Murder of Marwa El-Sherbini

Marwa El-Sherbini
Marwa El-Sherbini wearing an Islamic headscarf and smiling
Born 7 October 1977
Alexandria, Egypt
Died 1 July 2009 (aged 31)
Dresden, Germany
Cause of death
 Stabbing
Resting place
 Alexandria, Egypt
Nationality Egyptian
Occupation Pharmacist
Religion Islam
Spouse(s) Elwy Ali Okaz
Children Mustafa

Marwa Ali El-Sherbini (Egyptian Arabic: مروه على الشربينى),[note 1] was an Egyptian woman and German resident who was killed in 2009 during an appeal hearing at a court of law in Dresden, Germany. She was stabbed by Alex Wiens,[note 2] an ethnic German immigrant from Russia against whom she had testified in a criminal case for verbal abuse.[1] El-Sherbini's husband, who was present at the hearing, tried to intervene. He too was repeatedly stabbed by Wiens and was then mistakenly shot and wounded by a police officer who was called to the court room.[1] Wiens was arrested at the crime scene and subsequently tried for murder and attempted murder. He was found guilty of both charges; it was also found that Wiens's actions constituted a heinous crime, because they were committed in front of a child, against two people, in a court of law, and fulfilled the murder criterion of treacherousness, such as hatred against foreigners.[2] Wiens was sentenced to life imprisonment.[2]

The death of El-Sherbini immediately resulted in international reactions, with the most vocal responses coming from predominantly Muslim nations. The Egyptian public and media focused attention on the religious and racial hatred aspect of the killing,[3] especially as the initial confrontation between the victim and perpetrator had happened because she wore an Islamic headscarf. In response to anti-German sentiments and public protests in Egypt and other countries, the German government issued a statement of condolence nine days after the incident. Wiens's trial for murder and attempted murder occurred under strict security measures and was observed by national and international media, diplomats and legal experts.

Marwa El-Sherbini

Marwa El-Sherbini was born in 1977 in Alexandria, Egypt, to the chemists Ali El-Sherbini[4] and Laila Shams.[5] In 1995, she graduated from El Nasr Girls' College, where she had acted as a student speaker.[5] El-Sherbini went on to study pharmacy at Alexandria University, obtaining a bachelor's degree in pharmaceutical sciences in 2000. From 1992 to 1999, she was a member of the Egypt national handball team.[5] In 2005, El-Sherbini moved with her husband, Elwy Ali Okaz, to Bremen, Germany.[5] In 2008, the couple and their two-year-old son moved to Dresden, where Okaz, a lecturer at Minufiya University, obtained a doctoral research position at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics.[5] El-Sherbini worked at the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus in Dresden and at a local pharmacy as a part of an accreditation programme to practice pharmacy in Germany.[5]

Together with others, El-Sherbini founded a registered voluntary association with the aim of establishing an Islamic cultural and education centre in Dresden.[5][6] At the time of her death, El-Sherbini was three months pregnant, expecting her second child.[5]

Alex Wiens

Alex Wiens (Russian: Алекс Винс, also known as Alexander Wiens) was born in 1980 in Perm, Russia. After leaving school, he completed a vocational training programme as a warehouseman.[7] In 1999, after a medical examination for conscription, Wiens was exempted from compulsory military service in the Russian armed forces; it was stated that Wiens probably had suffered from a severe and chronic psychosis.[8] In 2003, he immigrated to Germany and gained German citizenship as a result of his ethnic origin. In Germany, he worked as a builder and caretaker, but had been living on welfare benefits for the long-term unemployed at the time of the murder.[7] In November 2009, at the time of sentencing, Wiens was 28 years old,[9] unmarried and without children.[10]

Verbal abuse and court case for defamation

On 21 August 2008, Wiens and El-Sherbini met at a public playground in Dresden's Johannstadt district, where Wiens's niece and El-Sherbini's son were playing. During a quarrel over whose child should be using the playground's swing, Wiens began shouting verbal abuse at El-Sherbini.[7] El-Sherbini who was wearing an Islamic headscarf, was called "Islamist", "terrorist" and (according to one report) "slut".[note 3] Other people present tried to intervene, but Wiens vehemently continued the verbal abuse for several minutes, directing epithets in Russian and German at the Russian-speaking bystanders who attempted to reason with him. El-Sherbini called the police on a bystander's mobile phone and within a few minutes four police officers arrived in two vehicles at the scene. El-Sherbini and Wiens were questioned; El-Sherbini was subsequently driven away in one of the police vehicles.[11]

Wiens was charged with criminal defamation and given a penalty order to pay a fine of €330.[note 4] After formally objecting and refusing to pay the fine, Wiens was tried at the district court of Dresden. He was found guilty by the court and fined €780 in November 2008.[7] However, during the trial Wiens claimed mitigating circumstances for the act of insulting El-Sherbini, suggesting that "people like her" were not really human beings and therefore incapable of being insulted.[10] The public prosecutor appealed the verdict, aiming at a custodial sentence,[7] due to the openly xenophobic character of the incident.[10][12] Wiens also appealed the verdict and was subsequently granted a court-appointed defence counsel. His counsel intended to withdraw the appeal before the scheduled hearing at the regional court, but Wiens objected to this.[7]

Appeal case and fatal attack in courtroom

Front of historic building used by the regional court in Dresden
The Landgericht Dresden, the regional court where the fatal attack occurred

At the appeal hearing at the regional court in Dresden, in the morning 1 July 2009, nine people were present in the courtroom: three judges, the prosecutor, Wiens as the defendant, his court-appointed defence counsel, El-Sherbini as witness for the prosecution, and her husband and son as observers.[13] No security personnel were present and no security searches of individuals and their possessions were carried out; this was a common procedure for cases without anticipated security concerns or detained persons present.[14]

During the trial, the defendant Wiens appeared reserved but was noted for extreme statements. He said that Muslims were monsters to him and asked the court why they were not deported after the 9/11 attacks. He stated that German people should not mingle with foreigners and declared that he would vote for the far right National Democratic Party of Germany. The judge then requested a verbatim record, while the defence counsel tried to mediate. Wiens continued in this fashion, prompting the judge to ask whether he had ever visited a concentration camp.[7]

Following Wiens's defence statement, El-Sherbini testified to the court. After El-Sherbini had finished her testimony, the judge asked whether there were any further questions. Wiens replied and asked why above all El-Sherbini was in Germany. The question was rejected by the judge; Wiens responded with a further question to which the defence counsel motioned for recess.[7] El-Sherbini was not intending to wait until the end of the hearing and tried to leave. When she, her husband, and their three-year-old son were at the door, Wiens suddenly attacked El-Sherbini with a kitchen knife with an 18 cm (7.1 in) long blade, which he apparently had taken into the courtroom in a backpack.[7] El-Sherbini received more than 15 stab wounds to the upper body and arm;[15] the attack was carried out in such a forceful and sudden manner that it resulted in a notable absence of defence wounds.[16] While trying to protect his wife, El-Sherbini's husband Okaz was stabbed at least 16 times to the head, neck, upper body and arm.[15] Wiens's defence counsel tried to help El-Sherbini by obstructing Wiens with chairs and a table. The victim's three-year-old son was injured while being ushered to safety.[7]

At 10:23, the judge raised a security alarm.[7] Judicial officers, and a federal police officer who was in the court building testifying in an unrelated case, arrived at the scene; however, during the ongoing commotion the police officer mistook Okaz for the attacker and shot him in the upper leg.[17] Wiens collapsed and was apprehended after one of the judges pointed out that not Okaz but Wiens was the assailant. While under arrest, Wiens resisted and begged the police officer to shoot him dead.[17][18] Okaz, critically wounded in the stabbing attack, was in a coma for two days.[19] He was subsequently treated for several weeks in a hospital near Dresden for the stabbing and shooting injuries.[20] El-Sherbini died in the court building at 11:07,[7] succumbing to her injuries.[14][21]

Murder trial

Wiens was held on remand on the suspicion of murder of El-Sherbini[10] and attempted murder of Okaz.[22] He was formally charged with murder, attempted murder and grievous bodily harm by the public prosecutor's office on 25 August 2009.[23][24] In the indictment, prosecutors stated treacherousness and malice (based on hatred against non-Europeans and Muslims) as a motive.[23] An application for a change of venue by Wiens's defence lawyer was refused by the upper regional court.[25] Following a psychiatric assessment, full criminal responsibility was assumed;[26] however, as the defendant had been diagnosed by Russian doctors to suffer from severe and chronic psychotic conditions, prosecutors requested relevant information from the Russian authorities prior to the trial.[8] The requested documents arrived shortly before the end of the murder trial, without affecting its outcome.[27]

The trial at the upper regional court in Dresden began on 26 October 2009.[28][29][30] It took place under strict security precautions due to alleged death threats to Wiens.[31][32] All concurrent trials were transferred to other local venues, due to the security concerns, the great interest by the national and international media,[33] and the public.[34] El-Sherbini's widower, brother and parents acted in the role of 'co-claimant'[note 5] and were represented by eight lawyers.[20][26][35] On the first day of the trial, the entire prosecution counsel constituted of eight lawyers from Germany, France and Egypt was present in court;[note 6][36] the defendant arrived in court shrouded behind a mask, sunglasses, hat and a hood.[37] The judge asked the defendant to remove his head attire and to confirm his name and date of birth. The defendant complied, except for removing his sunglasses, for which he was fined for contempt of court.[36] The defence counsel motioned for the judges to be removed from the trial on the grounds of bias as they were colleagues of witnesses and worked near the crime scene. This was denied by a separate panel that had ruled on this motion.[38]

Okaz testified on the first day of the trial.[36] Further witnesses during the first week of the trial included an appointed medical examiner on the causes of the victim's death,[16][39] the judge who had presided over the trial at the regional court on 1 July 2009,[40][41][42][43][44] another judge (Schöffe) who had co-presided over the aforementioned trial, a social worker on the defendant's previous behaviour,[45] the court-appointed counsel who had previously represented the defendant,[46][47] a court security officer,[48] and the judge of the defamation trial at the district court.[49] Witnesses in the second week of the trial included people present in the original confrontation on the playground[50][51] and the police officers responding to the attack on 21 August 2008.[17][18] The police officer who had mistakenly shot Okaz exercised the right to remain silent during the murder trial, as a criminal investigation against him was ongoing at the time.[17]

At the beginning of the third day of the trial, Wiens incurred a self-inflicted injury by banging his head against a table.[47][52] He was diagnosed with haematomas and a suspected traumatic brain injury, but was judged fit to stand trial after a hospital-based medical examination. While continuing with noncompliant and destructive behaviour, Wiens was temporarily restrained by nine security officers in court.[52]

The closing arguments were heard on 9 and 10 November 2009. The prosecution and the co-plaintiffs argued for a conviction for murder and attempted murder, with the legal specification "heinous crime".[note 7] The defence argued for a conviction for manslaughter and attempted manslaughter, by reasoning that the killing was in the heat of the moment and that the defendant may have a paranoid personality disorder.[53] The verdict was delayed because the requested medical information from Russian authorities that arrived 9 November 2009 attested "undifferentiated schizophrenia" in 2000, thereby requiring additional testimony by a medical expert witness.[27]

On 11 November 2009, Wiens was found guilty of the murder of El-Sherbini and the attempted murder of Okaz, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Judge Birgit Wiegand stated that the court had also found that Wiens's deeds constituted a heinous crime,[note 7] because they were committed in front of a child, against two people, in a court of law, and fulfilled the murder criterion of treacherousness, such as hatred against foreigners.[2] It meant that Wiens received the maximum sentence for this crime.[54] Wiens appealed the conviction; however, the appeal was rejected by the Federal Court of Justice.[55] In a decision published on 18 June 2010, the fifth criminal division of the court of justice in Leipzig stated that the appeal on points of law was unfounded and confirmed the verdict and sentence of the regional court as final matter of criminal law.[56]

Redress for victim's family

In October 2009 in an out-of-court discussion, lawyers on behalf of El-Sherbini's family and widower approached the Ministry of Justice of the State of Saxony about compensation.[57] In the verdict on 11 November 2009, Judge Birgit Wiegand granted the claimant's request (Adhäsionsantrag, § 406 StPO) to claim for damages against the defendant in an 'adherent case' within the remit of this criminal case. It established — without a separate trial for a private law claim — that Wiens has an obligation to compensate Okaz and El-Sherbini's beneficiaries for having harmed Okaz and killed El-Sherbini.[2]

Investigation of shooting of Elwy Ali Okaz

The shooting of El-Sherbini's husband Okaz by the federal police officer, who mistook him for the attacker, was cited by El-Sherbini's brother as indicative of racism in Germany.[21][58][59] Following a complaint, a criminal investigation was launched against the police officer who shot Okaz. In October 2009, a criminal investigation for involuntary manslaughter and denial of assistance was launched against the judge who presided over the July trial, and against the president of the regional court.[60] On 29 December 2009, the public prosecutor's office in Dresden announced that all investigations had been closed on 21 December 2009 without indictment,[61] as no suspicion of a criminal offence could be substantiated. Prosecutors argued that it must have been particularly difficult to assess the situation for the intervening police officer, because when he entered the room "Elwy Okaz and Alex Wiens were both covered in blood and Elwy Okaz had just managed to grab the handle of the knife with his hand, making it appear as though he was the attacker".[62] There were further assessment difficulties because "the actual attacker—Wiens—was holding the blade of the knife, which added to the impression that he was the one being attacked".[62] The prosecutors' conclusion was that shooting of Okaz was a tragic mistake.[63] In January 2010, a lawyer acting for El-Sherbini's family filed a complaint against the prosecutors' decisions to close the investigations against the police officer, the judge presiding in the 1 July 2009 trial and the regional court president. [64]

German media and public reaction to the crime

Initial media reports

The killing was reported on 1 July 2009 in German radio and television and in print media on the following day. In line with common practice regarding reporting in the German media about crime and legal proceedings, El-Sherbini was referred to as "32 [sic]-year old" witness in a Deutschlandfunk report broadcast on 1 July,[65] without any mention to the victim's ethnic or religious background.[66] The Minister of Justice for Saxony, Geert Mackenroth, who had visited the crime scene on the same day, publicly expressed his "deep compassion for the victim's family, for the victim herself".[65] Another politician called for an investigation and the Association of Judges in Saxony (Sächsischer Richterbund) demanded a review of security procedures in court buildings.[14]

Writing in The Guardian, Anja Seeliger commented that "the German media initially reported on the case at the back page", and only in the light of the vociferous protests by thousands of Egyptians in Cairo, "the German federal government, which had kept silent for nearly a week, issued words of sorrow."[66]

Response by Jewish and Muslim organisations

The General Secretaries of Germany's Muslim and Jewish Councils visited El-Sherbini's husband in hospital on 6 July 2009. Stephan Kramer, General Secretary of the Central Council of Jews in Germany stated: "You don't have to be Muslim to oppose anti-Muslim behavior, and you don't have to be Jewish to oppose anti-Semitism. We must stand together against such inhumanity."[21][67][68] Kramer later wrote "... as a Jew I know that anyone who attacks a person because of their race, nationality or religion is not only attacking the minority, they are attacking democratic society as a whole." He also deplored the "largely unchecked hate propaganda against Muslims".[69]

The Central Council of Muslims in Germany suggested that the death of El-Sherbini was a result of a growing "Islamophobia", evident in many Internet discussion boards.[70] They called upon Muslims not to instrumentalise the woman's death.[71] A local Islamic association in Dresden stated that their planned centre for cultural exchange will be named after El-Sherbini, to promote mutual understanding between Muslims and non-Muslims.[5][6][72][73]

Public commemoration

Crowd gathered
Commemorative ceremony for Marwa El-Sherbini in front of Dresden City Hall, July 2009
Photograph
Flowers and placards at the commemorative ceremony for Marwa El-Sherbini in Dresden, July 2009
Photograph
Memorial art installation “Eighteen knife stabs” July 2010, Theaterplatz (Dresden)

On 6 July 2009, about 2,000 Muslims of the Egyptian community and other nationalities in Germany held funeral prayers for El-Sherbini, in Dar Al-Salam Mosque, in Berlin.[74] Five days later a public memorial was organized by civil rights groups in Dresden; it was attended by more than 1,000 people, including the Egyptian ambassador and officials from the state of Saxony; white roses and photos of El-Sherbini and her family were placed outside Dresden City Hall.[75][76] About the same time, the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, where El-Sherbini's husband researches, issued a statement on the occasion of the official ceremony, expressing shock and sympathy.[77] This was preceded by the Max Planck Society having strongly condemned the attack on 8 July, by stating: "The fact that the attack was racially motivated is especially distressing to us, considering that the Max Planck Society is a scientific research organisation with staff members from the most various nations."[78]

In December 2009, the Ministry of Justice in Saxony announced plans to commemorated the death of El-Sherbini with a memorial plaque in the regional court building. This plaque will state both in German and Arabic language: "[Marwa El-Sherbini] She fell victim to Islamophobia and xenophobia. With dignity and commendable moral courage she withstood this."[note 8][79][80]

In July 2010, one year after the murder, an association of local citizens organised a memorial art installation across Dresden, to commemorate the loss of life caused by the heinous crime and as a symbol against racism in everyday life.[81][82] Eighteen concrete stelae in form of knives were temporary displayed in different public places, to represent the eighteen knife stab wounds that were inflicted on the victim. Some of the stelae were vandalised during the display.[82]

In October 2012, a scholarship in memory of Marwa El-Sherbini was awarded for the first time. It is jointly funded by the city administration of Dresden and the state government of Saxony.[83] The Marwa El-Sherbini Stipendium für Weltoffenheit und Toleranz[note 9] aims at developing future leaders who support freedom, democracy, and human rights. It is awarded to postgraduate students enrolled at an institution of higher education in Dresden.[84]

International reactions to killing

El-Sherbini's death caused considerable public and media attention in Egypt,[3] accompanied by strong anti-German sentiments. Egypt's Prosecutor General Abdel Meguid Mahmud announced that a prosecutor from Alexandria was to be dispatched to Germany to assist in the investigation,[85] and the Egyptian Pharmacists' Association called for a boycott of German drugs.[59] At El-Sherbini's funeral in Alexandria, mourners referred to her as "a 'martyr' of the head scarf"[74] and accused Germany of "racism" and "Islamophobia."[86] Mourners carried banners criticising both German and Egyptian authorities' reactions to the crime.[87] Egyptian police temporarily cordoned off the German embassy in Cairo to protect it from angry protesters.[21] In response to the anti-German sentiments and public protests in Egypt and elsewhere, the German government eventually issued a statement of condolence.[3] Some Egyptian commentators took a reconciling approach. Writing in the opinion section of Al-Ahram Weekly, Abdel-Moneim Said called on those who mourn for Marwa El-Sherbini "not [to fall] into the same morass of bigotry and hatred that killed her," but to "create Arab-Muslim-European fronts, together with other faiths, to stand up against fanaticism, bigotry and discrimination on both sides."[88]

Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad blamed the German government for El-Sherbini's murder and called for international condemnation of Germany.[89] In a letter to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, Ahmadinejad demanded firm action against Germany and stated that "there is a strong view that the crime was a pre-planned attempt engineered by the judicial system and security forces".[90] Iran also issued a postage stamp featuring El-Sherbini, which Press TV reported was banned in Egypt. Al-Wafd an Egyptian newspaper accused Iran of exploiting the killing of El-Sherbini to turn Muslims and Arabs against Europe and the US.[91]

Media reactions to murder trial

Interviewed by Deutschlandfunk radio, Al Jazeera correspondent to Germany Aktham Suliman said that their viewers watched the trial closely, because they were disaffected by the initial reaction in Germany to the killing. He also noted that the perceptions of a speculated verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity differed vastly between Al Jazeera and Deutschlandfunk audiences. Accordingly, the former tend to apprehend such a verdict as an absence of punishment in terms of criminal justice, whereas the latter tend to be discerned with containment away from public life through being involuntarily committed to a forensic psychiatry institution.[92] Media scientist Hanan Badr commented on reporting in Germany and Egypt as being "a prime example of mass-media miscommunication between cultures".[93]

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marwa el-Sherbini.
  1. ↑ Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ˈmɑɾˤwɑ ˈʕæli (ʔe)ʃʃeɾˈbiːni]
  2. ↑ In line with common practice by the German media, Wiens is referred to as Alex W. or Alexander W. in the media in Germany. His full name became known to the international media when his identity was confirmed during the murder trial.
  3. ↑ The police report stated that Wiens called El-Sherbini Terroristin, Islamistin and Schlampe. (Der Spiegel, 31 August 2009, p. 65).
  4. ↑ A penalty order can be issued by a court in Germany, in writing without trial, as punishment for a summary offence [Ordnungswidrigkeit]. A district court on request of a public prosecutor can for instance order to pay a fine or give a suspended prison sentence of up to one year. For more see de:Strafbefehl.
  5. ↑ Under the procedural order of the German code for criminal law a victim of certain offences, or a spouse, life partner, child, sibling or parent of a homicide victim, can choose to act as a so-called 'co-claimant' [Nebenkläger], in addition to the public prosecutor who acts as claimant during a trial. This entails certain procedural rights. For more see de:Nebenklage#Deutschland.
  6. ↑ In Germany anyone can give legal advice if: (i) advice is given free of charge to a person who is a member of one's family, a neighbour, or close acquaintance, or if (ii) advice is given free of charge under the supervision of a person who has certain qualifications or permissions (§ 6 RDG). Legally representing someone in a criminal trial in a court in Germany requires a relevant German legal qualification [Befähigung zum Richteramt], or a specific permission of the court in question (§ 138 StGB ).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Besondere Schwere der Schuld (lit. particular gravity of guilt; fig. heinous crime). According to the German Criminal Code (§ 57a (1) 2 StGB) this results in a life sentence not being eligible for a parole application after 15 years. In practice, convicts serving a life sentence with this specific verdict tend to be found eligible for parole after 18 to 25 years. Parole is always conditional and subject to immediate recall until the person sentenced to life is deceased. If parole is granted, time can be spend outside prison with certain obligations for the convict.
  8. ↑ Sie wurde Opfer von Islamfeindlichkeit und Fremdenhass. Sie ist dem mit Würde und vorbildlicher Zivilcourage entgegengetreten.
  9. ↑ Marwa El-Sherbini Scholarship for Open-mindedness and Tolerance

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Woman killed in courtroom bloodbath was pregnant". The Local. 3 July 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Strafverfahren gegen Alex W. beim Landgericht Dresden. Urteil vom 11. November 2009" [Criminal trial against Alex W at Dresden regional court. Verdict of 11 November 2009] (Press release) (in German). Landgericht Dresden. 11 November 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009. (press release of the court stating sentence and main findings on meeting criteria for murder conviction, on gravity of guilt, criminal responsibility and finding on civil liability)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "'Hijab martyr' rally due in Cairo". BBC. 9 July 2009. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
  4. ↑ "Unerwartet verstorben. Ali El-Sherbini – Marwas Vater ist tot" [Died unexpectedly. Ali El-Sherbini – Marwa's father is dead]. Die Welt (in German). 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Thomas Schade (16 July 2009). "Die lächelnde Schöne" [Smiling beauty]. Sächsische Zeitung (in German) (Dresden). Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Freunde planen Marwas Ort" [Friends planning Marwa's place] (in German). Berlin: Der Tagesspiegel. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 Winter, Steffen (31 August 2009). "Bloßer Hass". Der Spiegel (in German) (Hamburg). pp. 64–66. Archived from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2009. Nach der brutalen Tötung einer Ägypterin in einem Dresdner Gerichtssaal steht für die Ermittler der ausländerfeindliche Hintergrund der Tat fest – English version available as Winter, Steffen (2 September 2009). "The Marwa Al-Sherbini Case. Investigators Believe Killer 'Hated Non-Europeans' and Muslims". Der Spiegel (Hamburg). Archived from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2009. Two months after the brutal murder of an Egyptian woman in a courtroom in Dresden, investigators believe the German-Russian immigrant who killed Marwa al-Sharbini was motivated by xenophobia.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Mord im Gericht: Mörder von Ägypterin vielleicht nicht schuldfähig" [Murder in the courtroom: Murderer of Egyptian woman can possibly not be held responsible]. Die Welt (in German). 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  9. ↑ "Murderer of Egyptian 'veil martyr' gets life". The Local. 11 November 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Sven Heitkamp (3 July 2009). "Blutbad im Gerichtssaal – Polizei ermittelt wegen heimtückischen Mordes" [Bloodbath in courtroom – police investigating on charge of perfidious murder]. Die Welt (in German) (Berlin). Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
  11. ↑ Robin Alexander (19 July 2009). "Extremismus. Zwischen Kopftüchern und Vorurteilen." [Extremism. Between headscarves and prejudices.]. Berliner Morgenpost (in German) (Berlin). Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  12. ↑ Bernhad Honnigfort (3 July 2009). "Dresdner Bluttat – Mehr als Ausländerhass." [Bloody deed in Dresden – More than xenophobia.]. Frankfurter Rundschau (in German) (Frankfurt). Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  13. ↑ Bernhad Honnigfort and Michael Bergius (9 July 2009). "Landgericht Dresden: Messerattacke gibt Rätsel auf." [Landgericht Dresden: Knife attack poses questions.]. Frankfurter Rundschau (in German) (Frankfurt). Retrieved 11 July 2009.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Landgericht Dresden. Angeklagter tötet Zeugin im Gerichtssaal." [Landgericht Dresden. Defendant kills witness in courtroom.] (in German). Leipzig: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Mord in Dresden: Voll schuldfähig" [Murder in Dresden: full criminal responsibility]. Frankfurter Rundschau (in German) (Frankfurt). 25 August 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Marwa El-Sherbini Sie stirbt. Sie stirbt" [Marwa El-Sherbini: She is dying. She is dying]. Der Tagesspiegel (Berlin). 28 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Mordprozess Marwa El-Sherbini: Bundespolizisten verteidigen die Tat ihres Kollegen vor Gericht" [Marwa El-Sherbini murder trial: Federal police officers defend action of their colleague in court]. Focus (in German) (Munich). 3 November 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Courtroom murder[sic] of Egyptian woman wanted to die (Roundup)". Monsters and Critics. 3 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
  19. ↑ U Garten and C Lord (4 July 2009). "Mord im Gericht. Ehemann der toten Zeugin aus dem Koma erwacht!" [Murder in the court. Husband of dead witness has woken from coma!]. Bild (in German). Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Die Stille nach dem Schuss" [The silence after the shot]. Der Tagesspiegel (in German). 16 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 "Protestors Accuse Germany of Racism". Der Spiegel (Hamburg). 7 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  22. ↑ "Mord an Ägypterin in Dresden: Haftbefehl erweitert" [Murder of Egyptian in Dresden: Arrest warrant extended]. Bild (in German). Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 24 July 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Karin Schlottmann and Alexander Schneider (26 August 2009). "Lebenslang für Mord im Dresdner Landgericht?" [Life sentence for murder in Dresden regional court?]. Sächsische Zeitung (in German) (Dresden). Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  24. ↑ "Life sought for killer of Egyptian 'veil martyr'". The Local. Agence France-Presse. 25 August 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  25. ↑ "Mordprozess Marwa Elsherbiny: Landgericht Dresden bleibt zuständig" [Marwa Elsherbini murder trial: Dresden regional court to remain trial venue] (Press release) (in German). Oberlandgericht Dresden. 18 September 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009. (press release on Oberlandesgericht's ruling, citing application's arguments and court's reasoning)
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Wolf Schmidt (22 October 2009). "Prozess hinter Panzerglas" [Trial behind bulletproof glass]. Die Tageszeitung (Berlin). Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Gisela Friedrichsen (10 November 2009). "Is Alex W. Schizophrenic? Last-Minute Twist Could Delay Verdict in Dresden Murder Trial". Der Spiegel (Hamburg). Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  28. ↑ "Messermord: Alex W. steht vor Gericht" [Stabbing murder: Alex W on trial]. Sächsische Zeitung (in German) (Dresden). 26 October 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  29. ↑ "Mord an Ägypterin: Täter soll ab 26. Oktober vor Gericht" [Murder on Egyptian: Perpetrator to be tried from 26 October onwards]. Sächsische Zeitung (in German) (Dresden). 24 September 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
  30. ↑ "Pressemitteilung 9/09" [Press release 9/09] (Press release) (in German). Landgericht Dresden. 6 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009. (press release listing trial dates as per preliminary planning)
  31. ↑ "Death threat made against man accused of killing Egyptian woman". Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 24 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  32. ↑ "Mordaufruf gegen El-Sherbini-Mörder" [Call for murder of El-Sherbini's murderer]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German) (München). 24 October 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  33. ↑ "Akkreditierungsverfahren der Pressevertreter im Strafverfahren gegen Alex W. beim Landgericht Dresden" [Accreditation procedure for media representatives at criminal trial against Alex W at the Dresden regional court] (Press release) (in German). Landgericht Dresden. 12 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009. (press release detailing seat contingent, photography and film pools for media covering the trial)
  34. ↑ Alexander Schneider (18 October 2009). "Großeinsatz am Dresdner Landgericht" [Massive Police Operation at Dresden Regional Court]. Sächsische Zeitung (in German) (Dresden). Retrieved 18 October 2009.
  35. ↑ "Dresden: Mordprozess im Fall Marwa soll Ende August beginnen." [Dresden: Murder trial in Marwa case expected to begin in August.]. Der Tagesspiegel (in German) (Berlin). 14 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Gisela Friedrichsen (26 October 2009). "Auftakt im Marwa-Prozess: Ein Angeklagter voll Widerstand und Provokation" [Beginning of Marwa trial: A defendant full of resistance and provocation.]. Spiegel Online (in German) (Hamburg). Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  37. ↑ "Man tells German court of wife's killing in same venue". The Guardian (London). 26 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  38. ↑ "Prozess um Mord an Ägyterin. Angeklagter provoziert zum Auftakt." [Trial for murder of Egyptian. Defendant provokes at beginning.] (in German). Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. 26 October 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  39. ↑ "Expert: Slain Egyptian woman had no chance". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  40. ↑ "Mordprozess el-Sherbini: "Ich dachte, er sticht mich ab"" [El-Sherbini murder trial: "I thought he's going to cut me up"]. Stern (Hamburg). 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  41. ↑ "Judge describes courtroom murder of Egyptian woman – Summary". Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  42. ↑ Gisela Friedrichsen (27 October 2009). "Marwa-Prozess: "Ich dachte, der sticht sich jetzt den Weg frei"" [Marwa trial: "I thought that man is going to stab his way out there"]. Hamburg: Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  43. ↑ S Am Orde and K El-Gawhary (27 October 2009). "Richter im Mordprozess Marwa S.: "Ich dachte, es sind Fäuste"" [Judge in Marwa S. murder trial: "I thought these are fists"]. Die Tageszeitung (Berlin). Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  44. ↑ "2. Tag im Marwa-Prozess: Sehen Sie hier den aktuellen Gerichtsreport!" [Second day of Marwa trial: see the current trial report here!]. Dresden Fernsehen (Dresden). 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  45. ↑ "Sozialarbeiterin: Alex W. war Einzelgänger" [Social worker: Alex W was a loner]. Die Zeit (Hamburg). 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  46. ↑ "Fall Marwa. "Der Sohn lag im Blut der Mutter"" [Marwa case. "Son lay in pool of mother's blood"]. Der Tagesspiegel (Berlin). 29 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "3. Tag im Marwa-Prozess: Hier der aktuelle Gerichtsreport! – Angeklagter rastet im Gericht aus!" [Second day of Marwa trial: see the current trial report here! – Defendant loses temper in court!]. Dresden Fernsehen (Dresden). 28 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  48. ↑ Alexander Schneider (30 October 2009). "Arrogant, überheblich, herablassend" [Arrogant, presumptuous and condescending]. Sächsische Zeitung (Dresden). Retrieved 2 November 2009. (security officer's testimony cited in third and second but last paragraphs)
  49. ↑ "Ägypterin-Mord: Angeklagter "arrogant" – Schmerzensgeld im Gespräch" [Murder of Egyptian: Defendant "arrogant" – talks about redress]. Leipzig: LVZ Online. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  50. ↑ "Marwa-Prozess: Weitere Zeugen vernommen" [Marwa trial: Additional witnesses [have been] questioned]. Dresden Fernsehen (in German) (Dresden). 2 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
  51. ↑ "Zeugen beschreiben Alex W.: Außenseiter voller Hass" [Witnesses describe Alex W.: Outsider full of hate]. Die Zeit (in German). Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 2 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "'Veil martyr' trial delayed by defendant tantrum". The Local (Berlin). 30 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  53. ↑ "Mord aus Fremdenhass – Lebenslang für Alex W." [Murder motived by xenophobia – life sentence for Alex W]. Die Zeit (Hamburg). 11 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  54. ↑ "Maximum Sentence for Racist Murderer: Dresden Courtroom Killer Gets Life". Der Spiegel (Hamburg). 11 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  55. ↑ "BGH bestätigt Urteil: Lebenslang für Mord im Gerichtssaal" [Federal Court of Justice confirms: "Life" for murder in court room]. Rheinische Post Online. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  56. ↑ "Bundesgerichtshof - Mitteilung der Pressestelle Nr. 125/2010" [Federal Court of Justice - Press release No. 125/2010]. Bundesgerichtshof. Retrieved 23 June 2010.. Press release references Bundesgerichtshof decision file reference 5 StR 207/10 of 14 June 2010 and original decision file reference 1 Ks 300 Js 27647/09 of 11 November 2009.
  57. ↑ "Sozialarbeiterin: Alex W. war Einzelgänger" [Social worker: Alex W. was a loner]. Hamburg: Die Zeit. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  58. ↑ "Brother of murdered woman speaks". BBC. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Maggie Michael (6 July 2009). "Headscarf Martyr Marwa Sherbini Mourned In Egypt". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  60. ↑ "Mordfall Marwa: Staatsanwaltschaft ermittelt gegen Dresdner Richter" [Marwa murder case: Prosecutor's office investigates Dresden judges]. Der Spiegel (in German) (Hamburg). 14 November 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  61. ↑ "Ermittlungen gegen Polizisten im Fall Sherbini eingestellt" [Investigations against police officer in Sherbini case closed] (in German). Top News. Deutscher Depeschendienst. 30 December 2009. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Policeman who shot husband of Dresden 'veil martyr' cleared". The Local (Munich). 30 December 2009. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  63. ↑ "Staatsanwaltschaft stellt Ermittlungen gegen Polizisten ein" [Prosecutor's office closes investigation against police officer]. Der Spiegel (Hamburg). 29 December 2009. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  64. ↑ "Familie El-Sherbini legt Beschwerde ein" [El-Sherbini family files complaint]. Bild. 5 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Tod der Zeugin im Gericht". Deutschlandfunk. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Seeliger, Anja (10 July 2009). "A murder that Germany ignored". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  67. ↑ "Egyptian woman killed in German court for being veiled". Global Voices Online. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  68. ↑ "German Jews condemn slaying of pregnant Muslim woman". Haaretz. 7 July 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  69. ↑ Stephan J. Kramer (13 July 2009). "In Solidarity with All Muslims". Bonn: Qantara. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009. I know that the shock and uncertainty amongst Muslims is particularly great at the moment. This is understandable. Despite this they should not abandon their efforts to take their rightful place in German society.
  70. ↑ "Aus Islamhass getötet" [Killing motivated by Hatred of Islam]. islam.de (in German). Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  71. ↑ "Muslime erinnern an ermordete Ägypterin" [Muslims remember murdered Egyptian woman]. Heute (in German). ZDF. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  72. ↑ Salih Altinbaşak (12 July 2009). "Trauerfeier und Kulturzentrum "Marwa el-Sherbini" in Dresden" [Memorial event and cultural centre "Marwa El-Sherbini" in Dresden] (Press release) (in German). Turkish Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  73. ↑ "Press Release No. 2" (PDF) (Press release). Marwa Elsherbiny Kultur und Bildungszentrum Dresden e.V. 30 July 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "More Than 2000 Muslims Mourn Veil Victim in Berlin; Special Grave in Alexandria". Almasry Alyoum. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  75. ↑ "Trauerfeier. Dresdner nehmen Abschied von getöteter Ägypterin" [Memorial event: People of Dresden say farewell to killed Egyptian] (in German). Hamburg: Der Spiegel. 11 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 December 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
  76. ↑ Joerg Aberger (11 July 2009). "German city honors Egyptian woman slain in court". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  77. ↑ "Institute Statement on the occasion of the official ceremony to remember Marwa El-Sherbini". Dresden: Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics. 10 July 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  78. ↑ "Max Planck Society press release, 8 July 2009". Max Planck Society. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  79. ↑ "Dresden: Gedenktafel für Marwa im Landgericht." [Dresden: Memorial plaque for Marwa in regional court [building]]. Der Tagesspiegel (in German) (Berlin). 13 December 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009. Auf der deutsch und arabisch beschrifteten Gedenktafel heißt es, man ehre die ägyptische Mitbürgerin Marwa el Sherbini. "Sie wurde Opfer von Islamfeindlichkeit und Fremdenhass. Sie ist dem mit Würde und vorbildlicher Zivilcourage entgegengetreten."
  80. ↑ "Gedenktafel-Enthüllung für El-Sherbini verschoben." [Unveiling of memorial plaque for El-Sherbini postponed,]. Bild (in German). Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 14 December 2009. Archived from the original on 27 December 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  81. ↑ "Bürger.Courage e.V. Freundeskreis gegen rechtsextremes Denken" [Citizen.Courage Association of Friends Against Right-wing Extremist Thinking] (WEBPAGE). Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 "Ermordete Ägypterin in Dresden: Unbekannte zerstören Denkmal für Marwa El-Sherbini" [Murdered Egyptian woman in Dresden: Memorial for Marwa El-Sherbini destroyed by unknown persons]. Hamburger Abendblatt. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  83. ↑ "Übergabe Marwa El-Sherbini Stipendium für Weltoffenheit und Toleranz" [Award of Marwa El-Sherbini Scholarship for Open-mindedness and Tolerance]. Dresden: City of Dresden. 29 October 2012. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  84. ↑ "Marwa El-Sherbini Stipendium für Weltoffenheit und Toleranz" [Marwa El-Sherbini Scholarship for Open-mindedness and Tolerance]. Dresden: DRESDEN-concept e. V. 2012. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  85. ↑ "Egypt to help Germany in 'veil martyr' case". The Peninsula (Quatar). Agence France-Presse. 9 July 2009. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  86. ↑ Kate Connolly (8 July 2009). "The headscarf martyr: murder in German court sparks Egyptian fury". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  87. ↑ EGYPT: Nationwide rage over the death of an Egyptian in Germany, Los Angeles Times, 7 July 2009.
  88. ↑ Abdel-Moneim Said (16–22 July 2009). "Footnotes on Marwa's murder". Al-Ahram Weekly (956) (Cairo). Retrieved 19 July 2009. Our people and the European people are in a single boat. When the US and European countries sneezed because of an economic crisis we felt the effects from Iraq to Morocco. [...]. But the boat is not just an economic one. On the issue at hand in particular, the boat is the search for authentic common human values while condemning that killer who could not tolerate a veil that offends or harms no one.
  89. ↑ "AFP: Ahmadinejad blames Germany for courtroom murder". google.com. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  90. ↑ "Ahmadinejad writes to UN chief on al-Sherbini murder". Tehran Times (Tehran). 18 July 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  91. ↑ Hayyan Nayouf (18 August 2009). "Egypt bans Iranian "veil martyr" postal stamp". Al Arabiya News (Dubai). Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  92. ↑ Aktham Suliman with Friedbert Meurer (29 October 2009). "Interview: Man interessiert sich sehr." [Interview: People are very interested.] (in German). Deutschlandfunk. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  93. ↑ Hanan Badr (2009). "Media Critique on the Marwa El-Sherbini Case: Desperately Seeking Intercultural Sensitivity". Bonn: Qantara. Archived from the original on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009. Reporting on the murder of Marwa El-Sherbini in the German and the Egyptian media testifies to mutual misperceptions, ignorance and a lack of intercultural sensitivity in both countries