Nepal Bhasa journalism

Cover of Buddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa Vol. 5, No. 1 issue dated August 1929.

Nepal Bhasa journalism began in 1925 with the publication of the magazine Buddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa (Devanagari: बुद्ध धर्म व नॆपाल भाषा). It was the first ever magazine to be published in Nepal Bhasa. It was published from Kolkata, India by Dharmaditya Dharmacharya.[1]

Magazines

Dharmacharya (1902-1963) was the first Nepal Bhasa journalist. He was the editor and he also wrote many of the articles in Buddha Dharma wo Nepal Bhasa. It was published from India instead of Nepal as the Rana dynasty disapproved of any attempt to promote either the religion or the language.[2] [3]

Originally named Buddha Dharma, the magazine's editorial policy later expanded from publicizing Theravada Buddhism to developing Nepal Bhasa. In 1927, its name was changed to Buddha Dharma wo Nepal Bhasa (Buddha Dharma and Nepal Bhasa), and it began including creative works in Nepal Bhasa too. The magazine folded in 1930. Dharmacharya was born Jagat Man Vaidya in Lalitpur.[4]

Dharmodaya was a monthly magazine which launched in October 1947 in Kalimpong. It was published by Maniharsha Jyoti for Dharmodaya Sabha, an organization formed by Buddhist monks who had been expelled from Nepal in 1944 for promoting Theravada Buddhism.[5] [6] The first editors were monks Aniruddha and Mahanam Kobid. Dharmodaya had a major effect on standardizing the language. From 1949 to 1960, it was published from Kolkata. In 1977, the magazine was again published from Kalimpong with Bhaichand Pradhan as editor and Tara Upasak as publisher on behalf of Kalimpong Dharmodaya Sabha.

In 1951, Thaunkanhe (Nepal Bhasa: थौंकन्हे) (meaning "Nowadays"), the first Nepal Bhasa magazine to be published from Nepal, was launched. The monthly began publication on 21 May 1951 in Kathmandu and is still in print. The founding editor, deputy editor and publisher were Purna Kaji Tamrakar, Pushpa Ratna Sagar and Ratna Man Singh Tuladhar respectively.[7]

In 1952, a literary quarterly Nepal appeared, published by Nepal Bhasa Parisad (Nepal Bhasa Council). The first editor was Hridaya Chandra Singh Pradhan. It is one of the major publications that emerged during the post-democracy period.

Another early literary magazine was Jhee (Devanagari: झी) (meaning "We") which ran from 1958 to 1985. It was edited by Mohan Narayan and published by Nepal Bhasa Bikas Mandal (Nepal Bhasa Development Organization) from Kathmandu.[8]

Situ (Devanagari: सितु) (meaning "Holy Grass") was a bimonthly published from 1964-1991. It was a purely literary magazine. It was edited by Prem Bahadur Kansakar and published by Chwasa Pasa. Situ helped to launch a host of new writers.

Newspapers

Scan of Biswabhumi daily dated 2 June 1999.

The first daily newspaper in Nepal Bhasa was Nepal Bhasa Patrika which was published from Kathmandu on 28 September 1955. The first editor was Phatte Bahadur Singh.[9] The daily ceased publication in 1983.

In 1953, a weekly named Pasa (Devanagari: पासा) (meaning "Friend") appeared. It was published by Chwasa Pasa ("Pen Friend"), a literary organization. Chwasa Pasa was formed in Kolkata in 1950 by exiled writers Prem Bahadur Kansakar and Madan Lochan Singh. After the Rana regime was pulled down and democracy established in 1951, the organization relocated to Kathmandu. In 1957, Pasa was published as a daily for three months when Krishna Chandra Singh Pradhan was the editor.[10]

In 1983, a weekly newspaper Rajamati (Devanagari: राजमति) was published from Lalitpur. It was brought out by Dharma Ratna Shakya, and was originally published in the Nepali language.

Inap (Devanagari: इनाप) appeared the same year, edited and published by Krishna Sundar Malla (Malla K. Sundar). It helped to create a new generation of journalists and was influential in arousing language awareness among Nepal Bhasa speakers.[11] Inap (meaning "Appeal") was in publication from 1983 till 1996.

Biswabhumi, an eveninger formerly published in the Nepali language, began publication in Nepal Bhasa in 1987. Edited by Ashok Shrestha, it was the first evening daily in Nepal. During the 1990 People's Movement for democracy, it gained massive popularity for its coverage of breaking news. The daily remained in publication till 1999.

Shrestha left Biswabhumi and brought out another eveninger named Nhugu Biswabhumi (meaning "New Biswabhumi") in 1992.[12]

Presently, there are five dailies, 12 weeklies and one biweekly being published in Nepal Bhasa.[13] All of them are published from the Kathmandu Valley, except for Hetauda Wapau, a weekly which is published from Hetauda.

Sandhya Times (daily),[14] Jheegu Swanigah (daily), Apsara, Desay Madu Jhyaa, Newa Post, Page 3 and Layaku are some of the major publications.

Radio and television

Radio broadcasting in Nepal Bhasa started on 18 January 1951 over Nepal Radio broadcasting from Biratnagar in eastern Nepal. The first newsreader was Gajadhar Bhakta.[15]

Nepal Radio[16] was the forerunner of the state-owned Radio Nepal which was set up in Kathmandu on 1 April 1951. Radio Nepal began broadcasting the news in Nepal Bhasa once a day soon after its establishment. In 1960, the station added a weekly program entitled Jeevan Dabu ("Life's Stage"). The 15-minute program was dedicated to music, literature and culture.

Following the abolition of the parliamentary system and establishment of the Panchayat system and its "one country, one language" policy,[17] the daily news bulletin was stopped on 13 April 1965.[18] [19] Jeevan Dabu was discontinued in 1971. The daily news program in Nepal Bhasa was revived after the reinstatement of democracy in 1990.[20]

In 2012, besides Radio Nepal, there were more than 15 private FM radio stations in the Kathmandu Valley and four national television networks broadcasting programs in Nepal Bhasa.

Foreign stations

Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation began broadcasting a weekly half-hour program in Nepal Bhasa on 6 November 1983.[21] The programme aired every Wednesday on its External Service. However, its opponents in Nepal pressured the radio station to shut it down. In 1966, All India Radio - Kurseong used to broadcast Nepal Bhasa songs during its Nepali service. The practice was stopped after similar opposition.[22]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ LeVine, Sarah and Gellner, David N. (2005) Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01908-9. Pages 27-28. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  2. ↑ Dietrich, Angela (1996). "Buddhist Monks and Rana Rulers: A History of Persecution". Buddhist Himalaya: A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  3. ↑ Hutt, Michael (December 1986). "Diversity and Change in the Languages". CNAS Journal (Tribhuvan University). Retrieved 13 January 2012. Page 10.
  4. ↑ Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: The History of Nepalbhasa Literature. Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. ISBN 99933-56-00-X. Page 96.
  5. ↑ Joshi, Bhuwan Lal and Rose, Leo E. (1966) Democratic innovations in Nepal: A case study of political acculturation. University of California Press. Page 244.
  6. ↑ Kloppenborg, Ria. "Theravada Buddhism in Nepal". Kailash. Retrieved 19 January 2012. Pages 306-307.
  7. ↑ Tamrakar, Purna Kaji (2004). "My Incomparable Friend: Kesar Lall Shrestha". Retrieved 14 December 2011. Page 81.
  8. ↑ Nepal Trading Corporation (1959). A Tourist Guide to Nepal. Delhi: Nepal Trading Corporation. Page 45.
  9. ↑ "History of Nepali Journalism". Nepal Press Institute. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  10. ↑ Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: The History of Nepalbhasa Literature. Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. ISBN 99933-56-00-X. Page 129.
  11. ↑ Shrestha, Bal Gopal (1995). "Nepalbhasaya Patrakarita: Mhigah, Thaum va Kanhay (Nepal Bhasa Journalism: Past, Present and Future)". In Memory of Maniharsha Jyoti (Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Parisad). Page 449.
  12. ↑ Shrestha, Bal Gopal (1995). "Nepalbhasaya Patrakarita: Mhigah, Thaum va Kanhay (Nepal Bhasa Journalism: Past, Present and Future)". In Memory of Maniharsha Jyoti (Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Parisad). Page 452.
  13. ↑ "Key political issues in Nepal’s transition". Reporting for All: Challenges for the Media in Nepal’s Democratic Transition. International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 12 January 2012. Page 5.
  14. ↑ Shrestha, Bal Gopal (January 1999). "The Newars: The Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modern State of Nepal)". CNAS Journal. Retrieved 23 March 2012. Page 101.
  15. ↑ Hridaya, Chittadhar (1982, third edition). Jheegu Sahitya ("Our Literature"). Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Parisad. Page 15.
  16. ↑ "History of radio broadcasting in Nepal". Radio Broadcasting in Nepal. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  17. ↑ Whelpton, John (2005). A History of Nepal. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780521804707. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  18. ↑ Hoek, Bert van den and Shrestha, Balgopal (January 1995). "Education in the Mother Tongue: The Case of Nepal Bhasa (Newari)". CNAS Journal. Retrieved 12 January 2012. Page 75.
  19. ↑ Hutt, Michael (December 1986). "Diversity and Change in the Languages". CNAS Journal (Tribhuvan University). Retrieved 2 February 2012. Page 10.
  20. ↑ "Key political issues in Nepal’s transition". Reporting for All: Challenges for the Media in Nepal’s Democratic Transition. International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 12 January 2012. Page 5.
  21. ↑ "Dakalay Nhapan". Bhintuna-Pau (Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala). 1993. Page 67.
  22. ↑ Inap. 22 February 1984. Missing or empty |title= (help) Page 1.