Mid front rounded vowel

Mid front rounded vowel
ø̞
œ̝
IPA number 310 430
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ø​̞
Unicode (hex) U+00F8 U+031E
X-SAMPA 2_o or 9_r
Braille ⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)

The mid front rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.

Although there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the "exact" mid front rounded vowel between close-mid [ø] and open-mid [œ], ⟨ø⟩ is generally used. If precision is desired, diacritics can be used, such as ⟨ø̞⟩ or ⟨œ̝⟩.

Mid front compressed vowel

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•əɵ̞
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
•aɶ
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[1] Near-front.[1]
Catalan Northern[2] fulles [ˈfø̞jəs] 'leaves' Found in Occitan and French loanwords and interferences. See Catalan phonology
Danish Standard[3][4][5][6][7] høne [ˈhø̞̈ːnə] 'hen' Near-front.[3][4][5][6][7] Described variously as mid[3][4][5][6] and somewhat lowered mid.[7] Most often, it is transcribed /œ(ː)/. See Danish phonology
English New Zealand[8] bird [bø̞̈ːd] 'bird' Near-front.[8] May be [ɵ̟ː] or [œ̈ː] instead. See English phonology
Southeastern Welsh[9][10] Near-front.[9][10][11]
West Midlands[11]
Estonian köök [kø̞ːk] 'kitchen'
Finnish[12] rölli [ˈrø̞̈lːi] 'Common bent' Near-front.[13] See Finnish phonology
German Standard[14] schön  [ʃø̞̈ːn]  'beautiful' Near-front.[14] It's close-mid [ø̈ː] according to Kohler (1999) and Lodge (2009). See German phonology
Hungarian[15] öl [ø̞̈l] 'kill' Near-front.[15] See Hungarian phonology
Korean[16] 쇠 soe [sø̞ː] 'iron' Near-front.[16] Typically transcribed as /ø/. Diphthongized to [we] in modern standard Korean. See Korean phonology
Romanian bleu [blø̞] 'light blue' Found only in loanwords. See Romanian phonology
Turkish[17] göz [ɟø̞̈z] 'eye' Near-front;[17] may be transcribed as /œ/. See Turkish phonology

Mid front protruded vowel

Mid front protruded vowel
ø̞ʷ
œ̝ʷ
ɛ̝ʷ
e̞ʷ

Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, ⟨ø̞ʷ⟩ (a mid front rounded vowel modified by endolabialization) will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded mid front vowels.

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Swedish Central Standard[18][19] nött  [n̪ø̞ʷt̪ː]  'worn' (past part. s.) Near-front,[18] typically transcribed as /œ/. See Swedish phonology

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  2. ↑ Recasens (1996:80–81)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Grønnum (1998:100)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Grønnum (2005:268)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Grønnum (2003)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Roca & Johnson (1999:188)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Coupland (1990:95)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wells (1982:381)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Collins & Mees (2003:299)
  12. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60 and 66)
  13. ↑ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Mangold (2005:37)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Szende (1994:92)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lee (1999:121)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Engstrand (1999:140)
  19. ↑ Elmquist (1915:33)

Bibliography

  • Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2000), Danish: An Essential Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
  • Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, p. 95, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
  • Elmquist, A. Louis (1915), Swedish phonology, Chicago: The Engberg-Holmberg Publishing Company
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
  • Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand?
  • Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1990), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667
  • Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
  • Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
  • Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 2: 289–333, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure, ISBN 978-951-42-8983-5
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7