Mitsubishi Ki-57

Ki-57
MC-20-I, with a nickname Asagumo (morning cloud), used by Asahi Shimbun
Role	Transport aircraft Paratroop Transport Passenger aircraft
Manufacturer	Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Limited)
Designer	Mitsubishi Jukogyo KK Design Team
First flight	August 1940
Introduction	1942
Primary user	Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service Imperial Japanese Airways
Produced	1940-1945
Number built	406
Developed from	Mitsubishi Ki-21

The Mitsubishi Ki-57 was a Japanese passenger transport aircraft, developed from the Ki-21 bomber, during the early 1940s. See below for synonyms.

Development

MC-20-II with a nickname Hakutsuru(white crane) of the China Airlines during the Sino-Japanese war.

In 1938, when the Ki-21 heavy bomber began to enter service with the Imperial Japanese Army, its capability attracted the attention of the Imperial Japanese Airways. In consequence a civil version was developed and this, generally similar to the Ki-21-I and retaining its powerplant of two 708 kW (950 hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI radial engines, differed primarily by having the same wings transferred from a mid to low-wing configuration and the incorporation of a new fuselage to provide accommodation for up to 11 passengers. This transport version appealed also the navy, and following the flight of a prototype in August 1940 and subsequent testing, the type was ordered into production for both civil and military use.^[1]

This initial production Ki-57-I had the civil and military designations of MC-20-I and Army Type 100 Transport Model 1, respectively. A total of 100 production Ki-57-Is had been built by early 1942, and small numbers of them were transferred for use by the Japanese navy in a transport role, then becoming redesignated L4M1. After the last of the Ki-57s had been delivered production was switched to an improved Ki-57-II, which introduced more powerful 805 kW (1,080 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-l02 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles and, at the same time, incorporated a number of detail refinements and minor equipment changes. Civil and military designations of this version were the MC-20-II and Army Type 100 Transport Model 2, respectively. Only 406 were built before production ended in January 1945. Both versions were covered by the Allied reporting name "Topsy".^[2]

Variants

• Ki-57-I Army Type 100 Transport Model 1: Powered by two 708 kW (950 hp) Nakajima Ha-5 KAI radial engines and a redesigned fuselage to accommodate 11 passengers. About 100 aircraft of this type were built including the civil version.
• MC-20-I: Same as above but built for civil use with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK).
• Ki-57-II Army Type 100 Transport Model 2:Powered by two 805 kW (1,080 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-l02 14-cylinder radial engines installed in redesigned nacelles. Minor equipment and detail refinements were also incorporated. 306 aircraft of this type were produced before the end of production in January 1945.
• MC-20-II: Same as above but built for civil use with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK).
• L4M1 Navy Type 0 Transport: A small number of Ki-57-Is were transferred for use by the Japanese navy as transports and were redesignated L4M1.

Operators

A wrecked Ki-57 on Honshu in late 1945

Wartime

Military operators

 Japan

• Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
• Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

Civil operators

 Japan

• Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK)
• Asahi Shimbun
• Osaka Mainichi Shimbun
• Tyuka Koku Kaisya (in China)

 Manchukuo

• Manchukuo National Airways (in Manchuria)

Reorganized National Government of China

• One MC-20 used as presidential transport

 Second Philippine Republic

• One MC-20 used as presidential transport

Post-war

 China

• The last Ki-57 was used as a trainer and retired in 1952.

 Japan

• Imperial Japanese Airways (till October 1945)^[3]

 Netherlands

• Captured aircraft, used by the KNIL.

Accidents and incidents

• On December 20, 1940, a Dai Nippon Koku's MC-20, registration J-BGON "MYO-KO", crashed into the Tokyo bay during CAB's test flight, killing all 13 on board including 8 CAB inspectors.
• On June 21, 1941, a Manchurian Air Transport MC-20, registration M-604, crashed into the Sea of Japan, killing all 18 on board.

Specifications (Ki-57-II)

Data from Japanese AIrcraft of the Pacific War^[4]

General characteristics

• Crew: 4 (pilot, co-pilot, navigator and radio operator)
• Capacity: 11 passengers
• Length: 16.10 m (52 ft 9⅞ in)
• Wingspan: 22.60 m (74 ft 1¾ in)
• Height: 4.86 m (15 ft 11⅜ in)
• Wing area: 70.08 m² (754.3 ft²)
• Empty weight: 5,585 kg (12,313 lb)
• Loaded weight: 8,173 kg (18,018 lb)
• Max. takeoff weight: 9,120 kg (20,106 lb)
• Powerplant: 2 × Mitsubishi Ha-102 Zuisei 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engine, 805 kW (1,080 hp)(at take-off) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 470 km/h (254 kn, 292 mph) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
• Range: 3,000 km (1,622 nmi, 1,865 mi)
• Service ceiling: 8,000 m (26,250 ft)
• Wing loading: 116.6 kg/m² (23.9 lb/ft²)
  
• Climb to 5,000 m (16,400 ft): 15 min 45 s

See also

Related development

• Mitsubishi Ki-21

Related lists

• List of aircraft of World War II
• List of military aircraft of Japan
• List of aircraft of Japan, World War II
• List of aircraft of the Japanese Navy

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitsubishi Ki-57.

• Classic Airplane Museum MC-20 Japanese
• JCAL MC-20 Japanese