New York City Police Department

"NYPD" and "New York City Cops" redirect here. For other uses, see NYPD (disambiguation).
City of New York Police Department
Common name New York City Police Department
Abbreviation NYPD
The New York City Police Department patch, depicting the department logo.
The shield of the New York City Police Department (NYPD), with badge number "911".
Flag of the New York City Police Department
Motto Fidelis ad mortem
(English: "Faithful Unto Death")
Agency overview
Formed 1845
Employees 49,526 (2013) [1]
Annual budget $4.8 billion
Legal personality Governmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction* State of New York, U.S.
Map of City of New York Police Department's jurisdiction.
Size 468.9 square miles (1,214 km2)
Population 8,405,000 [2]
Legal jurisdiction New York City
General nature
Operational structure
Headquarters 1 Police Plaza
Police Commissioner responsible William J. Bratton
Agency executive James P. O'Neill[3], Chief of Department
Parent agency City Administrator's Office
Units
Boroughs
Facilities
Commands 77 Precincts
12 Transit Districts
9 Housing Police Service Areas
Police cars 8,839
Police boats 11
Helicopters 8
Horses 120
Dogs 31 German Shepherds
3 Bloodhounds
Website
www.NYC.gov
Footnotes
* Divisional agency: Division of the country, over which the agency has usual operational jurisdiction.

The New York City Police Department (NYPD or NYCPD), officially the City of New York Police Department, was established in 1845 and is the largest municipal police force in the United States,[4] having primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation within the five boroughs of New York City. The NYPD is one of the oldest police departments established in the United States, tracing its roots back to the first Dutch eight-man night watch in 1625, when New York City was New Amsterdam.[5]

The NYPD has a broad array of specialized services, including the Emergency Service Unit, canine, harbor patrol, air support, bomb disposal, counter-terrorism, criminal intelligence, anti-gang, anti-organized crime, narcotics, public transportation and public housing; the New York City Transit Police and New York City Housing Authority Police Department were fully integrated into the NYPD in 1995. According to the department, its mission is to "enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, and provide for a safe environment."

In June 2004, there were about 40,000 sworn officers plus several thousand civilian employees; in June 2005, the number of officers dropped to 35,000. As of December 2011, that figure increased slightly to over 36,600, helped by the graduation of a class of 1,500 from the New York City Police Academy. The NYPD's current authorized uniformed strength is 34,450.[6] There are also approximately 4,500 Auxiliary Police Officers, 5,000 School Safety Agents, 2,300 Traffic Enforcement Agents, and 370 Traffic Enforcement Supervisors currently employed by the department. The Patrolmen's Benevolent Association of the City of New York (NYC PBA), the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active and retired NYC police officers.

The NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in 11 foreign cities such as London, Paris, Madrid, Tel Aviv,[7] Hamburg, and Toronto.[8] In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since been established in other cities.

Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, some media and their own police cars by the nickname New York's Finest. The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan across the street from City Hall.[9] Its regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules.

NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units which assist with computer crime investigations. The NYPD runs a "Real Time Crime Center", essentially a large search engine and data warehouse operated by detectives to assist officers in the field with their investigations.[10] A Domain Awareness System, a joint project of Microsoft and NYPD, links thousands of closed-circuit television cameras, license plate readers, and other surveillance devices into an integrated system.[11]

History

The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system. In 1857, it was tumultuously replaced by a Metropolitan force, which consolidated many other local police departments in 1898. Twentieth-century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption.

The police were in charge of crowd control, so it had to deal with major riots that erupted in 1806, 1826, 1834, 1837, 1849, 1855, 1857, 1863, 1870, 1874, 1900 and later as well.[12]

Rank structure

This section discusses ranks of the NYPD as a whole. The School Safety Division, Traffic Control Division, Auxiliary Police Section and Police Academy have their own rank and grade structures despite being part of the NYPD and commanded by officers of the NYPD proper command structure.

Officers begin service with the rank of Probationary Police Officer, also referred to as P.P.O. or informally as a Probie. After successful completion of six months of Police Academy training and various academic, physical and tactical tests, officers graduate the Police Academy and are promoted to the rank of Police Officer, accompanied by its pay grade increase.

There are three career "tracks" in the NYPD: supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of 12 sworn titles, referred to as ranks. Promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion to the ranks of deputy inspector, inspector, deputy chief, assistant chief and chief are made at the discretion of the police commissioner, after successfully passing a series of civil service exams. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is determined by the current police labor contract, with the approval of the commissioner. The entry level appointment to detective is third grade or specialist. The commissioner may grant discretionary grades of first or second. These grades offer compensation roughly equivalent to that of supervisors. Specifically, a second grade detective's pay roughly corresponds to a sergeant's and a first grade detective's pay roughly corresponds to a lieutenant's. Detectives are police officers who have been given a more investigatory position but no official supervisory authority. A Detective First Grade still falls under the command of a sergeant or above. Just like detectives, sergeants and lieutenants can receive pay grade increases within their respective ranks.

Title Insignia Badge design Badge color Badge number Uniform
Chief of Department
Medallion with eagle and stars Gold, with silver stars No White shirt,
black peaked cap,
gold hat badge
Bureau Chief
Supervising Chief Surgeon
Assistant Chief
Assistant Chief Chaplain †
Assistant Chief Surgeon
Deputy Chief
Deputy Chief Chaplain †
District Surgeon
Medallion with eagle and star
Inspector
Chaplain †
Police Surgeon
Medallion with eagle Gold
Deputy Inspector
Laurels and crown with oak leaves
Captain
Laurels and crown
Lieutenant
Medallion
Sergeant
(sleeve)		 Shield with eagle Yes Navy blue shirt,
peaked cap,
gold hat badge
Detective (grades 3rd–1st) None Medallion
Police Officer Shield Silver Yes,
matching hat badge		 Navy blue shirt,
peaked cap,
silver hat badge with matching number
Probationary Police Officer
Recruit Officer Yes Slate grey,
black garrison cap
Cadet None

^ †: Uniform rank that has no police powers

There are two basic types of detective in the NYPD: detective-investigators and detective-specialists.

NYPD officers from the Emergency Service Unit (ESU) in June 2009.
A NYPD police boat patrolling the East River

Detective-Investigators are the type most people associate with the term "detective" and are the ones most frequently portrayed on television and in the movies. Most police officers gain their detective title by working in the Narcotics Division of the Organized Crime Control Bureau and are then moved to the Detective Bureau. Detectives assigned to squads are co-located within each precinct and are responsible for investigating murders, rapes, robberies, burglaries and other crimes within that precinct's boundaries. Other detective-investigators are assigned to specialized units at either the major command or citywide level, investigating terrorist groups, organized crime, narcotics dealing, extortion, bias crimes, political corruption, kidnappings, major frauds or thefts committed against banks or museums, police corruption, contractor fraud and other complex, politically sensitive or high-profile cases. A squad of detective-investigators is also assigned to each of the city's five district attorneys' offices. (Arsons are investigated by The Arson and Explosion Squad as well as fire marshals, who are part of the New York City Fire Department.)

Promotion from Police Officer to Detective-Investigator is based on investigative experience. Typically, a Police Officer who is assigned to investigative work for 18 months will be designated "Detective-Investigator" and receive the gold shield and pay increase commensurate with that designation. In the recent past, however, there has been controversy over the budget-conscious department compelling police officers to work past the 18 months without receiving the new title.

Newly appointed detectives start at Detective Third Grade, which has a pay rate roughly between that of Police Officer and Sergeant. As they gain seniority and experience, they can be "promoted" to Detective Second-Grade, which has a pay grade slightly less than sergeants. Detective First-Grade is an elite designation for the department's most senior and experienced investigators and carries a pay grade slightly less than Lieutenants. All these promotions are discretionary on the part of the Commissioner and can be revoked if warranted. And while senior detectives can give directions to junior detectives in their own squads, not even the most senior detective can lawfully issue orders to even a junior patrol officer. All Detective grades still fall under the "chain of command" of the supervisory ranks beginning with Sergeant through Chief of Department. Detectives, like Police Officers, are eligible to take the promotional civil service exams for entry into the supervisory ranks.

A lieutenant (white shirt) debriefing officers at Times Square in May 2010.

While carrying with them increased pay and prestige, none of these Detective grades confer on the holder any supervisory authority. Contrary to some media portrayals, there is no specific rank of "Detective Sergeant" or "Detective Lieutenant". Lieutenants and Sergeants are assigned to oversee Detective squads as Supervisors, and are responsible for all investigations.

There is a small percentage of Lieutenants and Sergeants who work as Investigative Supervisors (approximately equal to 10% of their respective ranks) and are granted the prestigious pay grade designations of "Sergeant—Supervisor Detective Squad" (SDS), or Lieutenant—Commander Detective Squad (CDS) therefore assuming full Investigative command responsibility as opposed to operational supervision. Their pay grade rises to an approximate midpoint between their normal rank and the next highest rank's pay grade, and similar to a Detective's "grade", is also a discretionary promotion. This pay grade designation is achieved by assignment to Investigative units, i.e. Detective Bureau, Internal Affairs Bureau, Counter-Terrorism Bureau, Intelligence Bureau, and Organized Crime Control Bureau. Lieutenants and Sergeants in non-investigatory assignments can be designated Lieutenant-Special Assignment or Sergeant-Special Assignment, pay equivalent to their investigative counterparts.

"Detective-specialists" are a relatively new designation and one unique to the NYPD. In the 1980s, many detectives resented that some officers were being granted the rank of detective in order to give them increased pay and status, but were not being assigned to investigative duties. Examples included officers assigned as bodyguards and drivers to the mayor, police commissioner and other senior officials.

To remedy this situation, the rank of detective-specialist was created. These officers are typically found in specialized units because they possess a unique or esoteric skill the department needs, e.g., crime-scene tech, sharpshooter, bomb technician, scuba instructor, helicopter instructor, sketch artist, etc. Like detective-investigators, detective-specialists start at third-grade and can be promoted to second- or first-grade status.

A NYPD motorcycle police officer speaks with a passerby in 2008.

The Department is administered and governed by the Police Commissioner, who is appointed by the Mayor. Technically, the commissioner serves a five-year term; as a practical matter, the commissioner serves at the Mayor's pleasure. The commissioner in turn appoints numerous deputy commissioners. The commissioner and his subordinate deputies are civilians under an oath of office and are not uniformed members of the force who are sworn officers of the law. However, a police commissioner who comes up from the uniformed ranks retains that status while serving as police commissioner. This has ramifications for their police pensions and the fact that any police commissioner who is considered sworn does not need a pistol permit to carry a firearm, and does retain the statutory powers of a police officer. Some police commissioners (like Ray Kelly) do carry a personal firearm, but they also have a full-time security detail from the Police Commissioner's (Detective) Squad.

A First Deputy Police Commissioner may have a security detail when he/she acts as commissioner or under other circumstances as approved by the police commissioner.

Commissioner titles:

Title Insignia
Police Commissioner
First Deputy Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner

These individuals are administrators who supersede the Chief of Department, and they usually specialize in areas of great importance to the Department, such as counterterrorism, operations, training, public information, legal matters, intelligence, and information technology. Despite their role, as civilian administrators of the Department, deputy commissioners are prohibited from taking operational control of a police situation (the Commissioner and the First Deputy Commissioner may take control of these situations, however).

Within the rank structure, there are also designations, known as "grades", that connote differences in duties, experience, and pay. However, supervisory functions are generally reserved for the rank of sergeant and above.

Badges in the New York City Police Department are referred to as "shields" (the traditional term), though not all badge designs are strictly shield-shaped. Every rank has a different badge design (with the exception of Police Officer and Probationary Police Officer), and upon change in rank officers receive a new badge. Lower-ranked police officers are identified by their shield numbers, and tax registry number. Lieutenants and above do not have shield numbers and are identified by tax registry number. All sworn members of the NYPD have their ID card photos taken against a red background. Civilian employees of the NYPD have their ID. card photos taken against a blue background, signifying that they are not commissioned to carry a firearm. All ID cards have an expiration date.

Medals

The NYPD presents medals to its members (upon request and a self-initiated write-up) for meritorious service.

One Police Plaza, headquarters of the New York City Police Department in Lower Manhattan.

Organization and structure

Office of the Chief of Department

The Chief of Department serves as the senior sworn uniformed member of the NYPD.[13] James P. O'Neill is the 38th individual to hold the post, which prior to 1973 was known as the Chief of Operations and before that as Chief Inspector.[14]

Bureaus

The Department is divided into nine bureaus, six of which are enforcement bureaus. Each enforcement bureau is sub-divided into sections, divisions, and units, and into patrol boroughs, precincts, and detective squads. Each Bureau is commanded by a Bureau Chief (such as the Chief of Patrol and the Chief of Housing). There are also a number of specialized units (such as the Operations Unit and Compstat) that are not part of any of the Bureaus and report to the Chief of the Department.

Personnel

NYPD graduation ceremony in Madison Square Garden, July 2005.

Crime prevention

Domain Awareness System

In August 2008, the Lower Manhattan Security Initiative in a partnership between the New York Police Department and Microsoft began the Domain Awareness System to monitor New York City.[15] The program allowed the department to track surveillance targets and gain detailed information about them. The system is connected to 3,000 or more video cameras around New York City as well as check radiological and nuclear detectors onboard helicopters, trucks and boats as well as detectors on police officers' gun belts that were so sensitive that people who have had medical procedures may trigger them. Lower Manhattan now includes thousands of surveillance cameras that can identify shapes and sizes of unidentified "suspicious" packages and can track people within seconds using descriptions such as "someone wearing a red shirt". In 2009, an extension into Midtown Manhattan was announced[16] and by 2012 the program was fully implemented.

The system was also licensed out to other cities with New York City getting 30% of the profits.[17] The system's development costs were estimated at $40 million.[18]

This system was highlighted in a May 2013 episode of PBS' Nova on tracking the Boston Marathon Bombers.[19]

Demographics

As of the end of 2010, 53% of the entire 34,526-member police force were white and 47% were members of minority groups. Of 22,199 officers on patrol, 53% (11,717) were black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American, and 47% (10,482) were non-Hispanic white. Of 5,177 detectives, 57% (2,953) were white and 43% (2,224) were people of color. Of 4,639 sergeants, 61% (2,841) were white and 39% (1,798) were minorities. Of 1,742 lieutenants, 76% (1,323) were white and 24% (419) were people of color. Of 432 captains, 82% (356) were white and 18% (76) were minorities. Of 10 chiefs, 7 were white and 3 were people of color. In 2002, whites accounted for 60% of members in the rank of police officer. Between 2002 and 2010, the number of minorities in top-tier positions in the force increased by about 4.5%.[20]

Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB)

The Civilian Complaint Review Board is an all-civilian, 13-member panel tasked with investigating misconduct or lesser abuse accusations against NYPD officers, including use of excessive force, abuse of authority, discourtesy and offensive language. Complaints against officers may be filed online, by US mail, by phone or in person at any NYPD station.[21]

Controversies and misconduct (corruption or brutality)

NYPD officer at a New York Yankees game

The history of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) has included thousands of documented cases of police misconduct (corruption or brutality) by its officers. Over 12,000 such cases have resulted in lawsuit settlements totaling over $400 million just during a five year period ending in 2014. Any misconduct must be called "alleged" if it did not result in a criminal conviction of the accused officer.[22]

Affiliations

The NYPD is affiliated with the New York City Police Foundation and the New York City Police Museum. It also runs a Youth Police academy to provide positive interaction with police officers and to educate young people about the challenges and responsibility of police work. The department also provides a citizen Police Academy which educates the public on basic law and policing procedures.

Line of duty deaths

According to the Officer Down Memorial Page, NYPD has lost 814 officers in the line of duty since 1806, the most recent officers having been lost on December 20, 2014.[23] This figure includes officers from agencies that were absorbed by or became a part of the modern NYPD in addition to the modern department itself. This number also includes officers killed on and off duty by gunfire of other officers on duty. The NYPD lost 23 officers in the September 11, 2001 attacks, not including another 31 who died of illnesses related to the attacks.[24]

Type Number
9/11 related illness[25] 31
Accidental 10
Aircraft accident 7
Animal related 17
Asphyxiation 2
Assault 31
Automobile accident 51
Bicycle accident 4
Boating accident 5
Bomb 2
Drowned 12
Duty related illness 10
Electrocuted 5
Explosion 8
Exposure 1
Fall 12
Fire 15
Gunfire 325
Gunfire (accidental) 24
Heart attack 44
Motorcycle accident 36
Stabbed 24
Struck by streetcar 7
Struck by train 5
Struck by vehicle 37
Structure collapse 3
Terrorist attack 23
Vehicle pursuit 12
Vehicular assault 20
Total 863

Vehicles

Ford Crown Victoria
 United States (origin)
 Canada (manufacture)

 Ford Police Interceptor Sedan[26][27]
 United States

 Chevrolet Impala
 United States (origin)
 Canada (manufacture)

 Ford Fusion Hybrid
 United States (origin)
 Mexico (manufacture)

Nissan Altima
 Japan (origin)
 United States (manufacture)

 Dodge Charger
 United States (origin)
 Canada (manufacture)

  • Highway patrol
 Toyota Prius
 Japan

  • Traffic enforcement
 Chevrolet Volt
 United States

  • Traffic enforcement
Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon
 United States

 Ford Explorer Special Service Vehicle
 United States

  • Patrol and Traffic Enforcement
 Ford Escape Hybrid
 United States

  • Patrol and Traffic Enforcement
Westward Go-4 Interceptor
 Canada

 Cushman
 United States

Lenco Peacekeeper
 United States

 Lenco BearCat
 United States

  • Armored vehicle
  • five in use by the ESU
 Modified Ford F-550
 United States

  • ESU Radio Emergency Patrol
 Mack
 United States

  • ESU Heavy Rescue Truck
Chevrolet van
 United States


  • Communications Division Command Post
AmTran body on Navistar International chassis
 United States

 TMC/Nova Bus RTS
 United States

 Orion V Suburban
 Canada (origin)
 United States (manufacture)

 Modified Blue Bird All American
 United States

  • Mobile command post
AgustaWestland AW119

 United Kingdom &  Italy

 Bell Helicopter Bell 412EP
 United States

Ford E-Series
 United States

 Modified Hummer H1
 United States

  • Disorder Control Unit vehicle
 John Deere Gator
 United States

Vehicles also include police motorcycles.

Firearms

On duty

New NYPD officers are allowed to select one of three 9mm service pistols: the SIG Sauer P226 DAO, Glock 19, and Smith & Wesson 5946.[28] All are modified to a 12-pound (53 N) NY-2 trigger pull.[29] Officers who purchased revolvers prior to the transition to semi-automatic pistols on January 1, 1994, are "grandfathered" and if so can choose to continue to carry a revolver as a duty weapon.

Shotgun-certified officers were authorized to carry Ithaca 37 shotguns, which are being phased out by newer Mossberg 590s. Officers and detectives belonging to special investigative units and NYPD's Emergency Service Unit[30] are armed with a range of select-fire weapons and long guns, such as the Colt M4A1 (LE6921HB) carbine and similar-pattern AR-15 rifles, Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, and the Remington Model 700 bolt-action rifle.

Off duty MOS

The firearms approved by the NYPD for off duty carry are the Glock 26, Smith & Wesson 3914 DAO, Smith & Wesson 3953TSW, Smith & Wesson Model 640 (.38 revolver), SIG Sauer P239 DAO and the Beretta 8000D Mini Cougar. Along with those weapons, NYPD officers may also carry their authorized on-duty firearms while off duty.[31]

Retired

From 1926 until 1986 the standard weapons of the department were the Smith & Wesson Model 10 and the Colt Official Police .38 Special revolvers with four-inch barrels. Prior to 1994 the standard weapon of the NYPD was the Smith & Wesson Model 64 DAO (Double Action Only) .38 Special revolver with three or four inch barrels. This type of revolver was called the Model NY-1 by the department.

Prior to the issuing of the 9mm semi-automatic pistol NYPD Detectives and plain clothes officers often carried the Colt Detective Special and/or the Smith & Wesson Model 36 "Chief's Special" .38 Special caliber snub-nosed (2-inch) barrel revolvers for their easiness to conceal while dressed in civilian clothes.

The Kahr K9 9 mm pistol was an approved off-duty/backup weapon from 1998 to 2011. It was pulled from service because it could not be modified to a 12-pound NY-2 trigger pull.

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ↑ "FBI — Table 78". FBI.
  2. ↑ Mar 27, 2014 (2014-03-27). "New York City Population Hits Record High - Metropolis - WSJ". Blogs.wsj.com. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  3. ↑ "Chief O'Neill biography at NYPD website". Nyc.gov. 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  4. ↑ "Bureau of Justice Statistics - Appendix table 1 - page 34" (PDF). Department of Justice. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  5. ↑ "History.com". History.com. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
  6. ↑ "NYPD - Frequently Asked Questions". Nyc.gov. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
  7. ↑ "Document shows NYPD eyed Shiites based on religion". Associated Press - Ap.org. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
  8. ↑ Hartmann, Margaret (2012-01-27). "NYPD Now Has an Israel Branch, New York Magazine". Nymag.com. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
  9. ↑ "Property Clerk." New York City Police Department". Nyc.gov. 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
  10. ↑ From database to crime scene
  11. ↑ NYPD launches new all-seeing 'Domestic Awareness System' RT News, 30 July 2012
  12. ↑ Eric H. Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 1860-1920 (2004)
  13. ↑ "NYPD Administration". nyc.gov.
  14. ↑ "NYPD - Administration". nyc.gov.
  15. ↑ "News from the Blue Room". The City of New York. Office of the Mayor. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  16. ↑ ""Ring of Steel" Coming to Midtown". WNYC. 4 October 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  17. ↑ Ungerleider, Neal (August 8, 2012). "NYPD, Microsoft Launch All-Seeing "Domain Awareness System" With Real-Time CCTV, License Plate Monitoring [Updated]". Fast Company. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  18. ↑ Long, Colleen (February 20, 2013). "NYPD, Microsoft Create Crime-Fighting 'Domain Awareness' Tech System". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  19. ↑ "Manhunt—Boston Bombers" (VIDEO). NOVA. PBS. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  20. ↑ El-Ghobashy, Tamer (January 7, 2011). "Minorities Gain in NYPD Ranks". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  21. ↑ "NYC Civilian Complaint Review Board". nyc.gov. nyc.gov. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
  22. ↑ "NYPD Cost Taxpayers Nearly a Half Billion in the Last 5 Years From Civil Rights Violations". thefreethoughtproject.com. thefreethoughtproject.com. Retrieved 2015-03-27.
  23. ↑ "The Officer Down Memorial Page".
  24. ↑ "9/11 by the Numbers". New York Magazine. September 11, 2002.
  25. ↑ "September 11, 2001". Nypdangels.com. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
  26. ↑ "Police Magazine". Policemag.com. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
  27. ↑ The Ford Motor Company (2012-02-08). "Ford’s All-New Police Interceptors Roll Off the Chicago Assembly Line, Purpose-Built to Protect and Serve | Ford Media Center". Media.ford.com. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
  28. ↑ "Training Bureau | Firearms & Tactics Section". nyc.gov. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
  29. ↑ Massad Ayoob (December 1999). "Trendy Guns Don't Sell Like The Classics". Shooting Industry.
  30. ↑ "NYPD's Elite E-Men". Tactical Life. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  31. ↑ Leghorn, Nick. (2012-08-27) NYPD's Choice of Firearm May Have Contributed to the Terrible Shooting

Further reading

External links

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