Nawaphon

The Nawaphon movement (Thai: ขบวนการนวพล, alternatively transcribed as Navapol, Nawapol, Nawaphol, translating to both "New Force" and "Ninth Force"[1]) was a Thai extreme right-wing[2] patriotic[3] and Buddhist[2] organization active during the country's short democratic phase in the mid-1970s.

It was set up by Wattana Kiewvimol in 1974. Wattana had been the head of the Thai Students Association in the United States, when studying at the Seton Hall University.[3] Nawaphon was supported by the Internal Security Operations Command of the Thai military[4] and the Ministry of Interior.[1] The group was said to have links to wealthy businessmen, politicians, the National Security Council and the Thai military intelligence.[2] Nawaphon rallied merchants, businessmen, and monks, that were opposed to social change and democracy, fearing for their possessions.[4] A notable supporter of the organization was the popular monk Kittiwuttho Bhikkhu, who infamously said that killing communists was not a sin.[5][6] The movement was opposed to parliamentary democracy and campaigned for the three principles Nation, Religion and Monarchy.[3] Nawaphon attracted considerable support due to the common feeling that these national principles were threatened by left-wing forces.[3] In the mid-1970s the movement was reported to have 500,000 followers. Nawaphon played a key role in the anti-leftist agitation that led to the Thammasat University massacre on 6 October 1976,[3] in which members of the organization were involved.[2] After the immediately following military coup re-establishing the military rule, Nawaphon's popularity diminished.[3]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2009), A History of Thailand, Cambridge University Press, p. 192
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Schmid, Alex P.; Jongman, Albert J. (2005), Political Terrorism, Transaction Publishers, p. 671
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Leifer, Michael (1995), "Nawaphon Movement", Dictionary of the Modern Politics of South-East Asia (Taylor & Francis): 118
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Puey Ungphakorn (1977), "Violence and the Military Coup in Thailand", Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 9 (3): 11, retrieved 27 January 2012
  5. ↑ Puey Ungphakorn (1977), "Violence and the Military Coup in Thailand", Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 9 (3): 4, doi:10.1080/14672715.1977.10406422, retrieved 27 January 2012
  6. ↑ Reuters (11 September 2007), Politics and religion mix for Asia's activist monks, Knight Chair in Media and Religion, USC Annenberg School for Communication