Muhammad Yunus

Muhammad Yunus

Muhammad Yunus at a special summit hosted by the University of Salford on 18 May 2013
Born	(1940-06-28) 28 June 1940 Chittagong, British Raj (now Bangladesh)
Nationality	Bangladeshi
Institution	Chittagong University Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Middle Tennessee State University Glasgow Caledonian University
Field	Microcredit theory Development economics
School or tradition	Microcredit
Alma mater	University of Dhaka University of Colorado, Boulder Vanderbilt University
Contributions	Grameen Bank Microcredit
Awards	Independence Day Award (1987) [1] World Food Prize (1994) Volvo Environment Prize (2003) Nobel Peace Prize (2006) Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009) Congressional Gold Medal (2010) Aga Khan Award for Architecture
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Muhammad Yunus
< 2005 Nobel Peace Prize 2007 >

Muhammad Yunus (Bengali: মুহাম্মদ ইউনূস; born 28 June 1940) is a Bangladeshi social entrepreneur, banker, economist and civil society leader who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding the Grameen Bank and pioneering the concepts of microcredit and microfinance. These loans are given to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans. In 2006, Yunus and the Grameen Bank were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts through microcredit to create economic and social development from below". The Norwegian Nobel Committee noted that "lasting peace cannot be achieved unless large population groups find ways in which to break out of poverty" and that "across cultures and civilizations, Yunus and Grameen Bank have shown that even the poorest of the poor can work to bring about their own development".^[2] Yunus has received several other national and international honours. He received the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2010.^[3]

In 2008, he was rated #2 in Foreign Policy magazine's list of the 'Top 100 Global Thinkers'.^[4]

In February 2011, Yunus together with Saskia Bruysten, Sophie Eisenmann and Hans Reitz co-founded Yunus Social Business – Global Initiatives (YSB). YSB creates and empowers social businesses to address and solve social problems around the world. As the international implementation arm for Yunus’ vision of a new, humane capitalism, YSB manages Incubator Funds for social businesses in developing countries and providing advisory services to companies, governments, foundations and NGOs.

In 2012, he became Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland.^[5][6] He is a member of the advisory board at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. Previously, he was a professor of economics at Chittagong University in Bangladesh. He published several books related to his finance work. He is a founding board member of Grameen America and Grameen Foundation, which support microcredit.

Yunus also serves on the board of directors of the United Nations Foundation, a public charity created in 1998 by American philanthropist Ted Turner’s $1 billion gift to support UN causes.^[7]

In March 2011, the Bangladesh government fired Yunus from his position at Grameen Bank, citing legal violations and an age limit on his position.^[8] Bangladesh's High Court affirmed the removal on 8 March. Yunus and Grameen Bank are appealing the decision, claiming Yunus' removal was politically motivated.

Early life and education

Early years

The third of nine children,^[9] Yunus was born on 28 June 1940 to a Muslim family in the village of Bathua, by the Boxirhat Road in Hathazari, Chittagong in the Bengal Presidency of the British Raj, which today forms modern Bangladesh.^[10][11] His father was Hazi Dula Mia Shoudagar, a jeweler, and his mother was Sufia Khatun. His early childhood was spent in the village. In 1944, his family moved to the city of Chittagong, and he moved from his village school to Lamabazar Primary School.^[10][12] By 1949, his mother was afflicted with psychological illness.^[11] Later, he passed the matriculation examination from Chittagong Collegiate School ranking 16th of 39,000 students in East Pakistan.^[12] During his school years, he was an active Boy Scout, and traveled to West Pakistan and India in 1952, and to Canada in 1955 to attend Jamborees.^[12] Later while Yunus studied at Chittagong College, he became active in cultural activities and won awards for drama.^[12] In 1957, he enrolled in the Department of Economics at Dhaka University and completed his BA in 1960 and MA in 1961.

After graduation

After his graduation, Yunus joined the Bureau of Economics as a research assistant to the economics researches of Professor Nurul Islam and Rehman Sobhan.^[12] Later, he was appointed lecturer in economics in Chittagong College in 1961.^[12] During that time, he also set up a profitable packaging factory on the side.^[11] In 1965, he received a Fulbright scholarship to study in the United States. He obtained his PhD in economics from the Vanderbilt University Graduate Program in Economic Development (GPED) in 1971.^[13] From 1969 to 1972, Yunus was assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro.

During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Yunus founded a citizen's committee and ran the Bangladesh Information Center, with other Bangladeshis in the United States, to raise support for liberation.^[12] He also published the Bangladesh Newsletter from his home in Nashville. After the War, he returned to Bangladesh and was appointed to the government's Planning Commission headed by Nurul Islam. However, he found the job boring and resigned to join Chittagong University as head of the Economics department.^[14] After observing the famine of 1974, he became involved in poverty reduction and established a rural economic program as a research project. In 1975, he developed a Nabajug (New Era) Tebhaga Khamar (three share farm) which the government adopted as the Packaged Input Programme.^[12] In order to make the project more effective, Yunus and his associates proposed the Gram Sarkar (the village government) programme.^[15] Introduced by president Ziaur Rahman in the late 1970s, the Government formed 40,392 village governments as a fourth layer of government in 2003. On 2 August 2005, in response to a petition by Bangladesh Legal Aids and Services Trust (BLAST) the High Court had declared village governments illegal and unconstitutional.^[16]

His concept of microcredit for supporting innovators in multiple developing countries also inspired programs such as the Infolady Social Entrepreneurship Programme.^[17][18][19]

Early career

In 1976, during visits to the poorest households in the village of Jobra near Chittagong University, Yunus discovered that very small loans could make a disproportionate difference to a poor person. Village women who made bamboo furniture had to take usurious loans to buy bamboo, and repay their profits to the lenders. Traditional banks did not want to make tiny loans at reasonable interest to the poor due to high risk of default.^[20] But Yunus believed that, given the chance, the poor will repay the money and hence microcredit was a viable business model.^[21] Yunus lent US$27 of his money to 42 women in the village, who made a profit of BDT 0.50 (US$0.02) each on the loan. Thus Yunus is credited with the idea of microcredit alongside Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan, founder of the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (now Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development), whom Yunus greatly admired.^[22]

In December 1976, Yunus finally secured a loan from the government Janata Bank to lend to the poor in Jobra. The institution continued to operate, securing loans from other banks for its projects. By 1982, it had 28,000 members. On 1 October 1983, the pilot project began operation as a full-fledged bank for poor Bangladeshis and was renamed Grameen Bank ("Village Bank"). Yunus and his colleagues encountered everything from violent radical leftists to conservative clergy who told women that they would be denied a Muslim burial if they borrowed money from Grameen.^[11] By July 2007, Grameen had issued US$6.38 billion to 7.4 million borrowers.^[23] To ensure repayment, the bank uses a system of "solidarity groups". These small informal groups apply together for loans and its members act as co-guarantors of repayment and support one another's efforts at economic self-advancement.^[15]

In the late 1980s, Grameen started to diversify by attending to underutilized fishing ponds and irrigation pumps like deep tube wells.^[24] In 1989, these diversified interests started growing into separate organizations. The fisheries project became Grameen Motsho ("Grameen Fisheries Foundation") and the irrigation project became Grameen Krishi ("Grameen Agriculture Foundation").^[24] In time, the Grameen initiative grew into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures, including major projects like Grameen Trust and Grameen Fund, which runs equity projects like Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, and Grameen Knitwear Limited,^[25] as well as Grameen Telecom, which has a stake in Grameenphone (GP), the biggest private phone company in Bangladesh.^[26] From its start in March 1997 to 2007, GP's Village Phone (Polli Phone) project had brought cell-phone ownership to 260,000 rural poor in over 50,000 villages.^[27]

The success of the Grameen microfinance model inspired similar efforts in about 100 developing countries and even in developed countries including the United States.^[28] Many microcredit projects retain Grameen's emphasis of lending to women. More than 94% of Grameen loans have gone to women, who suffer disproportionately from poverty and who are more likely than men to devote their earnings to their families.^[29]

For his work with Grameen, Yunus was named an Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Global Academy Member in 2001.^[30] In the book^[31] Grameen Social Business Model, Rashidul Bari shows how Grameen's social business model (GSBM)- has gone from being theory to an inspiring practice adopted by leading universities (e.g., Glasgow), entrepreneurs (e.g., Franck Riboud) and corporations (e.g., Danone) across the globe. Through Grameen Bank, Rashidul Bari claims that Yunus demonstrated how Grameen Social Business Model can harness the entrepreneurial spirit to empower poor women and alleviate their poverty. One conclusion from Yunus' concepts is that the poor are like a “bonsai tree”, and they can do big things if they get access to the social business that holds potential to empower them to become self-sufficient.

Recognition

Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Grameen Bank, for their efforts to create economic and social development. In the prize announcement The Norwegian Nobel Committee mentioned:^[2]

Muhammad Yunus has shown himself to be a leader who has managed to translate visions into practical action for the benefit of millions of people, not only in Bangladesh, but also in many other countries. Loans to poor people without any financial security had appeared to be an impossible idea. From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty.

Yunus was the first Bangladeshi to ever get a Nobel Prize. After receiving the news of the important award, Yunus announced that he would use part of his share of the $1.4 million award money to create a company to make low-cost, high-nutrition food for the poor; while the rest would go toward setting up an eye hospital for the poor in Bangladesh.^[32]

Former U.S. president Bill Clinton was a vocal advocate for the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Yunus. He expressed this in Rolling Stone magazine^[33] as well as in his autobiography My Life.^[34] In a speech given at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, President Clinton described Yunus as "a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize [and] I’ll keep saying that until they finally give it to him."^[35] Conversely, The Economist stated explicitly that Yunus was a poor choice for the award, stating: "...the Nobel committee could have made a braver, more difficult, choice by declaring that there would be no recipient at all."^[36]

He is one of only seven persons to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom,^[37] and the Congressional Gold Medal.^[38] Other notable awards include the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1984,^[39] the World Food Prize,^[40] the International Simon Bolivar Prize (1996),^[41] the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord^[42] and the Sydney Peace Prize in 1998,^[43] and the Seoul Peace Prize in 2006. Additionally, Yunus has been awarded 50 honorary doctorate degrees from universities across 20 countries, and 113 international awards from 26 different countries including state honours from 10 countries.^[44] Bangladesh government brought out a commemorative stamp to honour his Nobel Award.^[45]

Yunus was named by Fortune Magazine in March 2012 as one of 12 greatest entrepreneurs of the current era.^[46] In its citation, Fortune Magazine said ″Yunus' idea inspired countless numbers of young people to devote themselves to social causes all over the world.″

In January 2012, Yunus featured in "Transformative Entrepreneurs: How Walt Disney, Steve Jobs, Muhammad Yunus and Other Innovators Succeeded" a book by Jeffrey Harris.^[47]

Yunus was named "Nobel-Laureate-in-Residence" at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (National University of Malaysia) on 15 July 2011.^[48]

Yunus delivered the Seventh Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture.^[49]

In January 2008, Houston, Texas declared 14 January as "Muhammad Yunus Day".^[50]

On 15 May 2010, Yunus gave the commencement speech at Rice University for the graduating class of 2010. On 16 May 2010, Yunus gave the commencement speech at Duke University for the graduating class of 2010. During this ceremony, he was also awarded an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters.

Yunus was invited and gave the Wharton School of Business commencement address on 17 May 2009,^[51] the MIT commencement address on 6 June 2008,^[52] Adam Smith Lecture at Glasgow University on 1 December 2008^[53] and Oxford's Romanes Lecture on 2 December 2008.^[54]

He received the Dwight D. Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service from the Eisenhower Fellowships at a ceremony in Philadelphia on 21 May 2009. He was also voted 2nd in Prospect Magazine's 2008 global poll of the world's top 100 intellectuals.^[55]

Yunus was named among the most desired thinkers the world should listen to by the FP 100 (world's most influential elite) in the December 2009 issue of Foreign Policy magazine.^[56] On 1 March 2010, Yunus was awarded the prestigious Presidential Award from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. This is the highest honour available from the University.

A documentary on Yunus' work titled To Catch a Dollar was shown at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival and is due to be released in theatres in the US on September 2010.

In 2010, The British Magazine New Statesman listed Yunus at 40th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".^[57]

In October 2010, He received the Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award at The Asian Awards.^[58]

On 22 September 2011 the documentary film, Bonsai People – The Vision of Muhammad Yunus, the first documentary film that looks his full body of work from microcredit to social business, premiered at the United Nations.

Yunus received 50 honorary doctorate degrees from universities from Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA and Peru.^[59]

United Nations Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon, invited Yunus to serve as an MDG Advocate. Yunus sits on the Board of United Nations Foundation, Schwab Foundation, Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, Grameen Credit Agricole Microcredit Foundation. He has been a member of Fondation Chirac's honour committee,^[60] ever since the foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac in order to promote world peace.

Yunus has appeared on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2006, The Colbert Report in 2008, Real Time with Bill Maher in 2009 and The Simpsons in 2010. On Google+, Yunus is one of the most followed person worldwide, with over 1.7 million followers.^[61]

In 2012 Yunus was installed as Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University.^[62] U.S House and Senate leaders held a ceremony to present Yunus with the Congressional Gold Medal on April 17, 2013 in Washington, D.C for his contributions to the fight against global poverty.^[63]

The Congressional Gold Medal is the highest civilian honor bestowed by the United States Congress. At the ceremony, which you can watch on YouTube, Sen. Dick Durbin (D-IL) explained why Yunus is such a visionary: "It's been said that almost anyone can make something complicated. It takes a genius to make something simple. My friends, make no mistake; Muhammad Yunus is a genius." The gold medal was awarded to Yunus with the 111th Congress Public Law 253.^[38]

Political activity

In early 2006 Yunus, along with other members of the civil society including Professor Rehman Sobhan, Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Dr Kamal Hossain, Matiur Rahman, Mahfuz Anam and Debapriya Bhattchariya, participated in a campaign for honest and clean candidates in national elections.^[64] He considered entering politics in the later part of that year.^[65] On 11 February 2007, Yunus wrote an open letter, published in the Bangladeshi newspaper Daily Star, where he asked citizens for views on his plan to float a political party to establish political goodwill, proper leadership and good governance. In the letter, he called on everyone to briefly outline how he should go about the task and how they can contribute to it.^[66] Yunus finally announced that he is willing to launch a political party tentatively called Citizens' Power (Nagorik Shakti) on 18 February 2007.^[67][68] There was speculation that the army supported a move by Yunus into politics.^[69] On 3 May, however, Yunus declared that he had decided to abandon his political plans following a meeting with the head of the interim government, Fakhruddin Ahmed.^[70]

In July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders “to contribute their wisdom, independent leadership and integrity to tackle some of the world’s toughest problems.”^[71] Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders, in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday.^[72] Yunus attended the launch of the group and was one of its founding members. He stepped down as an Elder in September 2009, stating that he was unable to do justice to his membership due to the demands of his work.^[73]

Yunus is a member of the Africa Progress Panel (APP), a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa. Every year, the Panel releases a report, the Africa Progress Report, that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies. In 2012, the Africa Progress Report highlighted issues of Jobs, Justice, and Equity.^[74] The 2013 report will outline issues relating to oil, gas, and mining in Africa.

In July 2009, Yunus became a member of the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation International Advisory Board to support the organisation's poverty reduction work.^[75]

Since 2010, Yunus has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, a UN initiative which seeks to use broadband internet services to accelerate social and economic development.^[76]

He also serves on the advisory board of the Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction, a foundation supporting initiatives that combine sustainable construction solutions with architectural excellence.^[77]

In 2011, Yunus was part of the Jury which chose the universal Logo for Human Rights. Its goal was to create an internationally recognised logo to support the global human rights movement.^[78]

Controversies

Since late November 2010, several allegations have been made against Yunus. They started with a critique of microcredit and blame of Grameen Bank on several points in the documentary “Caught in Micro Debt”^[79] on Norwegian television on 30 November 2010.^[80] This developed at a time when larger questions were being raised about the benefits of microfinance and its effects on poverty alleviation, particularly in regards to several microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India^[81] and Mexico.^[82]

The allegations against Yunus became political when the government of Bangladesh – led by^[83] Sheikh Hasina Wajed turned against him and the concept of microfinance, accusing it of “sucking blood from the poor”.^[84] Wajed reportedly viewed Yunus as a political rival since Yunus considered creating a political party in 2007.^[85] – In the book Grameen Social Business Model,^[86] Rashidul Bari explained the political vendetta in Bangladesh by Sheikh Hasina against Yunus^[87] as a replay of the conflict between Pope Urban VIII and Galileo Galilei.^[88][89]

"Pope Urban VIII put 70-year-old Galileo in prison in 1632 for condemning and rejecting Ptolemy's geocentric model, which was adopted by the early Christian Church. In the same spirit, Sheikh Hasina who labeled Yunus as a “blood sucker of poor people^[90]”—unleashed her propaganda machine (e.g., AMA Muhith) to remove Yunus from Grameen—and used the High Court and Supreme Court to justify her decision. Why did Pope Urban VIII insult the Father of Astronomy? Because Galileo rejected the accepted Christian Church view, that the earth is the center of the universe, and that all other celestial objects orbit around it.^[91]

The Government announced a review of Grameen Bank activities on 11 January 2011,^[92] which is ongoing. In February, several international leaders, such as Mary Robinson, stepped up their defence of Yunus through a number of efforts, including the founding of a formal network of supporters known as “Friends of Grameen”.^[93]

On 15 February 2011, the Finance Minister of Bangladesh, Abul Maal Abdul Muhith, declared that Yunus should “stay away” from Grameen Bank while it is being investigated.^[94] On 2 March 2011, Muzammel Huq – a former Bank employee, whom the government had appointed Chairman in January^[95] – announced that Yunus had been fired as Managing Director of the Bank.^[96] However, Bank General Manager Jannat-E Quanine issued a statement that Yunus was “continuing in his office” pending review of the legal issues surrounding the controversy .^[97]

In March 2011, Yunus petitioned the Bangladesh High Court challenging the legality of the decision by the Bangladeshi Central Bank to remove him as Managing Director of Grameen Bank.^[98] The same day, nine elected directors of Grameen Bank filed a second petition.^[99] Following Hillary Clinton, John Kerry expressed his support to Yunus in a statement on 5 March 2011 and declared that he was “deeply concerned” by this affair. The same day in Bangladesh, thousands of people protested and formed human chains to support Yunus.^[100] The High Court hearing on the petitions, was planned for 6 March 2011 but postponed. On 8 March 2011, the Court confirmed Yunus's dismissal.^[101]

Allegations of embezzlement

A Danish documentary, Caught in Micro Debt,^[79] produced and directed by journalist Tom Heinemann, aired on Norwegian national television NRK in November 2010. It made a number of allegations against Yunus and Grameen Bank. Those allegations were disproved by later inquiries. The documentary falsely accused Yunus and Grameen Bank of diverting 7 billion taka (about 100 million dollars) given by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) from Grameen Bank to another organisation called Grameen Kalyan in 1996. This allegation was widely spread in the Bangladeshi electronic media in December 2010.^[102] On 6 December, NORAD published a statement^[103] clearing Yunus and the Bank from any wrongdoing on this point, following a comprehensive review of NORAD’s support commissioned by the Minister of International Development.

However, the allegations quickly spread through the Bangladesh media. Leading Bangladeshi economist Rehman Sobhan stated “Rather than first seeking clarification and response from Grameen Bank as to the validity of the TV program, some sections of the media and society pounced on it with unseemly enthusiasm, using it as an opportunity to cite wrongdoing in a widely respected organization.” Yunus asked for consistent and transparent investigations on these matters.^[104]

Accusation of 'loan sharking' and effectiveness of microfinance

The allegations against Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank were made in a context where some people began to question the effectiveness of microfinance, prompted by the actions of some for-profit microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India^[105] and Mexico.^[106] Coercion, peer pressure and physical harassment were reportedly used as loan repayment practices in some specific MFIs.^[107] Commercialization of microcredit^[108] prompted Yunus to state that he “never imagined that one day microcredit would give rise to its own breed of loan sharks.”^[109]

The lure of profits attracted some for-profit MFIs to hold initial public offerings (IPOs), including the largest Indian MFI, SKS Microfinance, which held an IPO in July 2010.^[110] In September 2010, Yunus criticized the IPO; in a debate with SKS founder Vikram Akula during the Clinton Global Initiative meeting,^[111] he said, “Microcredit is not about exciting people to make money off the poor. That's what you're doing. That's the wrong message completely.” Calculations of actual interest rate vary, but one estimate puts average Grameen rates at about a 23% interest rate.^[112] At the same time the organization enjoyed a tax-free status for a period of several years which now has been removed.^[113]

Sympathizers of Yunus allege that the government of Bangladesh is exploiting this “moral crisis around microcredit” to oust Yunus.^[114]

Political motivations behind the allegations

Though Grameen Bank was quickly cleared by the Norwegian government of all allegations surrounding misused or misappropriated funds in December 2010, in March 2011 the Bangladeshi government launched a three-month investigation of all Grameen Bank's activities.^[115] This inquiry prevented Muhammad Yunus from participating in the World Economic Forum.^[116]

In January 2011, Yunus appeared in court in a defamation case filed by a local politician from a minor left-leaning party in 2007, complaining about a statement that Yunus made to the AFP news agency, “Politicians in Bangladesh only work for power. There is no ideology here”.^[117] At the hearing, Yunus was granted bail and exempted from personal appearance at subsequent hearings.^[118]

These investigations fueled suspicion that many attacks might be politically motivated,^[119] due to difficult relations between Sheikh Hasina and Yunus since early 2007, when Yunus created his own political party, an effort he dropped in May 2007.^[120]

Transition to new management

At 72 years old, he was 12 years beyond the legal retirement age for civil servants in Bangladesh in 2011.^[121] Government spokespersons called for Yunus to step down and declared, ”We need to redefine the bank's role and bring it under closer regulation.”^[122]

The government as chairman Muzammel Huq, himself a foundational figure of the Grameen Bank and one of senior managers together with Yunus of GB Research and Operations until the early 2000s.^[95] He has publicly criticised Yunus, saying, "I think he is a good man with a small heart ... He cannot give credit to anyone but himself”.

Allegations involving partners: the food case and the phone case

On 27 January 2011, Yunus appeared in court in a food-adulteration case filed by the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) Food Safety Court, accusing him of producing an “adulterated” yogurt^[123] whose fat content was below the legal minimum. This yogurt is produced by Grameen Danone, a social business joint venture between Grameen Bank and Danone that aims to provide opportunities for street vendors who sell the yogurt and to improve child nutrition with the nutrient-fortified yogurt. According to Yunus's lawyer, the allegations are “false and baseless”.^[124] At the request of Yunus's lawyers, pointing procedural irregularities and errors, this case is now considered by the High Court.

On 15 February 2011, Yunus was summoned by a court in Pabna (in North Bangladesh) to appear on 18 April in a fraud case involving Grameen Phone.^[125] This case concerns a Grameen village phone user, who received overdue bills although she had paid the bills regularly.

Investigation by an 2012 independent public commission examining the Grameen Bank assert that Yunus misrepresented his authority and abused his powers during his tenure in management. The report establishes that legal challenges exist for authority of the Grameen Bank to have acted as guarantor and to have forwarded credit to independent private enterprises during Dr. Yunus's tenure. The report raised specific questions relating to a) establishment and financing of GrameenPhone, a for-profit telecommunications entity initially established as a trust for the Grameen Bank borrowers together with Norwegian government owned multinational Telenor by Dr Yunus, and b) simultaneous management and operational financing of private enterprises established by Dr Yunus applying resources of the Grameen Bank. The commission also examined the legal status of the Grameen Bank and concluded that it was de jure public i.e. government entity, of which incompetent oversight by the state and (potentially unwitting) misrepresentation by Dr. Yunus in past resulted in the popular perception of the private ownership. The commission report refers to obstruction of commission investigations by current Grameen Bank management, representatives of Telenor, the Government of Bangladesh, and by partisans of Dr. Yunus. Full implications of the report are thus far not closely examined in either state-controlled elements of Bangladeshi media, or by pro-Yunus press releases, where these implicate Dr Yunus as at least accessory to corruption at the nexus of the Bangladeshi public-commercial establishment, in collusion with other parties. See Grameen Bank Commission report http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/budget/gb/Grameen_Bank_Interim_Report.pdf.

Criticism of Ideas

Microfinance has been criticized in the foreign media also. The Guardian (UK) asked whether microfinance was a 'neoliberal fairytale'. Since lending is focused on individuals. The article pointed out criticisms including that most loans are not used to create small businesses, but instead 'consumption smoothing'. ^[126]

Yunus' much promoted ideas on "Social Business" has been called 'corporate camouflage' by AntiCSR. The website alleges that there is no real criteria to be a 'social business' other than to claim to help people. Many firms claim to be a Social Business to achieve a quasi-charity status. Yunus describes a Social Business as a 'non-dividend company'. However, the owners and managers can take much operating funds (such as salary and fees) out of the company while it remains 'non-dividend'. AntiCSR states the features that define a 'social business' are vague and subjective. ^[127]

Personal life

In 1967, while Yunus attended Vanderbilt University, he met Vera Forostenko, a student of Russian literature at Vanderbilt University and daughter of Russian immigrants to Trenton, New Jersey, US. They were married in 1970.^[11][14] Yunus's marriage with Vera ended within months of the birth of their baby girl, Monica Yunus (born 1979 Chittagong), as Vera returned to New Jersey claiming that Bangladesh was not a good place to raise a baby.^[11][14] Yunus later married Afrozi Yunus, who was then a researcher in physics at Manchester University.^[14] She was later appointed as a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University. Their daughter Deena Afroz Yunus was born in 1986.^[14]

Yunus's brothers are also active in academia. His brother Muhammad Ibrahim is a professor of physics at Dhaka University and the founder of The Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES), which brings science education to adolescent girls in villages.^[128] His younger brother Muhammad Jahangir is a popular television presenter and a well known social activist in Bangladesh. He is also the moderator of several Talk show programmes in Bangladesh. Monica Yunus, his elder daughter, is a Bangladeshi-Russian American operatic soprano, working in New York City.^[129]

Books

• Three Farmers of Jobra; Department of Economics, Chittagong University; 1974
• Planning in Bangladesh: Format, Technique, and Priority, and Other Essays; Rural Studies Project, Department of Economics, Chittagong University; 1976
• Jorimon and Others: Faces of Poverty (co-authors: Saiyada Manajurula Isalama, Arifa Rahman); Grameen Bank; 1991
• Grameen Bank, as I See it; Grameen Bank; 1994
• Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty; Public Affairs; 2003; ISBN 978-1-58648-198-8
• Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism; Public Affairs; 2008; ISBN 978-1-58648-493-4
• Building Social Business: The New Kind of Capitalism that Serves Humanity's Most Pressing Needs^[130] ; Public Affairs; 2010; ISBN 978-1-58648-824-6

Legacy and honours

• In 2006, awarded Nobel Peace Prize for his finance work.
• Chosen by Wharton School of Business in Philadelphia as one of The 25 Most Influential Business Persons of the Past 25 Years, covered in a PBS documentary.^[131]
• In 2006, Time magazine ranked him as one of the top 12 business leaders, including him among "60 years of Asian Heroes."^[132]
• In 2008, Yunus was voted 2nd on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals in an open online poll conducted by Prospect Magazine (UK) and Foreign Policy (United States).^[133]
• In 2009, Yunus was awarded the Golden Biatec Award, the highest award bestowed by Slovakia’s Informal Economic Forum Economic Club, for individuals who exhibit economic, social, scientific, educational and cultural accomplishments in the Slovak Republic.^[134]

See also

• Yunus Centre
• Fazle Hasan Abed
• Islamic banking
• Yunus Social Business - Global Initiatives
• Fazlur Rahman Khan
• Jawed Karim
• Salman Khan (educator)

References

Further reading

• David Bornstein; The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank and the Idea That Is; Simon & Schuster; 1996; ISBN 0-684-81191-X

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Muhammad Yunus

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammad Yunus.

• Official website
• Muhammad Yunus on Facebook
• Muhammad Yunus biography at Grameen Bank
• Banker to the Poor 2006 lecture at NobelPrize.org
• Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Muhammad Yunus at the Internet Movie Database
• Works by or about Muhammad Yunus in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Muhammad Yunus collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Muhammad Yunus collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Muhammad Yunus collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
• Muhammad Yunus at Econlib
• Muhammad Yunus at the Notable Names Database
• Exclusive Interview with Educational Technology Magazine

Awards and achievements
Preceded by He Kang	World Food Prize 1994	Succeeded by Hans R. Herren
Academic offices
Preceded by Gus Macdonald	Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University 2012-present	Succeeded by Incumbent

Africa Progress Panel Kofi Annan (chair) Tony Blair Michel Camdessus Peter Eigen Bob Geldof Graça Machel Linah Mohohlo Olusegun Obasanjo Robert Rubin Tidjane Thiam Muhammad Yunus

Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901–1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926–1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951–1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel-Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976–2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae-jung 2001–present 2001 Kofi Annan / United Nations 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai

2006 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry: Roger D. Kornberg (United States) Economic Sciences: Edmund Phelps (United States) Literature: Orhan Pamuk (Turkey) Peace: Muhammad Yunus (Bangladesh) Grameen Bank (Bangladesh) Physics: John C. Mather (United States) George Smoot (United States) Physiology or Medicine: Andrew Fire (United States) Craig Mello (United States) Nobel Prize recipients 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

Sydney Peace Prize laureates Muhammad Yunus (1998) Desmond Tutu (1999) Xanana Gusmão (2000) William Deane (2001) Mary Robinson (2002) Hanan Ashrawi (2003) Arundhati Roy (2004) Olara Otunnu (2005) Irene Khan (2006) Hans Blix (2007) Patrick Dodson (2008) John Pilger (2009) Vandana Shiva (2010) Noam Chomsky (2011) Sekai Holland (2012) Cynthia Maung (2013) Julian Burnside (2014)

Ramon Magsaysay Award recipients   Government Service (1958-2008)  Cambodia Ek Sonn Chan  China Yuan Longping  India C.D. Deshmukh J. M. Lyngdoh  Indonesia Raden Kodijat Ali Sadikin  Japan Hiroshi Kuroki Yukiharu Miki  Laos Keo Viphakone  Malaysia Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim B. C. Shekhar  Pakistan Akhtar Hameed Khan  Philippines Jose Vasquez Aguilar Francisca Reyes-Aquino Hilario Davide, Jr. Grace Padaca Jesse Robredo Jovito R. Salonga Miriam Defensor Santiago Haydee Yorac  Singapore Goh Keng Swee  Thailand Phon Sangsingkeo Jon Ungphakorn Puey Ungpakorn  Taiwan Shih-chu Hsu Kwoh-Ting Li Jiang Menglin   Public Service (1958-2008)  Burma Tee Tee Luce  Ceylon Mary H. Rutnam  China Gao Yaojie Jiang Yanyong Liang Congjie Wu Qing  India Jayaprakash Narayan V. Shanta  Indonesia H.B. Jassin Teten Masduki  Pakistan Ruth Pfau  Philippines Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions (CARD MRI)  South Korea Kim Sun-Tae Park Won-soon  Spain based in  Philippines Joaquin Villalonga  Thailand Sithiporn Kridakara Phra Parnchand Prateep Hata Fua Hariphitak Thongbai Thongpao Sirindhorn Mechai Viravaidya Sophon Suphapong Therdchai Jivacate   Community Leadership (1958-2008)  Bangladesh Tahrunessa Abdullah Fazle Hasan Abed Muhammad Yunus Zafrullah Chowdhury Mohammed Yeasin Angela Gomes  Burma Cynthia Maung  India Mandakini Amte Prakash Amte Vinoba Bhave Aruna Roy Shantha Sinha Rajendra Singh  Japan Fusaye Ichikawa  Laos Sombath Somphone  Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman    Nepal Mahabir Pun  Philippines Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation Antonio Meloto  Thailand Prayong Ronnarong  Tibet 14th Dalai Lama   Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts (1958-2008)  Bangladesh Matiur Rahman Abdullah Abu Sayeed  Burma Edward Michael Law-Yone  Ceylon or  Sri Lanka Wannakuwatta Amaradeva Tarzie Vittachi  India Palagummi Sainath  Indonesia Atmakusuma Astraatmadja Mochtar Lubis  Japan Akira Kurosawa Yasuji Hanamori Michiko Ishimure Akio Ishii    Nepal Bharat Koirala  Philippines Eugenia Duran Apostol Sheila Coronel  Great Britain based in  Philippines Robert McCulloch Dick   Peace and International Understanding (1958-2008)  China Tang Xiyang  India Mother Teresa Jockin Arputham Laxminarayan Ramdas  Indonesia Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif  Japan Ikuo Hirayama Tetsu Nakamura Saburo Okita Seiei Toyama    Nepal Sanduk Ruit  Pakistan Ibn Abdur Rehman  Philippines Operation Brotherhood Summer Institute of Linguistics William Masterson Harold Ray Watson International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Press Foundation of Asia Asian Institute of Management Corazon Aquino  South Korea Pomnyun Sunim  United States based in  Thailand Genevieve Caulfield   Emergent Leadership (2001- )  Burma Ka Hsaw Wa  China Chen Guangcheng  Cambodia Oung Chanthol  India Arvind Kejriwal Nileema Mishra Sandeep Pandey  Indonesia Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto Dita Indah Sari  Philippines Benjamin Abadiano  South Korea Yoon Hye-Ran  Sri Lanka Ananda Galappatti  Timor-Leste Aniceto Guterres Lopes  United States based in  Hong Kong Chung To   Uncategorized (2009- )  Bangladesh Syeda Rizwana Hasan A.H.M. Noman Khan  Cambodia Yang Saing Koma Koul Panha  China Fu Qiping Huo Daishan Ma Jun Pan Yue Yu Xiaogang  India Kulandei Francis Harish Hande Deep Joshi  Indonesia Hasanain Juaini Tri Mumpuni  Japan Tadatoshi Akiba  Philippines Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation, Inc. (AIDFI) Christopher Bernido Ma. Victoria Carpio-Bernido Romulo Davide Antonio Oposa Jr.  Taiwan Chen Shu-chu  Thailand Krisana Kraisintu

The Elders Chair Kofi Annan Deputy Chair Gro Harlem Brundtland Members Martti Ahtisaari Ela Bhatt Lakhdar Brahimi Fernando Henrique Cardoso Jimmy Carter Hina Jilani Graça Machel Mary Robinson Ernesto Zedillo Honorary Members Desmond Tutu (former Chair) Former Members Li Zhaoxing Nelson Mandela (founder) Aung San Suu Kyi Muhammad Yunus

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