Myrmecia gulosa

Red bull ant
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Genus: Myrmecia
Species: M. gulosa
Binomial name
Myrmecia gulosa
(Fabricius, 1775)

The red bull ant (Myrmecia gulosa), also known as the giant bull ant or "hoppy joe", is a species of bulldog ant from the genus Myrmecia. It is abundant throughout Eastern Australia.

Taxonomy

The first Myrmecia gulosa specimen was collected in 1770 by Joseph Banks, making it one of the first Australian insects to be collected and described.

Description

As one of the largest of ant species, adult individuals have been observed to be as long as 15 mm to 30 mm in body length. The head and thorax are typically coloured red-brown; the rear half of the abdomen is black and the mandibles brown-yellow. Adults characteristically possess the long, powerful serrated mandibles and a venom-laced sting capable of causing severe pain for a couple of days. Unlike most other ant species, red bull ants lack the ability of chemical senses; however, this is compensated by their extremely keen vision, with which they can spot and respond to intruders two metres away.

Distribution and habitat

M. gulosa ants are abundant in eastern Australia. They can be found in the coastal regions of Queensland and east of New South Wales. Populations can be found Australian Capital Territory and in the Murray-Darling Basin.[1] Colonies of M. gulosa ants have been recorded from Black Mountain, Brisbane, Fletcher, Stanthorpe and St. George in Queensland, and in New South Wales they have been recorded in Lismore, Armidale, Narrabri, Clarence River, Taree and in Sydney (in the suburbs of Como, Oatley and Liverpool).[2]

Their distribution in Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Northern Territory and Western Australia has not yet been verified.[3] Based on specimens collected, they are found living in elevations ranging from 121 - 3,000 meters (396 ft - 9,842 ft).[4] M. gulosa ants generally construct small mounds, and they prefer open areas where they are frequently seen foraging. Foraging workers are frequently observed being around burnt areas.[5]

Behaviour

Regarded as a relatively "primitive" ant species, red bull ants are known to be solitary predators that are occasionally uncooperative with one another, whose social behaviour is poorly developed in comparison to more "advanced" species. They are notoriously aggressive hunters able to subdue formidable prey such as bees and other ants. Unable to eat solid food, adult ants feed on juices from the prey insects; the meat of the prey is fed to the colony's larvae. Their diet is supplemented by the workers' own trophic (infertile) eggs, which are commonly fed to the queen and larvae.

Nests are constructed underground; tunnel systems may become quite extensive.

References

  1. ↑ Ogata, K.; Taylor, R.W. (1991). "Ants of the genus Myrmecia Fabricius: a preliminary review and key to the named species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)". Journal of Natural History 25 (6): 1623–1673. doi:10.1080/00222939100771021. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  2. ↑ Clark, John; CSIRO (1951), The formicidae of Australia. Volume 1, Subfamily Myrmeciina, Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia, pp. 49–51, retrieved 2 December 2014
  3. ↑ "Myrmecia gulosa (Fabricius)". CSIRO. 19 September 2004. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  4. ↑ "Species: Myrmecia gulosa (Fabricius, 1775)". AntWeb (California Academy of Sciences). Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  5. ↑ York, A. Malcolm Gill, J.C.Z. Woinarski, Alan (1999). Australia's biodiversity--responses to fire : plants, birds, and invertebrates. Canberra, ACT: Dept. of the Environment and Heritage. ISBN 0-642-21422-0. Retrieved 2 December 2014.

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