Nikolay Przhevalsky

"Przhevalsky" redirects here. For the inhabited localities in Russia, see Przhevalsky (inhabited locality).
Nikolay Przhevalsky
Born Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky
April 12, 1839
Smolensk, Russian Empire (Now Russia)
Died November 1, 1888 (aged 49)
Karakol, Russian Empire (Now Kyrgyzstan)
Nationality Russian[1]
Occupation explorer, geographer
Known for exploration of Central Asia
Awards Vega Medal (1884)
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Nikolay Przhevalsky

Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky[nb 1] (Russian: Никола́й Миха́йлович Пржева́льский; April 12 [O.S. March 31] 1839 – November 1 [O.S. October 20] 1888) was a Russian geographer[1] and a renowned explorer of Central and East Asia. Although he never reached his ultimate goal, the holy city of Lhasa in Tibet, he traveled through regions then unknown to the West, such as northern Tibet (modern Tibet Autonomous Region), Amdo (now Qinghai) and Dzungaria (now northern Xinjiang).[2] He contributed significantly to European knowledge of Central Asia and was the first known European to describe the only extant species of wild horse,[3] which is named after him: Przewalski's horse.

Biography

Przhevalsky was born in Smolensk into a noble polonized Belarusian family (Polish name is Przewalski), and studied there and at the military academy in St. Petersburg. In 1864, he became a geography teacher at the military school in Warsaw.

In 1867, Przhevalsky successfully petitioned the Russian Geographical Society to be dispatched to Irkutsk, in central Siberia. His intention was to explore the basin of the Ussuri River, a major tributary of the Amur on the Russian-Chinese frontier. This was his first expedition of importance. It lasted two years, after which Przhevalsky published a diary of the expedition under the title, Travels in the Ussuri Region, 1867-69.

Further expeditions

In the following years he made four journeys to Central Asia:

During his expedition, the Dungan Revolt (1862–77) was raging in China.[5] The journey provided the General Staff with important intelligence on a Muslim uprising in the kingdom of Yaqub Beg in western China, and his lecture to the Russian Imperial Geographical Society was received with "thunderous applause" from an overflow audience. The Russian newspaper Golos Prikazchika called the journey "one of the most daring of our time".[6]

The results of these expanded journeys opened a new era for the study of Central Asian geography as well as studies of the fauna and flora of this immense region that were relatively unknown to his Western contemporaries. Among other things, he reported on the wild population of Bactrian camels as well as the Przewalski's horse and Przewalski's gazelle, named after him. Przhevalsky's writings include five major books written in Russian and two English translations: Mongolia, the Tangut Country (1875) and From Kulja, Across the Tian Shan to Lob-Nor (1879).

Przhevalsky died of typhus not long before the beginning of his fifth journey, at Karakol on the shore of Issyk Kul in present-day Kyrgyzstan. He contracted typhoid from the Chu River, which was acknowledged as being infected with the disease.[8][9] The Tsar immediately changed the name of the town to Przhevalsk. There are monuments to him, and a museum about his life and work, there and another monument in St. Petersburg.

Less than a year after his premature death, Mikhail Pevtsov succeeded Przhevalsky at the head of his expedition into the depths of Central Asia. Przhevalsky's work was also continued by his young disciple Pyotr Kozlov.

Monument to Nikolay Przhevalsky in the Alexander Garden, Saint Petersburg

There is another place named after Przhevalsky: he had lived in a small village called Sloboda, Smolensk Oblast, Russia from 1881-7 (except the period of his travels) and he apparently loved it. The village was renamed after him in 1964 and is now called Przhevalskoye. There is a memorial complex there that includes the old and new houses of Nikolay Przhevalsky, his bust, pond, garden, birch alleys, and khatka (a lodge, watch-house). This is the only museum of the famous traveler in Russia.

Przhevalsky is commemorated by the plant genus Przewalskia (Solanaceae) Maxim. His name is eponymic with more than 80 plant species as well.

Accusations of imperialism and racism

According to David Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye's assessment, Przhevalsky's books on Central Asia feature his disdain for the "Oriental"— particularly Chinese civilization. Przhevalsky explicitly portrayed Chinese people as cowardly, dirty and lazy in his metaphor, "the blend of a mean Moscow pilferer and a kike", in all respects inferior to Western culture.[10] He purportedly argued that imperial China's hold on its northern territories, in particular Xinjiang and Mongolia, was tenuous and uncertain, and Przhevalsky openly called for Russia's annexation of bits and pieces of China's territory.[11] Przhevalsky said one should explore Asia "with a carbine in one hand, a whip in the other."[12]

Przhevalsky, as well as other contemporary explorers including Sven Hedin, Sir Francis Younghusband, and Sir Aurel Stein, were active players in the British-Russian struggle for influence in Central Asia, the so-called Great Game.[12]

Here you can penetrate anywhere, only not with the Gospels under your arm, but with money in your pocket, a carbine in one hand and a whip in the other. Europeans must use these to come and bear away in the name of civilisation all these dregs of the human race. A thousand of our soldiers would be enough to subdue all Asia from Lake Baykal to the Himalayas....Here the exploits of Cortez can still be repeated.
—Nikolay Przhevalsky on Asia

Przhevalsky's racism extended to non-Chinese Asians as well, describing the Tajik Yaqub Beg in a letter as follows, "Yakub Beg is the same shit as all feckless Asiatics. The Kashgarian empire isn't worth a kopek."[13][14][15] Przhevalsky also claimed Yaqub was "Nothing more than a political impostor," and also disdained the Muslim subjects of Yaqub Beg in Kashgar, claiming that they "constantly cursed their government and expressed their desire to become Russian subjects. [...] The savage Asiatic clearly understands Russian power is the guarantee for prosperity." These statements were made in a report in which Przhevalsky recommended that Russian troops occupy the Kashgarian emirate, but the Russian government took no action, and China recaptured Kashgar. Przhevalsky's dreams of taking land from China did not materialize.[16]

Przhevalsky not only disdained Chinese ethnic groups, he also viewed the eight million non-Chinese peoples of Tibet, Turkestan, and Mongolia as uncivilized, evolutionarily backwards people who needed to be freed from Chinese rule. Przhevalsky reportedly killed a number of Tibetan nomads.[17]

Przevalsky proposed Russia provoke rebellions of the Buddhist and Muslim peoples in these areas of China against the Chinese regime, start a war with China, and, with a small number of Russian troops, wrest control of Turkestan from China.[18]

Personal life

Przhevalsky is known to have had a personal relationship with Tasya Nuromskaya, whom he met in Smolensk. According to one legend, during their last meeting Nuromskaya cut off her braid and gave it to him, saying that the braid would travel with him until their marriage. She died of a sunstroke while Przhevalsky was on an expedition.[19]

Another woman in Przhevalsky's life was a mysterious young lady whose portrait, along with a fragment of poetry, was found in Przhevalsky's album. In the poem, she asks him to stay with her and not to go to Tibet, to which he responded in his diary: "I will never betray the ideal, to which is dedicated all of my life. As soon as I write everything necessary, I will return to the desert...where I will be much happier than in gilded salons that can be acquired by marriage".[19][20]

Some researchers have claimed that Przhevalsky was a homosexual, who "despised women",[21][22][23][24] and that his young male assistants that accompanied him on each of his journeys (including Nikolay Yagunov, aged 16, Mikhail Pyltsov, Fyodor Eklon, 18, and Yevgraf), could have been his lovers[25][26][27][28]

Myth

There is an urban legend that Joseph Stalin was an illegitimate son of Nikolay Przhevalsky.[29][30] The legend is based on the facial similarity of both men. However, Przhevalsky's visits to Georgia are not recorded. A humorously developed version of this legend appears in The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin (Book Three) by Vladimir Voinovich.

References

  1. ↑ Also transliterated Przewalski (Polish-style) and Prjevalsky, pronounced [prʐɛˈvalʲskʲi]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky Encyclopaedia Britannica
  2. ↑ Luce Boulnois, Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants, 2005, Odyssey Books, p. 415 ISBN 962-217-721-2
  3. ↑ Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 304. ISBN 0671621300.
  4. ↑ Wood, Francis (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 165–169. ISBN 978-0-520-24340-8.
  5. ↑ Donald Rayfield (1976). The dream of Lhasa: the life of Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839-88) explorer of Central Asia. P. Elek. p. 42. ISBN 0-236-40015-0. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  6. ↑ Meyer & Blair Brysac, Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia (1999) at p229.
  7. ↑ Author August Strindberg, however, believed that Przhevalsky was preceded by Johan Gustaf Renat by almost two centuries. See August Strindberg, "En svensk karta över Lop-nor och Tarimbäckenet" (in Swedish)
  8. ↑ Elinor S. Shaffer (1994). Comparative Criticism: Volume 16, Revolutions and Censorship. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-521-47199-0. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  9. ↑ Donald Rayfield (2000). Anton Chekhov: a life. Northwestern University Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-8101-1795-9. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  10. ↑ See, e.g. Nikolay Przhevalsky, "Mongolia, The Tangut Country and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet", two volumes, translated by E. Delmar Morgan with introduction and notes by Colonel Henry Yule (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876, vol. 2, p. 24.
  11. ↑ David Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye, "Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan" (DeKalb, Il: Northern Illinois University Press, 2001), p. 34
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 David Nalle (June 2000). "Book Review — Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia". Middle East Policy (Washington, USA: Blackwell Publishers) VII (3). ISSN 1061-1924.
  13. ↑ Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 80. ISBN 0-8135-3533-6. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  14. ↑ Frances Wood (2004). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. University of California Press. p. 155. ISBN 0-520-24340-4. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  15. ↑ Lutz Kleveman (2004). The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia. Grove Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-8021-4172-2. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  16. ↑ Karl Ernest Meyer, Shareen Blair Brysac (2006). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. p. 233. ISBN 0-465-04576-6. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  17. ↑ Elinor S. Shaffer (1994). Comparative Criticism: Volume 16, Revolutions and Censorship. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-521-47199-0. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  18. ↑ Robert F. Aldrich (2003). Colonialism and homosexuality. Psychology Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-415-19615-9. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Vokrug sveta: The house of the great pathfinder (Russian)
  20. ↑ Yuri Senkevich, Alexander Shumilov (1987). They called the horizon (in Russian). Mysl.
  21. ↑ Donald Rayfield (2005). Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 0-375-75771-6. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  22. ↑ Igorʹ Semenovich Kon, James Riordan (1993). Sex and Russian society. Indiana University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-253-33201-X. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  23. ↑ Alyson Publications (1990). The Alyson almanac: a treasury of information for the gay and lesbian community. Alyson Publications. p. 143. ISBN 1-55583-019-6. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  24. ↑ Keith Stern (2009). Queers in history: the comprehensive encyclopedia of historical gays, lesbians and bisexuals, and transgenders. BenBella Books. p. 372. ISBN 1-933771-87-9. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  25. ↑ David Tuller (1997). Cracks in the Iron Closet: Travels in Gay and Lesbian Russia. University of Chicago Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-226-81568-4. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  26. ↑ Wayne R. Dynes (1992). History of homosexuality in Europe and America. Taylor & Francis. p. 168. ISBN 0-8153-0550-8. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  27. ↑ University of Colorado, Boulder. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado (Boulder campus). Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (1978). Arctic and alpine research, Volume 10. Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado. p. 146. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  28. ↑ Robert F. Aldrich (2003). Colonialism and homosexuality. Psychology Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-415-19615-9. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  29. ↑ Alexander Portnov Great pseudonym of Joseph Przhevalsky (Russian)
  30. ↑ Thoughts after the exhibition or who are you, Joseph Stalin
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