Microprocessor chronology

Progress of miniaturisation, and comparison of sizes of semiconductor manufacturing process nodes with some microscopic objects and visible light wavelengths.

1970s

In the 1970s the microprocessors are mostly 8-bit and manufactured with the NMOS technology.

Date Name Developer Max clock (first version) Word size
(bits)		 Process Transistors
1970 MP944 Garrett AiResearch 375 kHz 20 MOS p-Channel Enhanced Mode
1971 4004 Intel 740 kHz 4 10 µm 2,250 pMOS
1972 PPS-25 Fairchild 400 kHz 4   Multi-chip, pMOS[1][2]
1972 8008 Intel 500 kHz 8 10 μm 3,500 pMOS
1972 PPS-4 Rockwell 200 kHz 4   pMOS[3][4]
1973 μCOM 4 NEC 1 MHz 4   2,500 NMOS[5][6]
1973 IMP-16 National 715 kHz 16   Multi-chip, pMOS[7][8]
1973 Mini-D Burroughs 1 MHz 8   pMOS[9]
1974 IMP-8 National 715 kHz 8   Multi-chip, pMOS[10]
1974 8080 Intel 2 MHz 8 6 μm 6,000 NMOS
1974 5065 Mostek 1.4 MHz 8   pMOS[11]
1974 TLCS-12 Toshiba 1 MHz 12   NMOS[10]
1974 CP1600 General Instrument 3.3 MHz 16   NMOS[12][13][14]
1974 IMP-4 National 500 kHz 4   Multi-chip, pMOS[10]
1974 4040 Intel 740 kHz 4 10 μm 3,000 pMOS
1974 6800 Motorola 1 MHz 8 - 4,100 NMOS[10]
1974 TMS 1000 Texas Instruments 400 kHz 4 8 μm 8,000
1974 PACE National   16   pMOS[12][15]
1974 ISP-8A/500 (SC/MP) National 1 MHz 8   P Channel MOS technology
1975 6100 Intersil 4 MHz 12 - 4,000 CMOS[16][17]
1975 2650 Signetics 1.2 MHz 8   NMOS[10]
1975 PPS-8 Rockwell 256 kHz 8   pMOS[10]
1975 F-8 Fairchild 2 MHz 8   NMOS[10]
1975 CDP 1801 RCA 2 MHz 8 5 μm 5,000 CMOS
two-chip[18][19]
1975 6502 MOS Technology 1 MHz 8 - 3,510 dynamic NMOS
1975 BPC[20][21] Hewlett Packard 10 MHz 16 - 6,000 + ROM
1976 CDP 1802 RCA 6.4 MHz 8   CMOS[22][23]
1976 Z-80 Zilog 2.5 MHz 8 4 μm 8,500 NMOS
1976 TMS9900 Texas Instruments 3.3 MHz 16 - 8,000
1976 8x300 Signetics 8 MHz 8   Bipolar[24][25]
1977 8085 Intel 3.0 MHz 8 3 μm 6,500
1978 6809 Motorola 1 MHz 8 5 μm 40,000
1978 8086 Intel 5 MHz 16 3 μm 29,000
1978 6801 Motorola - 8 5 μm 35,000
1979 Z8000 Zilog - 16 - 17,500
1979 8088 Intel 5 MHz 8/16[26] 3 μm 29,000 NMOS HMOS
1979 68000 Motorola 8 MHz 16/32[27] 3.5 μm 68,000 NMOS HMOS
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

1980s

In the 1980s the microprocessors are 16-bit and 32-bit, mostly manufactured with the CMOS technology.

Date Name Developer Clock Word size
(bits)		 Process Transistors
1980 16032 National Semiconductor - 16/32 - 60,000
1981 6120 Harris Corporation 10 MHz 12 - 20,000 CMOS[28]
1981 ROMP IBM 10 MHz 32 2 µm 45,000
1981 T-11 DEC 2.5 MHz 16 5 µm 17,000 NMOS
1982 RISC-I[29] UC Berkeley 1 MHz - 5 µm 44,420 NMOS
1982 FOCUS Hewlett Packard 18 MHz 32 1.5 µm 450,000
1982 80186 Intel 6 MHz 16 - 55,000
? 80C186 Intel 6 MHz 16 - ? CMOS
1982 80188 Intel 8 MHz 8/16 - 29,000
1982 80286 Intel 6 MHz 16 1.5 µm 134,000
1983 RISC-II UC Berkeley 3 MHz - 3 µm 40,760 NMOS
1983 MIPS[30] Stanford University 2 MHz 32 3 µm 25,000
1984 68020 Motorola 16 MHz 32 2 µm 190,000
1984 32032 National Semiconductor - 32 - 70,000
1984 V20 NEC 5 MHz 8/16 - 63,000
1985 80386 Intel 16–40 MHz 32 1.5 µm 275,000
1985 MicroVax II 78032 DEC 5 MHz 32 3.0 µm 125,000
1985 R2000 MIPS 8 MHz 32 2 µm 115,000
1985[31] Novix NC4016 Harris Corporation 8 MHz 16 3 μm[32] 16,000[33]
1988 R3000 MIPS 12 MHz 32 1.2 µm 120,000
1986 Z80000 Zilog - 32 - 91,000
1986 SPARC Sun 40 MHz 32 0.8 µm 800,000
1986 V60[34] NEC 16 MHz 16/32 1.5 µm 375,000
1987 CVAX 78034 DEC 12.5 MHz 32 2.0 µm 134,000
1987 ARM2 Acorn 18 MHz 32 2 µm 25,000[35]
1987 Gmicro/200[36] Hitachi - - 1.0 µm 730,000
1987 68030 Motorola 16 MHz 32 1.3 µm 273,000
1987 V70[34] NEC 20 MHz 16/32 1.5 µm 385,000
1988 80386SX Intel 12–33 MHz 16/32 - -
1988 i960 Intel 10 MHz 33/32 1.5 µm 250,000
1989 VAX DC520 "Rigel" DEC 35 MHz 32 1.5 µm 320,000
1989 80486 Intel 25 MHz 32 1 µm 1,180,000
1989 i860 Intel 25 MHz 32 1 µm 1,000,000
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

1990s

At the beginning of the 1990s the microprocessors were still 32-bit, transitioning to 64-bit during the decade. The external RAM speed no longer follow the microprocessor's. So two clocks appears, an external and a faster internal. The internal is the one listed here.

Date Name Developer Clock Word size
(bits)		 Process Transistors (M) threads
per core
1990 68040 Motorola 40 MHz 32 - 1.2
1990 POWER1 IBM 20–30 MHz 32 1.0 µm 6.9
1991 R4000 MIPS Computer Systems 100 MHz 64 0.8 µm 1.35
1991 NVAX DEC 62.5–90.91 MHz - 0.75 µm 1.3
1991 RSC IBM 33 MHz 32 0.8 µm 1.0[37]
1992 Alpha 21064 DEC 100–200 MHz 64 0.75 µm 1.68
1992 microSPARC I Sun 40–50 MHz 32 0.8 µm 0.8
1992 PA-7100 Hewlett Packard 100 MHz 32 0.80 µm 0.85[38]
1993 PowerPC 601 IBM, Motorola 50–80 MHz 32 0.6 µm 2.8
1993 Pentium Intel 60–66 MHz 32 0.8 µm 3.1
1993 POWER2 IBM 55–71.5 MHz 32 0.72 µm 23
1994 68060 Motorola 50 MHz 32 0.6 µm 2.5
1994 Alpha 21064A DEC 200–300 MHz 64 0.5 µm 2.85
1994 R4600 QED 100–125 MHz 64 0.65 µm 2.2
1994 PA-7200 Hewlett Packard 125 MHz 32 0.55 µm 1.26
1994 PowerPC 603 IBM, Motorola 60–120 MHz 32 0.5 µm 1.6
1994 PowerPC 604 IBM, Motorola 100–180 MHz 32 0.5 µm 3.6
1994 PA-7100LC Hewlett Packard 100 MHz 32 0.75 µm 0.90
1995 Alpha 21164 DEC 266–333 MHz 64 0.5 µm 9.3
1995 UltraSPARC Sun 143–167 MHz 64 0.47 µm 5.2
1995 SPARC64 HAL Computer Systems 101–118 MHz 64 0.40 µm -
1995 Pentium Pro Intel 150–200 MHz 32 0.35 µm 5.5
1996 Alpha 21164A DEC 400–500 MHz 64 0.35 µm 9.7
1996 K5 AMD 75–100 MHz 32 0.5 µm 4.3
1996 R10000 MTI 150–250 MHz 64 0.35 µm 6.7
1996 R5000 QED 180–250 MHz - 0.35 µm 3.7
1996 SPARC64 II HAL Computer Systems 141–161 MHz 64 0.35 µm -
1996 PA-8000 Hewlett-Packard 160–180 MHz 64 0.50 µm 3.8
1996 P2SC IBM 150 MHz 32 0.29 µm 15
1997 RS64 IBM 125 MHz 64 ? nm ?
1997 Pentium II Intel 233–300 MHz 32 0.35 µm 7.5
1997 PowerPC 620 IBM, Motorola 120–150 MHz 64 0.35 µm 6.9
1997 UltraSPARC IIs Sun 250–400 MHz 64 0.35 µm 5.4
1997 S/390 G4 IBM 370 MHz 32 0.5 µm 7.8
1997 PowerPC 750 IBM, Motorola 233–366 MHz 32 0.26 µm 6.35
1997 K6 AMD 166–233 MHz 32 0.35 µm 8.8
1998 RS64-II IBM 262 MHz 64 350 nm 12.5
1998 Alpha 21264 DEC 450–600 MHz 64 0.35 µm 15.2
1998 MIPS R12000 SGI 270–400 MHz 64 0.25 µm, 0.18 µm 6.9
1998 RM7000 QED 250–300 MHz - 0.25 µm 18
1998 SPARC64 III HAL Computer Systems 250–330 MHz 64 0.24 µm 17.6
1998 S/390 G5 IBM 500 MHz 32 0.25 µm 25
1998 PA-8500 Hewlett Packard 300–440 MHz 64 0.25 µm 140
1998 POWER3 IBM 200 MHz 64 0.25 µm 15
1999 Pentium III Intel 450–600 MHz 32 0.25 µm 9.5
1999 RS64-III IBM 450 MHz 64 220 nm 34 2
1999 PowerPC 7400 Motorola 350–500 MHz 32 200–130 nm 10.5
1999 Athlon AMD 500–1000 MHz 32 0.25 µm 22
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

2000s

In the 2000s the microprocessors clock increase reach a ceiling because of the heat dissipation barrier. Because of this multi-core machine appears. 64-bit processors become mainstream.

Date Name Developer Clock Process Transistors (M) Cores per die /
Dies per module
2000 Athlon XP AMD 1.33–1.73 GHz 180 nm 37.5 1 / 1
2000 Duron AMD 550 MHz–1.3 GHz 180 nm 25 1 / 1
2000 RS64-IV IBM 600–750 MHz 180 nm 44 1 / 2
2000 Pentium 4 Intel 1.3–2 GHz 180–130 nm 42 1 / 1
2000 SPARC64 IV Fujitsu 450–810 MHz 130 nm - 1 / 1
2000 z900 IBM 918 MHz 180 nm 47 1 / 12, 20
2001 MIPS R14000 SGI 500–600 MHz 130 nm 7.2 1 / 1
2001 POWER4 IBM 1.1–1.4 GHz 180–130 nm 174 2 / 1, 4
2001 UltraSPARC III Sun 750–1200 MHz 130 nm 29 1 / 1
2001 Itanium Intel 733–800 MHz 180 nm 25 1 / 1
2001 PowerPC 7450 Motorola 733–800 MHz 180–130 nm 33 1 / 1
2002 SPARC64 V Fujitsu 1.1–1.35 GHz 130 nm 190 1 / 1
2002 Itanium 2 Intel 0.9–1 GHz 180 nm 410 1 / 1
2003 PowerPC 970 IBM 1.6–2.0 GHz 130–90 nm 52 1 / 1
2003 Pentium M Intel 0.9–1.7 GHz 130–90 nm 77 1 / 1
2003 Opteron AMD 1.4–2.4 GHz 130 nm 106 1 / 1
2004 POWER5 IBM 1.65–1.9 GHz 130–90 nm 276 2 / 1, 2, 4
2004 PowerPC BGL IBM 700 MHz 130 nm 95 2 / 1
2005 Opteron "Athens" AMD 1.6–3.0 GHz 90 nm 114 1 / 1
2005 Pentium D Intel 2.8–3.2 GHz 90 nm 115 1 / 2
2005 Athlon 64 X2 AMD 2–2.4 GHz 90 nm 243 2 / 1
2005 PowerPC 970MP IBM 1.2–2.5 GHz 90 nm 183 2 / 1
2005 UltraSPARC IV Sun 1.05–1.35 GHz 130 nm 66 2 / 1
2005 UltraSPARC T1 Sun 1–1.4 GHz 90 nm 300 8 / 1
2005 Xenon IBM 3.2 GHz 90–45 nm 165 3 / 1
2006 Core Duo Intel 1.1–2.33 GHz 90–65 nm 151 2 / 1
2006 Core 2 Intel 1.06–2.67 GHz 65–45 nm 291 2 / 1, 2
2006 Cell/B.E. IBM, Sony, Toshiba 3.2–4.6 GHz 90–45 nm 241 1+8 / 1
2006 Itanium "Montecito" Intel 1.4–1.6 GHz 90 nm 1720 2 / 1
2007 POWER6 IBM 3.5–4.7 GHz 65 nm 790 2 / 1
2007 SPARC64 VI Fujitsu 2.15–2.4 GHz 90 nm 543 2 / 1
2007 UltraSPARC T2 Sun 1–1.4 GHz 65 nm 503 8 / 1
2007 TILE64 Tilera 600–900 MHz 90–45 nm ? 64 / 1
2007 Opteron "Barcelona" AMD 1.8–3.2 GHz 65 nm 463 4 / 1
2007 PowerPC BGP IBM 850 MHz 90 nm 208 4 / 1
2008 Phenom AMD 1.8–2.6 GHz 65 nm 450 2, 3, 4 / 1
2008 z10 IBM 4.4 GHz 65 nm 993 4 / 7
2008 PowerXCell 8i IBM 2.8–4.0 GHz 65 nm 250 1+8 / 1
2008 SPARC64 VII Fujitsu 2.4–2.88 GHz 65 nm 600 4 / 1
2008 Atom Intel 0.8–1.6 GHz 65–45 nm 47 1 / 1
2008 Core i7 Intel 2.66–3.2 GHz 45–32 nm 730 2, 4, 6 / 1
2008 TILEPro64 Tilera 600–866 MHz 90–45 nm ? 64 / 1
2008 Opteron "Shanghai" AMD 2.3–2.9 GHz 45 nm 751 4 / 1
2009 Phenom II AMD 2.5–3.2 GHz 45 nm 758 2, 3, 4, 6 / 1
2009 Opteron "Istanbul" AMD 2.2–2.8 GHz 45 nm 904 6 / 1

2010s

Date Name Developer Clock Process Transistors (M) Cores per die /
Dies per module		 threads
per core
2010 POWER7 IBM 3–4.14 GHz 45 nm 1200 4, 6, 8 / 1, 4 4
2010 Itanium "Tukwila" Intel 2 GHz 65 nm 2000 2, 4 / 1 2
2010 Opteron "Magny-cours" AMD 1.7–2.4 GHz 45 nm 1810 4, 6 / 2 1
2010 Xeon "Nehalem-EX" Intel 1.73–2.66 GHz 45 nm 2300 4, 6, 8 / 1 2
2010 z196 IBM 3.8–5.2 GHz 45 nm 1400 4 / 1, 6 1
2010 SPARC T3 Sun 1.6 GHz 45 nm 2000 16 / 1 8
2010 SPARC64 VII+ Fujitsu 2.66–3.0 GHz 45 nm ? 4 / 1 2
2010 Intel "Westmere" Intel 1.86–3.33 GHz 32 nm 1170 4–6 / 1 2
2011 Intel "Sandy Bridge" Intel 1.6–3.4 GHz 32 nm 995[39] 2, 4 / 1 (1,) 2
2011 AMD Llano AMD 1.0–1.6 GHz 40 nm 380[40] 1, 2 / 1 1
2011 Xeon E7 Intel 1.73–2.67 GHz 32 nm 2600 4, 6, 8, 10 / 1 1–2
2011 PowerPC BGQ IBM 1.6 GHz 45 nm 1470 18 / 1 4
2011 SPARC64 VIIIfx Fujitsu 2.0 GHz 45 nm 760 8 / 1 2
2011 FX "Bulldozer" Interlagos AMD 3.1–3.6 GHz 32 nm 1200[41] 4–8 / 2 1
2011 SPARC T4 Oracle 2.8–3 GHz 40 nm 855 8 / 1 8
2012 SPARC64 IXfx Fujitsu 1.848 GHz 40 nm 1870 16 / 1 2
2012 zEC12 IBM 5.5 GHz 32 nm 2750 6 / 6 1
2012 POWER7+ IBM 3.1–5.3 GHz 32 nm 2100 8 / 1, 2 4
2012 Itanium "Poulson" Intel 1.73–2.53 GHz 32 nm 3100 8 / 1 2
2013 Intel "Haswell" Intel 1.9–4.4 GHz 22 nm 1400 4 / 1 2
2013 SPARC64 X Fujitsu 2.8–3 GHz 28 nm 2950 16 / 1 2
2013 SPARC T5 Oracle 3.6 GHz 28 nm 1500 16 / 1 8
2014 POWER8 IBM 2.5–5 GHz 22 nm 4200 6, 12 / 1, 2 8

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 57–59, 77
  2. ↑ According to Ogdin 1975, the Fairchild PPS-25 was first delivered in 2Q 1971 and the Intel 4004 in 4Q 1971.
  3. ↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 72, 77
  4. ↑ "Rockwell PPS-4". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
  5. ↑ Ryoichi Mori, Hiroaki Tajima, Morihiko Tajima and Yoshikuni Okada (October 1977). "Microprocessors in Japan". Euromicro Newsletter 3 (4): 50–7. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(77)90111-0. |chapter= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ "NEC 751 (uCOM-4)". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
  7. ↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 70, 77
  8. ↑ "National Semiconductor IMP-16". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
  9. ↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 55, 77
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Ogdin 1975, p. 77
  11. ↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 65, 77
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 David Russell (February 1978). "Microprocessor survey". Microprocessors 2 (1): 13–20, See p. 18. doi:10.1016/0308-5953(78)90071-5.
  13. ↑ "Microprocessors — The Early Years 1971–1974". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  14. ↑ "CP1600 16-Bit Single-Chip Microprocessor". data sheet. General Instrument. 1977. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
  15. ↑ Allen Kent, James G. Williams, ed. (1990). "Evolution of Computerized Maintenance Management to Generation of Random Numbers". Encyclopedia of Microcomputers 7. Marcel Dekker. p. 336. ISBN 0-8247-2706-1.
  16. ↑ Little, Jeff (2009-03-04). "Intersil Intercept Jr". ClassicCmp.
  17. ↑ "Intersil IM6100 CMOS 12 Bit Microprocessor family databook" (PDF).
  18. ↑ "RCA COSMAC 1801". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
  19. ↑ "CDP 1800 μP Commercially available" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest 2 (4): 1–3. October 1975.
  20. ↑ "Hybrid Microprocessor". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  21. ↑ "HP designs Custom 16-bit μC Chip" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest 2 (4): 8. October 1975.
  22. ↑ "RCA COSMAC 1802". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
  23. ↑ "CDP 1802" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest 2 (10): 1, 4. April 1976.
  24. ↑ Hans Hoffman; John Nemec (April 1977). "A fast microprocessor for control applications". Euromicro Newsletter 3 (3): 53–59. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(77)90010-4.
  25. ↑ "Microprocessors — The Explosion 1975–1976". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
  26. ↑ The Intel 8088 had an 8-bit external data bus but internally used a 16-bit architecture.
  27. ↑ The Motorola 68000 had a 16-bit external data bus but internally used 32-bit registers.
  28. ↑ Harris CMOS Digital Data Book (PDF). pp. 4–3–21.
  29. ↑ "Berkeley Hardware Prototypes". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  30. ↑ Patterson, David A. (1985). "Reduced instruction set computers". Communications of the ACM 28: 8. doi:10.1145/2465.214917.
  31. ↑ "Forth chips list". UltraTechnology. 2010.
  32. ↑ Koopman, Philip J. (1989). "4.4 Architecture of the NOVIX NC4016". Stack Computers: the new wave. E. Horwood. ISBN 0745804187.
  33. ↑ Hand, Tom (1994). "The Harris RTX 2000 Microcontroller" (PDF). Journal of Forth Application and Research 6 (1). ISSN 0738-2022.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Kimura S, Komoto Y, Yano Y (1988). "Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function". IEEE Micro 8 (2): 22–36. doi:10.1109/40.527.
  35. ↑ C Green, P Gülzow, L Johnson, K Meinzer, J Miller (Mar–Apr 1999). "The Experimental IHU-2 Aboard P3D". Amsat Journal (USA) 22 (2). The first processor using these principles, called ARM-1, was fabricated by VLSI in April 1985, and gave startling performance for the time, whilst using barely 25,000 transistors
  36. ↑ Inayoshi H, Kawasaki I, Nishimukai T, Sakamura K (1988). "Realization of Gmicro/200". IEEE Micro 8 (2): 12–21. doi:10.1109/40.526.
  37. ↑ Moore CR, Balser DM, Muhich JS, East RE (1992). "IBM Single Chip RISC Processor (RSC)". Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 200–4. ISBN 0-8186-3110-4.
  38. ↑ "PA-RISC Processors". Retrieved 2008-05-11.
  39. ↑ Anand Lal Shimpi (10 January 2011). "A Closer Look at the Sandy Bridge Die". AnandTech.
  40. ↑ renethx (10 November 2011). "AMD Zacate — the next great HTPC chip?". AVS Forum. |chapter= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ "AMD Revises Bulldozer Transistor Count: 1.2B, not 2B". AnandTech. 2 December 2011.