Neoptera
| Neopterans Temporal range: Late Carboniferous–Recent | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Honeybee (order Hymenoptera) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Branch: | Metapterygota |
| Infraclass: | Neoptera |
Neoptera is a classification group that includes most part of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way. Originally, the taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov, in the following classification:
Classification by Martynov 1923 and 1924): Pterygota division Palaeoptera order Odonata order Agnatha (correct name: Ephemeroptera) †order Dictyoneuridea †order Megasecoptera †order Protodonata †order Protephemeroidea division Neoptera subdivision Polyneoptera superorder Orthopteroidea order Orthoptera (correct name: Saltatoria) order Plecoptera order Dermaptera order Embioptera superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pandictyoptera) order Blattodea order Mantodea order Isoptera subdivision Paraneoptera superorder Hemiptera (correct name: Arthroidignatha) order Phytophtires (correct name: Plantisuga) order Auchenorrhyncha order Heteroptera subdivision Oligoneoptera The order Thysanoptera originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera.
Later, a number of other classifications had been proposed. According to various points of view, Neoptera is subordinated either directly to Pterygota (as in the Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:
1. Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878 1.1. Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890 1.2. Metapterygota Börner 1909 1.2.1. Odonata Fabricius 1793 1.2.2. Neoptera Martynov 1923
The most recent rank-free classification of Neoptera is the following (Kluge 2005, Kluge 2010, Kluge 2012):
1. Neoptera Martynov 1923 1.1. Idioprothoraca Kluge 2012 1.1.1. Embioptera Lameere 1900 1.1.2. Notoptera Crampton 1915 1.2. Rhipineoptera Kluge 2012 1.2.1. Plecoptera Burmeister 1839 1.2.2. Pandictyoptera Crampton 1917 1.2.3. Saltatoria Latreille 1817 1.2.4. Spectra Latreille 1802 = Phasmida 1.2.5. Dermatoptera Burmeister 1838 1.3. Eumetabola Hennig 1953 1.3.1. Parametabola Crampton 1838 = Paraneoptera Martynov 1923, s.l. 1.3.1.1. Zoraptera Silvestri 1913 1.3.1.2. Acercaria Börner 1904 1.3.1.2.1. Thysanoptera Haliday 1836 1.3.1.2.2. Arthroidignatha Spinola 1850 1.3.2. Metabola Burmeister 1832 = Oligoneoptera Martynov 1923 1.3.2.1. Elytrophora Packard 1883 1.3.2.1.1. Coleoptera auct. = Eleuterata Fabricius 1775 1.3.2.1.2. Strepsiptera Kirby 1813 1.3.2.2. Neuropteroidea Handlirsch 1903 1.3.2.2.1. Birostrata Kluge 2005 1.3.2.2.2. Rhaphidioptera Navas 1916 1.3.2.2.3. Meganeuroptera Crampton 1916 1.3.2.3. Panzygothoraca Kluge 2004 1.3.2.3.1. Hymenoptera Linnaeus 1758 1.3.2.3.2. Enteracantha Kluge 2010 (= "Mecoptera" + Aphaniptera) 1.3.2.3.3. Diptera Linnaeus 1758 1.3.2.3.4. Amphiesmenoptera Kiriakoff 1948 1.3.2.3.4.1. Trichoptera Kirby 1813 1.3.2.3.4.2. Lepidoptera Linnaeus 1758
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