Muscovite Civil War

For the Second Muscovite Civil War, see the Time of Troubles

Sophia of Lithuania insulting Vasily Kosoy during a wedding feast. Painting by Pavel Chistyakov.

The Muscovite Civil War or the Great Feudal War was a prolonged conflict which cast its shadow over the entire reign of Vasily II of Moscow (from 1425 to 1453). The two warring parties were Vasily II, the Grand Prince of Moscow, as one party, and his uncle, Yury Dmitrievich, the Prince of Zvenigorod, and the sons of Yuri Dmitrievich, Vasily Kosoy and Dmitry Shemyaka, as the other party. At the intermediate stage, the party of Yury conquered Moscow, but at the end Vasily II regained his crown. This was the first civil war in the history of Muscovy, whose largely peaceful rise had been predicated on a lack of conflict within the ruling family.^[1]

Background

The Mongol invasions of 1236-1241 left the Russian principalities dependent on the Golden Horde. In the 13th-15th centuries, the Khan of the Golden Horde appointed the Great Prince, who in the 14th century resided in Moscow. In the 13th century the medieval Rus' consisted of a set of relatively small and weak principalities, fighting and making alliances against each other. The larger states (like the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Republic of Novgorod) progressively conquered or absorbed the smaller ones. One bigger principality, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, grew due to a series of clever policies and became the biggest one in central Rus'. In 1380 Dmitry Donskoy, the prince of Moscow, even managed to fight the troops of Golden Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo and to win. Whereas formally Moscow remained dependent on the Horde, and the Khan needed to approve position of the Prince, the Grand Duchy of Moscow had become a major regional power, and the Moscow princes aimed to conquer the remaining lands around Moscow and to append them to their Grand Duchy.^[2]

First period (1425-1434)

The Muscovite boyars pledge their support to the dethroned Vasily II

In 1389, Dmitry Donskoy died. He appointed his son Vasily Dmitrievich a successor, with the provision that if Vasily dies as an infant, his brother, Yury Dmitrievich, will be a successor. Vasily died in 1425 and left a child, Vasily Vasilyevich, whom he appointed the Grand Prince (known as Vasily II). This was against the existing rule, when the oldest living brother and not a son, should have received the crown. Yuri thus became the pretender, and moved from Zvenigorod, his main residence, to Galich, to be further from Moscow. In 1428 he formally conceded, under pressure from Metropolitan Photius, who personally travelled to Galich. However, in 1431 he decided to seek the title of the Prince of Moscow with the Khan of the Horde. The Khan ruled in favor of Vasily, and additionally ordered Yuri to give Vasily the town of Dmitrov which he owned. The formal pretext to start the war was found in 1433, when during the marriage feast of Vasily his mother, Sophia of Lithuania, insulted Vasily Yuryevich, the son of Yuri, in public. Both sons of Yuri, Vasily and Dmitry, left for Galich. They plundered Yaroslavl, ruled by an allied of Vasily II, allied with their father, collected an army and defeated the army of Vasily II. Subsequently, Yuri Dmitrievich entered Moscow, declared himself the Great Prince, and sent Vasily II to Kolomna. Eventually, however, he did not prove himself as an efficient head of state, having alienated some Muscovites who fled to Kolomna, and even alienating his own sons. Eventually, Yuri allied with Vasily II against the sons of Yuri and returned the Moscow Princedom to Vasily II, who, in his turn, started to persecute former supporters of Yuri. Then Vasily sent an army against his cousins, sons of Yuri, Vasily Yuryevich and Dmitry Shemyaka, in 1434. His army was defeated in a major battle, in which troops of Yuri were fighting against Vasily. Then Vasily conquered Galich, and Yuri openly joined his sons. The army of Vasily II was finally defeated close to Rostov. Yuri became the Prince of Moscow again, but suddenly died, and his son, Vasily Yuryevich, became his successor. At this point, Vasily II was in Nizhny Novgorod and was preparing to travel to the Horde to leave a complaint with the Khan.^[3]

Second period (1434-1436)

The brothers of Vasily Yuryevich, Dmitry Shemyaka and Dmitry Krasny, refused to lend him any support. Anticipating that Vasily will not be able to keep Moscow for long time, they preferred to ally with Vasily II so that eventually they could get from him additional lands. Indeed, Vasily gave Rzhev and Uglich to Dmitry Shemyaka and Bezhetsky Verkh to Dmitry Krasny. Vasily Yuryevich was driven out of Moscow, he also lost Zvenigorod to Vasily II and was left landless, having to flee to Novgorod. In 1435, he managed to collect an army in Kostroma and moved in the direction of Moscow. He lost a battle on the bank of the Kotorosl River to Vasily II, fled to Kashin, then managed to conquer Vologda, and built up a new army with the support of Vyatka. With this new army he moved again to the south and encountered Vasily II in Kostroma. The two armies were stationed on two banks of the Kostroma River and could not start fighting immediately. Before the fight started, the two cousins concluded a peace treaty. Vasily Yuryevich recognized Vasily II as the Great Prince and got Dmitrov. However, he only spent a month in Dmitrov and subsequently moved to Kostroma and further to Galich and to Veliky Ustyug. In Veliky Ustyug, the army formed in Vyatka, which supported Yuri Dmitrievich for a long time, joined Vasily. Vasily Yuryevich plundered Veliky Ustyug and with the army went south again. In early 1436, he lost a battle in Skoryatino, close to Rostov, to Vasily II, and was captured. Subsequently, when the Vyatka people continued to attack the lands belonging to the Grand Prince, Vasily II ordered to have Vasily Yuryevich blinded. Vasily Yuryevich was since then known as Vasily Kosoy. He lived till 1448, and chronicles do not mention him between 1436 and 1448. Apparently, he was imprisoned all this time.

At the same time Vasily II let Dmitry Shemyaka, who at the time was exiled to Kolomna, go and concluded a treaty with him similar to the treaty he previously concluded with Vasily Kosoy, returning Shemyaka all his lands.^[3]

Third period (1436-1453)

Blinding of Vasily II. A miniature from the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible.

In the early 1440s Vasily II was mostly busy with the wars against the Khanate of Kazan. The Khan, Olugh Mokhammad, besieged Moscow in 1439. Dmitry Shemyaka, despite being under the oath of allegiance, failed to appear and to support Vasily. After Tatars left, Vasily chased Shemyaka, forcing him to flee to Novgorod again. Subsequently, Shemyaka returned to Moscow and confirmed the allegiance. In 1444, Tatars led by Mustafa, the Khan of the Golden Horde, plundered the Ryazan lands, before being defeated by a much larger army sent by Vasily. In 1445, Olugh Mokhammad conquered Nizhny Novgorod, was defeated in a skirmish near Murom but won the second battle in Suzdal, capturing, among other prominent Muscovites, Vasily II.^[3]

Vasily was released after negotiations, having promised to pay an enormous ransom. This resulted in increase of taxes and, consequently, in discontent, which strengthened the party of Dmitry Shemyaka. In early 1446, Vasily was captured by Shemyaka in the Trinity Sergius Lavra, brought to Moscow, blinded, and then sent to Uglich. Shemyaka started to reign as the Prince of Moscow. In the fall of 1446 he traveled to Uglich to seek peace with Vasily. They made a deal, Vasily gave an oath of allegiance and promised not to seek the Great Princedom any more, and in return he was released and got Vologda in his possession. In Vologda, Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, and the hegumen released him from the oath. Vasily immediately started preparations for the war against Shemyaka.

In addition, Shemyaka and his ally, Prince Ivan of Mozhaysk, ruled inefficiently, did not manage to attract allies, and nobility started to defect from Moscow to Vologda. Vasily also managed to ally with Kazan Tatars. In the end of 1446, when Dmitry Shemyaka was out in Volokolamsk, the army of Vasily II entered Moscow. Vasily then started to chase Shemyaka and Mozheysky, who had to retreat, with both armies ravaging and plundering the country. In 1447, they asked for piece, and agreed to accept the superiority of Vasily. Nevertheless, Dmitry Shemyaka continued resistance, trying to attract the allies and to collect a big enough army to fight against Vasily. In 1448, Vasily started military action, which included mostly Northern lands up to Veliky Ustyug and with some interruptions continued till 1452, when Shemyaka was finally defeated and fled to Novgorod. In 1453, he was poisoned there following a direct order of Vasily.^[3]

Subsequently, Vasily managed to remove all local princes who previously supported Shemyaka. In particular, Ivan Mozheysky had to flee with their family to Lithuania, and the Principality of Mozhaysk was made a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Similarly, the Principality of Serpukhov was made a part of the Grand Duchy, and the Principality of Vereya remained after the war the only independent state in Moscow lands.^[3]

References

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