Near-open central vowel

Near-open central vowel
ɐ
IPA number 324
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɐ
Unicode (hex) U+0250
X-SAMPA 6
Kirshenbaum &"
Braille ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)
Sound
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The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɐ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter a.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•əɵ̞
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
•aɶ
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic[1] قطة [qɪtˤ.tˤɐ] 'cat' Allophone of long and short /a/ for Persian Gulf speakers. See Arabic phonology
Bulgarian ъгъл [ˈɤ̞ɡɐɫ] 'angle'
Catalan Barcelona
metropolitan area[2][3] 		emmagatzemar [ɐm(ː)ɐɰɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä] 'to store' Local realization of /ə/.[2][3] See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese 心 sam1 [sɐm˥] 'heart' See Cantonese phonology
Danish Standard[4][5][6][7] ånd [ɐ̠nˀ] 'spirit' Somewhat retracted[4][5][6][7] and somewhat rounded.[7] Most often transcribed as /ʌ/. See Danish phonology
Dawsahak [nɐ] 'to give'
Dutch Limburg letter [ˈlɛtɐ] 'letter' Not all dialects. Corresponds to /ər/ in standard Dutch.
Eastern
Flemish Brabant
The Hague
Twente
English California[8] nut [nɐt] 'nut' ⟨ʌ⟩ may be used to transcribe this vowel. For most Australians it's fully open [ä], the same is true for some South Africans. In New Zealand it may be fronted [ɐ̟] or somewhat lower [ä].[9] See English phonology
Cultivated Australian
New Zealand[9][10]
Received Pronunciation[11]
South African
Scottish[12] stack [stɐ̟k] 'stack' Fronted; corresponds to [æ] in other dialects, and also [ɑː] in some other dialects.
Cockney[13][14] stuck 'stuck' Fronted; may be [a] instead.
Inland Northern American[15] bet [bɐt] 'bet' Variation of /ɛ/ used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift.
German Standard[16] oder  [ˈʔoːdɐ]  'or' Allophone of /ər/ used in many dialects. See German phonology
Greek[17] ακακία akakía [ɐkɐˈci.ɐ] 'acacia' Most often transcribed /a/ for simplicity. See Modern Greek phonology
Korean[18] 발 bal [pɐl] 'foot' Somewhat lowered. Typically transcribed as /a/. See Korean phonology
Lombard Sant [ˈsɐnt] 'saint'
Luxembourgish[19] Mauer [ˈmɑʊ̯ɐ̠] 'wall' Somewhat retracted. Allophone of word-final /əʀ/.
Portuguese Fluminense açúcar [ɐˈsukɐχ] 'sugar' In complementary distribution with /a/.[20] Raised to [ɜ̝] in other variants (where it is a phoneme). See Portuguese phonology
General Brazilian[20] cana [ˈkɐ̃n̪ɐ] 'cane'
European[21] pão [pɐ̃w̃] 'bread' Stressed vowel, mostly as a phonemic nasal vowel (when not followed by a nasal stop). Raised otherwise.
Romanian Moldavian dialects[22] bărbat [bɐrbat] 'man' Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[23] голова  [ɡəɫ̪ɐˈva]  'head' Occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Slovene Standard[24][25] brat [bɾɐ́t̪] 'brother' Corresponds to short /a/ in traditional pronunciation.[25] See Slovene phonology
Ukrainian дитина [dɪ'tɪnɐ] 'kid, child' Unstressed a. See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese ăn [ɐn] 'to eat' See Vietnamese phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 39.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Harrison (1997), pp. 2.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Grønnum (1998), pp. 100.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Grønnum (2005), pp. 268.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Grønnum (2003).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
  8. ↑ Ladefoged (1999), p. ?.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
  10. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  11. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 186.
  12. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  13. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 305.
  14. ↑ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
  15. ↑ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved March 15, 2013
  16. ↑ Mangold (2005), p. 37.
  17. ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 25.
  18. ↑ Lee (1999), p. 121.
  19. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
  21. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), pp. 91–92.
  22. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  23. ↑ Padgett & Tabain (2005), p. 16.
  24. ↑ Jurgec (2007), p. 2.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Jurgec (2005), pp. 9 and 12.

References