Mstislav Rostropovich

Mstislav Leopoldovich "Slava" Rostropovich, KBE (Russian: Мстисла́в Леопо́льдович Ростропо́вич, Mstislav Leopol'dovič Rostropovič, pronounced [rəstrɐˈpəvʲɪtɕ]; March 27, 1927 – April 27, 2007), was a Soviet and Russian cellist and conductor. He is considered to be one of the greatest cellists of the 20th century. In addition to his interpretations and technique, he was well known for both inspiring and commissioning new works, which enlarged the cello repertoire more than any cellist before or since. He gave the premieres of over 100 pieces,^[1] forming long-standing friendships and artistic partnerships with composers including Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Prokofiev, Henri Dutilleux, Witold Lutoslawski, Olivier Messiaen, Luciano Berio, Krzysztof Penderecki, Alfred Schnittke, Norbert Moret, Andreas Makris and Benjamin Britten.

Rostropovich was internationally recognized as a staunch advocate of human rights, and was awarded the 1974 Award of the International League of Human Rights. He was married to the soprano Galina Vishnevskaya and had two daughters, Olga and Elena Rostropovich.

Early years

Rostropovich was born in Baku, Azerbaijan, to parents who had moved from Orenburg.^[2] Rostropovich was of mostly ethnic Russian ancestry; his father, Leopold Vitoldovich Rostropovich, was also partly of Polish noble descent. That part of his family bore the Bogorya coat of arms, which was located at the family palace in Skotniki, Masovian Voivodeship. He grew up in Baku and spent his youth there. During World War II his family moved back to Orenburg and then in 1943 to Moscow.^[3]

At the age of four, Rostropovich learned the piano with his mother, Sofiya Nikolaevna Fedotova, a talented pianist. He began the cello at the age of 10 with his father, who was a renowned cellist and former student of Pablo Casals.^[4]

In 1943, at the age of 16, he entered the Moscow Conservatory, where he studied cello, piano, conducting and composition. His teachers included Dmitri Shostakovich. In 1945 he came to prominence as a cellist when he won the gold medal in the Soviet Union's first ever competition for young musicians.^[4] He graduated from the Conservatory in 1948, and became professor of cello there in 1956.

First concerts

Rostropovich gave his first cello concert in 1942. He won first prize at the international Music Awards of Prague and Budapest in 1947, 1949 and 1950. In 1950, at the age of 23 he was awarded what was then considered the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, the Stalin Prize.^[5] At that time, Rostropovich was already well known in his country and while actively pursuing his solo career, he taught at the Leningrad (Saint-Petersburg) Conservatory and the Moscow Conservatory. In 1955, he married Galina Vishnevskaya, a leading soprano at the Bolshoi Theatre.^[6]

Rostropovich had working relationships with Soviet composers of the era. In 1949 Sergei Prokofiev wrote his Cello Sonata in C, Op. 119, for the 22-year old Rostropovich, who gave the first performance in 1950, with Sviatoslav Richter. Prokofiev also dedicated his Symphony-Concerto for cello to him; this was premiered in 1952. Rostropovich and Dmitry Kabalevsky completed Prokofiev's Cello Concertino after the composer's death. Dmitri Shostakovich wrote both his first and second cello concertos for Rostropovich, who also gave their first performances.

His international career started in 1963 in the Conservatoire of Liège (with Kirill Kondrashin) and in 1964 in West Germany.

Rostropovich went on several tours in Western Europe and met several composers, including Benjamin Britten, who dedicated his Cello Sonata, three Solo Suites, and his Cello Symphony to Rostropovich. Rostropovich gave their first performances, and the two had an obviously special affinity - Rostropovich's family described him as "always smiling" when discussing "Ben", and on his death bed he was said to have expressed no fear as he and Britten would, he believed, be reunited in Heaven.^[7] Britten was also renowned as a piano accompanist and together they recorded, among other works, Schubert's Sonata for Arpeggione and Piano in A minor D.821. His daughter claimed that this recording moved her father to tears of joy even on his deathbed.

Rostropovich also had long-standing artistic partnership with Henri Dutilleux (Tout un monde lointain... for cello and orchestra, Trois strophes sur le nom de Sacher for solo cello), Witold Lutoslawski (cello concerto, Sacher-Variation for solo cello), Krzysztof Penderecki (cello concerto n°2, Largo for cello and orchestra, Per Slava for solo cello, sextet for piano, clarinet, horn, violin, viola and cello), Luciano Berio (Ritorno degli snovidenia for cello and thirty instruments, Les mots sont allés... for solo cello) as well as Olivier Messiaen (Concert à quatre for piano, cello, oboe, flute and orchestra).

Rostropovich took private lessons in conducting with Leo Ginzburg,^[8] and first conducted in public in Gorky in November 1962, performing the four entractes from Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District and Shostakovich's orchestration of Mussorgsky's Songs and Dances of Death with Vishnevskaya singing.^[9] In 1967, at the invitation of the Bolshoi Theatre's director Mikhail Chulaki, he conducted Tchaikovsky's opera Eugene Onegin at the Bolshoi, thus letting forth his passion for both the role of conductor and the opera.^[10]

Proms on August 21, 1968

Rostropovich played at The Proms on the night of August 21, 1968. He played with the Soviet State Symphony Orchestra- it was the orchestra's debut performance at the Proms. The programme featured Czech composer Antonín Dvořák's Cello Concerto and was the same day that Russians invaded Czechoslovakia to put an end to Alexander Dubček's Prague Spring.^[11] After the performance, which had been preceded by heckling and demonstrations, the orchestra and soloist were cheered by the Proms audience.^[12] Rostropovich stood and held aloft the conductor's score of the Dvořák as a gesture of solidarity for the composer's homeland and the city of Prague, a place he loved.

As an encore he played the sarabande No. 4 from the Suite No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1008 by Johann Sebastian Bach, a piece that he said he liked to offer to those who were sad.

Exile

Rostropovich fought for art without borders, freedom of speech, and democratic values, resulting in harassment from the Soviet regime. An early example was in 1948, when he was a student at the Moscow Conservatory. In response to the 10 February 1948 decree on so-called 'formalist' composers, his teacher Dmitri Shostakovich was dismissed from his professorships in Leningrad and Moscow; the 21-year-old Rostropovich quit the conservatory, dropping out in protest.^[13] In 1970, Rostropovich sheltered Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who otherwise would have had nowhere to go, in his own home. His friendship with Solzhenitsyn and his support for dissidents led to official disgrace in the early 1970s. As a result, Rostropovich was restricted from foreign touring,^[14] as was his wife, soprano Galina Vishnevskaya, and his appearances performing in Moscow were curtailed, as increasingly were his appearances in such major cities as Leningrad and Kiev.^[15]

Rostropovich left the Soviet Union in 1974 with his wife and children and settled in the United States. He was banned from several musical ensembles in his homeland, and his Soviet citizenship was revoked in 1978 because of his public opposition to the Soviet Union's restriction of cultural freedom. He would not return to the Soviet Union until 1990.^[5]

Further career

From 1977 until 1994, he was musical director and conductor of the U.S. National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, while still performing with some of the most famous musicians such as Martha Argerich, Sviatoslav Richter and Vladimir Horowitz.^[16] He was also the director and founder of the Rostropovich Music Festival and was a regular performer at the Aldeburgh Festival in the UK.^[17]

His impromptu performance during the fall of the Berlin Wall as events unfolded was reported throughout the world.^[18] His Soviet citizenship was restored in 1990.

When, in August 1991, news footage was broadcast of tanks in the streets of Moscow, Rostropovich responded with a characteristically brave, impetuous and patriotic gesture: he bought a plane ticket to Japan on a flight that stopped at Moscow, talked his way out of the airport and went to join Boris Yeltsin in the hope that his fame might make some difference to the chance of tanks moving in.^[19]

In modern Russia, Rostropovich was welcomed by high officials. Besides having supported Yeltsin during the 1993 constitutional crisis (he also conducted the National Symphony Orchestra in Red Square at the height of the crackdown),^[20] he was also on friendly terms with Vladimir Putin.

In 1993, he was instrumental in the foundation of the Kronberg Academy and was a patron until his death. He commissioned Rodion Shchedrin to compose the opera Lolita and conducted its premiere in 1994 at the Royal Swedish Opera.

Rostropovich received many international awards, including the French Legion of Honor and honorary doctorates from many international universities. He was an activist, fighting for freedom of expression in art and politics. An ambassador for the UNESCO, he supported many educational and cultural projects.^[21] Rostropovich performed several times in Madrid and was a close friend of Queen Sofía of Spain.

Rostropovich and his wife, Galina Vishnevskaya, founded the Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation, a publicly supported non-profit 501(c)(3) organization based in Washington, D.C., in 1991 to improve the health and future of children in the former Soviet Union. The Rostropovich Home Museum opened on March 4, 2002, in Baku.^[22] The couple visited Azerbaijan occasionally. Rostropovich also presented cello master classes at the Azerbaijan State Conservatory.

Together they formed a valuable art collection. In September 2007, when it was slated to be sold at auction by Sotheby's in London and dispersed, Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov stepped forward and negotiated the purchase of all 450 lots in order to keep the collection together and bring it to Russia as a memorial to the great cellist's memory. Christie's reported that the buyer paid a "substantially higher" sum than the £20 million pre-sale estimate^[23]

In 2006, he was featured in Alexander Sokurov's documentary Elegy of a life: Rostropovich, Vishnevskaya.^[24]

His instruments included the 1711 Duport Stradivarius, a Storioni on which he made most of his recordings and a Peter Guarneri of Venice.

Later life

Rostropovich's health declined in 2006, with the Chicago Tribune reporting rumours of unspecified surgery in Geneva and later treatment for what was reported as an aggravated ulcer. Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Rostropovich to discuss details of a celebration the Kremlin was planning for March 27, 2007, Rostropovich's 80th birthday. Rostropovich attended the celebration but was reportedly in frail health.

Though Rostropovich's last home was in Paris, he maintained residences in Moscow, St. Petersburg, London, Lausanne, and Jordanville, New York. Rostropovich was admitted to a Paris hospital at the end of January 2007, but then decided to fly to Moscow, where he had been receiving care.^[25] On February 6, 2007 the 79-year-old Rostropovich was admitted to a hospital in Moscow. "He is just feeling unwell", Natalya Dolezhale, Rostropovich's secretary in Moscow, said. Asked if there was serious cause for concern about his health she said: "No, right now there is no cause whatsoever." She refused to specify the nature of his illness. The Kremlin said that President Putin had visited the musician on Monday in the hospital, which prompted speculation that he was in a serious condition. Dolezhale said the visit was to discuss arrangements for marking Rostropovich's 80th birthday. On March 27, 2007, Putin issued a statement praising Rostropovich.^[26]

He re-entered the Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center on April 7, 2007, where he was treated for intestinal cancer. He died on April 27.^[18][27][28]

On April 28, Rostropovich's body lay in an open coffin at the Moscow Conservatory,^[29] where he once studied as a teenager, and was then moved to the Church of Christ the Saviour. Thousands of mourners, including Putin, bade farewell. Spain's Queen Sofia, French first lady Bernadette Chirac and President Ilham Aliev of Azerbaijan, where Rostropovich was born, as well as Naina Yeltsina, the widow of Boris Yeltsin, were among those in attendance at the funeral on April 29. Rostropovich was then buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery, the same cemetery where his friend Boris Yeltsin had been buried four days earlier.^[30]

Stature

Rostropovich was a huge influence on the younger generation of cellists. Many have openly acknowledged their debt to his example. In the Daily Telegraph, Julian Lloyd Webber called him "probably the greatest cellist of all time."^[31]

Rostropovich either commissioned or was the recipient of compositions by many composers including Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Prokofiev, Benjamin Britten, Henri Dutilleux, Olivier Messiaen, André Jolivet, Witold Lutosławski, Luciano Berio, Krzysztof Penderecki, Leonard Bernstein, Alfred Schnittke, Aram Khachaturian, Ástor Piazzolla, Andreas Makris, Sofia Gubaidulina, Arthur Bliss and Lopes Graça. His commissions of new works enlarged the cello repertoire more than any previous cellist: he gave the premiere of 117 compositions.^[1]

Rostropovich is also well known for his interpretations of standard repertoire works, including Dvořák's Cello Concerto in B minor and Haydn's cello concerti in C and D, Prokofiev's Symphony-Concerto and the two cello concerti of Shostakovich.

Between 1997 and 2001 he was intimately involved in the development and testing of the BACH.Bow,^[32] a curved bow designed by the cellist Michael Bach. In 2001 he invited Michael Bach for a presentation of his BACH.Bow to Paris (7ème Concours de violoncelle Rostropovitch).^[33] In July 2011, the city of Moscow announced plans to erect a statue of Rostropovich in a central square.^[34]

He was also a notably generous spirit. Seiji Ozawa relates an anecdote: on hearing of the death of the baby daughter of his friend the sumo wrestler Chiyonofuji, Rostropovich flew unannounced to Tokyo, took a 1 1/2 hour cab ride to Chiyonofuji's house and played his Bach sarabande outside, as his gesture of sympathy—then got back in the taxi and returned to the airport to fly back to Europe.

Awards and recognition

Rostropovich received about 50 awards during his life, including:

Russian Federation and USSR

• Order of Merit for the Fatherland;
  • 1st class (24 February 2007) - for outstanding contribution to world music and many years of creative activity
  • 2nd class (25 March 1997) - for services to the state and the great personal contribution to the world of music
• Medal Defender of a Free Russia (2 February 1993) - for courage and dedication shown during the defence of democracy and constitutional order of 19–21 August 1991
• Jubilee Medal "60 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
• Medal "For Valiant Labor. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
• Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
• Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
• Medal "For development of virgin lands"
• Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
• People's Artist of the USSR
• People's Artist of the RSFSR (1964)
• Honoured Artist of the RSFSR (1955)
• State Prize of the Russian Federation (1995)
• Lenin Prize (1964)
• Stalin Prize (1951)
• Commemorative Medal for the 850th anniversary of Moscow

Foreign

• Praemium Imperiale (1993)
• Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class (2001)^[35]
• Heydar Aliyev Order (Azerbaijan, 2007)
• Order "Independence" (Azerbaijan, 3 March 2002)^[36]
• Order of "Glory" (Azerbaijan, 1998)
• Order de Mayo (Argentina, 1991)
• Order of Freedom (Argentina, 1994)
• Commander of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (Argentina, 1994)
• Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium, 1989)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2003)
• Order of Francisco de Miranda (Venezuela, 1979)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2001)
• Commander of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
• Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark, 1983)
• Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain, 1985)
• Commander of the Order of Charles III (Spain, 2004)
• Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (31 August 1984)^[37]
• Grand Officer of the National Order of the Cedar (Lebanon, 1997)
• Grand Officer of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania, 24 November 1995)
• January 13 Commemorative Medal (Lithuania, 10 June 1992)
• Commander of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1999; previously Knight, 1982)
• Commander of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau (Luxembourg, 1991)
• Commander of the Order of Saint-Charles (Monaco, 1989)
• Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit (Monaco, November 1999)^[38]
• Commander of the Order of the Dutch Lion (Netherlands, 1989)
• Commander of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (1997)
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword (Portugal)
• Order "For merits in the sphere of culture" (Romania, 2004)
• Presidential Medal of Freedom (USA, 1987)
• Knight of the Order of Brilliant Star (Taiwan, 1977)
• Knight of the Order of the Lion of Finland
• Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (France, 1998; previously Commander, 1987, and Officer, 1981)
• Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (France, 1975)
• Order of Arts and Letters (Sweden) (1984)
• National Order "For Merit" (Ecuador, 1993)
• Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star (2nd class) (Japan, 2003)
• Citizen of Honor of Orenburg, Russia (1993)
• Sharaf Order (Order of Honor) of the Republic of Azerbaijan
• Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1987)

Other awards

• Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance (1984)
  • Mstislav Rostropovich & Rudolf Serkin for Brahms: Sonata for Cello and Piano in E Minor, Op. 38 and Sonata in F, Op. 99
• Polar Music Prize, 1995
• Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society (1970)
• Ernst von Siemens Music Prize 1976
• Sonning Award (1981; Denmark)
• Prince of Asturias Award (in the concord category), 1997 (jointly with Yehudi Menuhin)
• Citizen of honor of Vilnius, Lithuania (2000)
• Konex Decoration granted by de Konex Foundation of Argentina in 2002.
• Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands awarded him the rare Medal for Art and Science (Dutch: "Eremedaille voor Kunst en Wetenschap") of the House-Order of Orange.
• Laurea ad honorem at the University of Bologna in Political Science, 2006.
• Sanford Medal (Yale University)^[39]
• Honorary Membership of the Royal Academy of Music, London.^[40]
• Gold UNESCO Mozart Medal (2007)^[41]
• In 1992 he received the Four Freedom Award for the Freedom of Speech ^[42]

References

• Rostropovich.org

Further reading

• Wilson, Elizabeth. Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Teacher, Legend London: Faber & Faber, 2007. ISBN 978-0-571-22051-9
• Mstislav Rostropovich and Galina Vishnevskaya. Russia, Music, and Liberty. Conversations with Claude Samuel, Amadeus Press, Portland (1995), ISBN 0-931340-76-4
• Rostrospektive. Zum Leben und Werk von Mstislaw Rostropowitsch. On the Life and Achievement of Mstislav Rostropovich, Alexander Ivashkin and Josef Oehrlein, Internationale Kammermusik-Akademie Kronberg, Schweinfurt: Maier (1997), ISBN 3-926300-30-2
• Inside the Recording Studio. Working with Callas, Rostropovich, Domingo, and the Classical Elite, Peter Andry, with Robin Stringer and Tony Locantro, The Scarecrow Press, Lanham MD (2008). ISBN 978-0-8108-6026-1
• "Mstislav Rostropovich : Conductor, Pianist and Outstanding Cellist of the Age for whom Prokofiev, Shostakovich and Britten Composed (obituary)". London: The Telegraph. 2007-04-28. Retrieved 2010-04-05. 
• Reynolds, Nigel (2007-04-28). "Famed Russian Cellist Loses Cancer Battle". London: The Telegraph. 
• Lloyd Webber, Julian (2007-04-28). "'The Greatest Cellist of All Time'". The Daily Telegraph (London). 

External links

• Vishnevskaya-Rostropovich Foundation homepage
• Home-museum of Leopold and Mstislav Rostropovich
• Mstislav Rostropovich - Daily Telegraph obituary
• Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Conductor, Humanitarian Cellist Arash Amini shares his personal experiences with Slava, a feature from the Bloomingdale School of Music (October 2007)
• Why the cello is a hero, interview with the Daily Telegraph
• Interview by Tim Janof
• Famous People: Then and Now article and interview at Azerbaijan International (Winter 1999)
• Intellectual Responsibility. When Silence is Not Golden: Conversations with Mstislav Rostropovich, another Azerbaijan International interview (Summer 2005)
• Hearing Mstislav Rostropovich survey of Rostropovich recordings, by Jens F. Laurson (WETA, May 4, 2007)
• 1987 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients
• The first Prague Spring International Cello Competition in 1950 in photographs, documents and reminiscences
• National Symphony Orchestra Pays Homage to Rostropovich, WQXR Live Broadcast, Spring for Music Festival, Carnegie Hall, New York, New York (May 11, 2013)

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Richard Goode and Richard Stoltzman	Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance 1984	Succeeded by Juilliard String Quartet
Preceded by Ray Charles and Ravi Shankar	Polar Music Prize 1995	Succeeded by Pierre Boulez and Joni Mitchell

Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates Igor Stravinsky (1959) Leonard Bernstein (1965) Birgit Nilsson (1966) Witold Lutosławski (1967) Benjamin Britten (1968) Boris Christoff (1969) Sergiu Celibidache (1970) Arthur Rubinstein (1971) Yehudi Menuhin (1972) Dmitri Shostakovich (1973) Andrés Segovia (1974) Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (1975) Mogens Wöldike (1976) Olivier Messiaen (1977) Jean-Pierre Rampal (1978) Janet Baker (1979) Marie-Claire Alain (1980) Mstislav Rostropovich (1981) Isaac Stern (1982) Rafael Kubelík (1983) Miles Davis (1984) Pierre Boulez (1985) Sviatoslav Richter (1986) Heinz Holliger (1987) Peter Schreier (1988) Gidon Kremer (1989) György Ligeti (1990) Eric Ericson (1991) Georg Solti (1992) Nikolaus Harnoncourt (1993) Krystian Zimerman (1994) Yuri Bashmet (1995) Per Nørgård (1996) András Schiff (1997) Hildegard Behrens (1998) Sofia Gubaidulina (1999) Michala Petri (2000) Anne-Sophie Mutter (2001) Alfred Brendel (2002) György Kurtág (2003) Keith Jarrett (2004) John Eliot Gardiner (2005) Yo-Yo Ma (2006) Lars Ulrik Mortensen (2007) Arvo Pärt (2008) Daniel Barenboim (2009) Cecilia Bartoli (2010) Kaija Saariaho (2011) Jordi Savall (2012) Simon Rattle (2013) Martin Fröst (2014)

Laureates of the Wolf Prize in Arts Architecture Ralph Erskine (1983/4) Fumihiko Maki / Giancarlo De Carlo (1988) Frank Gehry / Jørn Utzon / Denys Lasdun (1992) Frei Otto / Aldo van Eyck (1996/7) Álvaro Siza Vieira (2001) Jean Nouvel (2005) David Chipperfield / Peter Eisenman (2010) Eduardo Souto de Moura (2013) Music Vladimir Horowitz / Olivier Messiaen / Josef Tal (1982) Isaac Stern / Krzysztof Penderecki (1987) Yehudi Menuhin / Luciano Berio (1991) Zubin Mehta / György Ligeti (1995/6) Pierre Boulez / Riccardo Muti (2000) Mstislav Rostropovich / Daniel Barenboim (2004) Giya Kancheli / Claudio Abbado (2008) Plácido Domingo / Simon Rattle (2012) Painting Marc Chagall / Antoni Tàpies (1981) Jasper Johns (1986) Anselm Kiefer (1990) Gerhard Richter (1994/5) Louise Bourgeois (2002/3) Michelangelo Pistoletto (2006/7) Rosemarie Trockel (2011) Sculpture Eduardo Chillida (1984/5) Claes Oldenburg (1989) Bruce Nauman (1993) James Turrell (1998) Louise Bourgeois (2002/3) Michelangelo Pistoletto (2006/7) Olafur Eliasson (2014) Agriculture Arts Chemistry Mathematics Medicine Physics

Laureates of the Polar Music Prize 1990s Paul McCartney / the Baltic states (1992) Dizzy Gillespie / Witold Lutosławski (1993) Quincy Jones / Nikolaus Harnoncourt (1994) Elton John / Mstislav Rostropovich (1995) Joni Mitchell / Pierre Boulez (1996) Bruce Springsteen / Eric Ericson (1997) Ray Charles / Ravi Shankar (1998) Stevie Wonder / Iannis Xenakis (1999) 2000s Bob Dylan / Isaac Stern (2000) Burt Bacharach / Robert Moog / Karlheinz Stockhausen (2001) Miriam Makeba / Sofia Gubaidulina (2002) Keith Jarrett (2003) B.B. King / György Ligeti (2004) Gilberto Gil / Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (2005) Led Zeppelin / Valery Gergiev (2006) Sonny Rollins / Steve Reich (2007) Pink Floyd / Renée Fleming (2008) Peter Gabriel / José Antonio Abreu / El Sistema (2009) 2010s Björk / Ennio Morricone (2010) Kronos Quartet / Patti Smith (2011) Paul Simon / Yo-Yo Ma (2012) Youssou N'Dour / Kaija Saariaho (2013) Chuck Berry / Peter Sellars (2014)

National Symphony Orchestra Music Directors Hans Kindler (1931) Howard Mitchell (1949) Antal Doráti (1970) Mstislav Rostropovich (1977) Leonard Slatkin (1996) Christoph Eschenbach (2010)

Kennedy Center Honorees (1990s) 1990 Dizzy Gillespie Katharine Hepburn Risë Stevens Jule Styne Billy Wilder 1991 Roy Acuff Betty Comden and Adolph Green Fayard and Harold Nicholas Gregory Peck Robert Shaw 1992 Lionel Hampton Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward Ginger Rogers Mstislav Rostropovich Paul Taylor 1993 Johnny Carson Arthur Mitchell Sir Georg Solti Stephen Sondheim Marion Williams 1994 Kirk Douglas Aretha Franklin Morton Gould Harold Prince Pete Seeger 1995 Jacques d'Amboise Marilyn Horne B.B. King Sidney Poitier Neil Simon 1996 Edward Albee Benny Carter Johnny Cash Jack Lemmon Maria Tallchief 1997 Lauren Bacall Bob Dylan Charlton Heston Jessye Norman Edward Villella 1998 Bill Cosby Fred Ebb and John Kander Willie Nelson André Previn Shirley Temple Black 1999 Victor Borge Sean Connery Judith Jamison Jason Robards Stevie Wonder Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

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