese: 九懷; simplified Chinese: 九怀; pinyin: Jiǔ huái or Jiǔ Huái; literally: "nine regrets" or "nine Huai (verses)") is the 11th of the 17 major sections of the ancient Chinese poetry collection Chu ci, also known as The Songs of the South or The Songs of Chu. The "Nine Regrets" consists of nine verses plus an envoi (luan), each individually titled, written according to the Han Dynasty literary revival style based upon the earlier (pre-Han) pieces in the Chu ci anthology. The "Nine Regrets" is one of the several collections of poems grouped under the title of "Nine" something-or-others, which do not necessarily consist of 9 pieces of poetry. One of the older of them, Jiu ge ("Nine Songs") consists of 11 individual pieces: "nine" in antiquity was often used as a synonym for "many", and in the context of the Chu ci generally refers to a musical arrangement with "nine" modal changes. (Hawkes, 2011 [1985]: 36-37) The "Nine Regrets" poems are attributed to the Shu poet Wang Bao (Chinese: 王褒; pinyin: Wáng Bāo) who flourished during the reign of Emperor Xuan (r. 74 BCE – BCE 49). (Hawkes, 2011 [1985]: 269-270)

Title

The Han era literary revival of the Chu ci style of poetry included the use of many historical allusions to the past events related to events which occurred during the existence of the Kingdom of Chu, which had been annexed by the state of Qin in BCE 223. These are events which are alluded to in the older Chu ci pieces, especially the Li Sao, which included the relationship between the "loyal minister" Qu Yuan who was "slandered at court", and thus, "lost the favor of his lord", King Huai of Chu. The Chinese characters in the title of the "Nine Regrets", in their traditional form are 九懷. In modern Chinese the character 九 means the quantity of 9, whereas anciently 九 was used more symbolically, representing some quality of 9: in this case a reference to the older sections of the Chu ci, such as the "Jiu Ge" (or, "Nine Songs"), which itself consists of 11 verses. The character 懷 may refer to huái, meaning "regret"; but, it is also the posthumous name used for King Huai of Chu (his given name, also Huai, was represented by the character 槐).

Verse form

The "Nine Regrets" poems are written in the Shijing song style; that is, quadruple meter, generally in rhyming quatrains.

References

Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2

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Jiu Huai

Chinese poetry

Major eras	Classical Chinese poetry Modern Chinese poetry

Poetry by dynasty	Han poetry Jian'an poetry Six Dynasties poetry Tang poetry Song poetry Yuan poetry Ming poetry Qing poetry

Poetry works and collections	Classic of Poetry Chuci New Songs from the Jade Terrace Nineteen Old Poems Quan Tangshi Three Hundred Tang Poems Wangchuan ji Wen Xuan Zhuying ji

Major forms	ci fu shi qu yuefu

Individual poems list	Chinese poems (category list) List of poems (article)

Modern compilations	Sunflower Splendor: Three Thousand Years of Chinese Poetry The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature

Nine Regrets

Title

Verse form

See also

References