Michael Stuart Brown

Michael Stuart Brown

Born	(1941-04-13) April 13, 1941 Brooklyn, New York, USA
Nationality	United States
Fields	Biology
Alma mater	University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Known for	Regulation of cholesterol metabolism
Notable awards	Heinrich Wieland Prize (1974) Richard Lounsbery Award (1979) William Allan Award (1985) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine US National Medal of Science
Spouse	Alice Lapin (m. 1964; 2 children)

Michael Stuart Brown (born April 13, 1941) is an American geneticist and Nobel laureate. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph L. Goldstein in 1985 for describing the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.

Life and career

Brown was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Evelyn, a homemaker, and Harvey Brown, a textile salesman.^[1]^[2] Graduated from Cheltenham High School (Wyncote, PA). Brown graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 and received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1966. Moving to the University of Texas Health Science Center in Dallas, now the UT Southwestern Medical Center, Brown and colleague Joseph L. Goldstein researched cholesterol metabolism and discovered that human cells have low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors that extract cholesterol from the bloodstream. The lack of sufficient LDL receptors is implicated in familial hypercholesterolemia, which predisposes heavily for cholesterol-related diseases. In addition to explaining the underlying pathology of this disease, their work uncovered a fundamental aspect of cell biology - Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Their findings led to the development of statin drugs, the cholesterol-lowering compounds that today are used by 16 million Americans and are the most widely prescribed medications in the United States. Their discoveries are improving more lives every year, both in the United States and around the world[needs citation]. New federal cholesterol guidelines will triple the number of Americans taking statin drugs to lower their cholesterol, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke for countless people. Following these important advances, their team of dedicated researchers elucidated the role of lipid modification of proteins (protein prenylation) in cancer. In 1984 he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Joseph L. Goldstein (Co-recipient of 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine). In 1988, Brown received National Medal of Science for his contributions to the world of Medicine.

In 1993, their trainees Xiaodong Wang and Michael Briggs purified the Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). Since 1993, Drs. Brown, Goldstein, and their colleagues have described the unexpectedly complex machinery by which cells maintain the necessary levels of fats and cholesterol in the face of varying environmental circumstances. Dr. Brown holds The W. A. (Monty) Moncrief Distinguished Chair in Cholesterol and Arteriosclerosis Research; is a Regental Professor of the University of Texas; holds the Paul J. Thomas Chair in Medicine; and is a member of the Board of Scientific Directors at The Scripps Research Institute. Frequently mentioned as a candidate for nationally-prominent positions in scientific administration, Dr. Brown, like his colleague Joseph L. Goldstein, elects to continue hands-on involvement with research, leading a research team that typically includes a dozen doctoral and postdoctoral trainees. He and his colleague are among the most highly cited scientists in the world.

Brown is also on the prestigious Prix Galien USA Committee that "recognizes the technical, scientific and clinical research skills necessary to develop innovative medicines". The inauguration of the Prix Galien in the US, the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in this field, was in September 2007, and the winners were selected by a preeminent scientific and learned committee that included 7 Nobel laureates, of which Brown was one.

Awards

Brown shares the following awards with Joseph L. Goldstein.

2011 - Stadtman Distinguished Scientist Award, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology^[3]
2007 - Builders of Science Award, Research!America^[4]
2005 - Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service^[5]
2005 - Herbert Tabor Award, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology^[6]
2003 - Albany Medical Center Prize^[7]
2002 - Kober Medal, Association of American Physicians^[8]
1999 - Warren Alpert Foundation Prize, Harvard Medical School^[9]
1988 - National Medal of Science^[10]
1985 - Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine
1985 - Albert D. Lasker Award in Basic Medical Research^[11]
1985 - William Allan Award, American Society of Human Genetics^[12]
1984 - Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
1981 - Gairdner Foundation International Award^[13]
1979 - Lounsbery Award, U.S. National Academy of Sciences^[14]
1978 - Passano Award, Johns Hopkins University^[15]
1976 - Pfizer Award for Enzyme Chemistry, American Chemical Society^[16]

Bibliography

Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Jul 1974). "Expression of the familial hypercholesterolemia gene in heterozygotes: mechanism for a dominant disorder in man". Science 185 (4145): 61–3. doi:10.1126/science.185.4145.61. PMID 4366052.
Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Nov 1975). "Regulation of the activity of the low density lipoprotein receptor in human fibroblasts". Cell 6 (3): 307–16. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(75)90182-8. PMID 212203.
Goldstein JL, Basu SK, Brunschede GY, Brown MS (Jan 1976). "Release of low density lipoprotein from its cell surface receptor by sulfated glycosaminoglycans". Cell 7 (1): 85–95. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90258-0. PMID 181140.
Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Jan 1976). "Receptor-mediated control of cholesterol metabolism". Science 191 (4223): 150–4. doi:10.1126/science.174194. PMID 174194.
Goldstein JL, Sobhani MK, Faust JR, Brown MS (Oct 1976). "Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: failure of normal allele to compensate for mutant allele at a regulated genetic locus". Cell 9 (2): 195–203. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90110-0. PMID 184960.
Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Dec 1976). "Analysis of a mutant strain of human fibroblasts with a defect in the internalization of receptor-bound low density lipoprotein". Cell 9 (4 PT 2): 663–74. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90130-6. PMID 189940.
Anderson RG, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Mar 1977). "Role of the coated endocytic vesicle in the uptake of receptor-bound low density lipoprotein in human fibroblasts". Cell 10 (3): 351–64. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(77)90022-8. PMID 191195.
Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Stone NJ (Nov 1977). "Genetics of the LDL receptor: evidence that the mutations affecting binding and internalization are allelic". Cell 12 (3): 629–41. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(77)90263-X. PMID 200368.
Anderson RG, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (1977). "A mutation that impairs the ability of lipoprotein receptors to localise in coated pits on the cell surface of human fibroblasts". Nature 270 (5639): 695–9. doi:10.1038/270695a0. PMID 201867.
Anderson RG, Vasile E, Mello RJ, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Nov 1978). "Immunocytochemical visualization of coated pits and vesicles in human fibroblasts: relation to low density lipoprotein receptor distribution". Cell 15 (3): 919–33. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(78)90276-3. PMID 215316.
Goldstein JL, Anderson RG, Brown MS (Jun 1979). "Coated pits, coated vesicles, and receptor-mediated endocytosis". Nature 279 (5715): 679–85. doi:10.1038/279679a0. PMID 221835.
Mello RJ, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Anderson RG (Jul 1980). "LDL receptors in coated vesicles isolated from bovine adrenal cortex: binding sites unmasked by detergent treatment". Cell 20 (3): 829–37. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90329-3. PMID 6251975.
Brown MS, Kovanen PT, Goldstein JL (May 1981). "Regulation of plasma cholesterol by lipoprotein receptors". Science 212 (4495): 628–35. doi:10.1126/science.6261329. PMID 6261329.
Basu SK, Goldstein JL, Anderson RG, Brown MS (May 1981). "Monensin interrupts the recycling of low density lipoprotein receptors in human fibroblasts". Cell 24 (2): 493–502. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90340-8. PMID 6263497.
Tolleshaug H, Goldstein JL, Schneider WJ, Brown MS (Oct 1982). "Posttranslational processing of the LDL receptor and its genetic disruption in familial hypercholesterolemia". Cell 30 (3): 715–24. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90276-8. PMID 6291781.
Basu SK, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Feb 1983). "Independent pathways for secretion of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E by macrophages". Science 219 (4586): 871–3. doi:10.1126/science.6823554. PMID 6823554.
Brown MS, Anderson RG, Goldstein JL (Mar 1983). "Recycling receptors: the round-trip itinerary of migrant membrane proteins". Cell 32 (3): 663–7. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90052-1. PMID 6299572.
Tolleshaug H, Hobgood KK, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Mar 1983). "The LDL receptor locus in familial hypercholesterolemia: multiple mutations disrupt transport and processing of a membrane receptor". Cell 32 (3): 941–51. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90079-X. PMID 6299582.
Larkin JM, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Anderson RG (May 1983). "Depletion of intracellular potassium arrests coated pit formation and receptor-mediated endocytosis in fibroblasts". Cell 33 (1): 273–85. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90356-2. PMID 6147196.
Orci L, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Garcia-Segura LM, Anderson RG (Apr 1984). "Increase in membrane cholesterol: a possible trigger for degradation of HMG CoA reductase and crystalloid endoplasmic reticulum in UT-1 cells". Cell 36 (4): 835–45. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90033-3. PMID 6705048.
Chin DJ; Gil G; Russell DW et al. (1984). "Nucleotide sequence of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a glycoprotein of endoplasmic reticulum". Nature 308 (5960): 613–7. doi:10.1038/308613a0. PMID 6546784.
Russell DW, Schneider WJ, Yamamoto T, Luskey KL, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Jun 1984). "Domain map of the LDL receptor: sequence homology with the epidermal growth factor precursor". Cell 37 (2): 577–85. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90388-X. PMID 6327078.
Reynolds GA; Basu SK; Osborne TF et al. (Aug 1984). "HMG CoA reductase: a negatively regulated gene with unusual promoter and 5' untranslated regions". Cell 38 (1): 275–85. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90549-X. PMID 6088070.
Yamamoto T; Davis CG; Brown MS et al. (Nov 1984). "The human LDL receptor: a cysteine-rich protein with multiple Alu sequences in its mRNA". Cell 39 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90188-0. PMID 6091915.
Lehrman MA, Schneider WJ, Südhof TC, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Russell DW (Jan 1985). "Mutation in LDL receptor: Alu-Alu recombination deletes exons encoding transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains". Science 227 (4683): 140–6. doi:10.1126/science.3155573. PMID 3155573.
Südhof TC, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Russell DW (May 1985). "The LDL receptor gene: a mosaic of exons shared with different proteins". Science 228 (4701): 815–22. doi:10.1126/science.2988123. PMID 2988123.
Südhof TC, Russell DW, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Sanchez-Pescador R, Bell GI (May 1985). "Cassette of eight exons shared by genes for LDL receptor and EGF precursor". Science 228 (4701): 893–5. doi:10.1126/science.3873704. PMID 3873704.
Gil G, Faust JR, Chin DJ, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (May 1985). "Membrane-bound domain of HMG CoA reductase is required for sterol-enhanced degradation of the enzyme". Cell 41 (1): 249–58. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90078-9. PMID 3995584.
Lehrman MA, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Russell DW, Schneider WJ (Jul 1985). "Internalization-defective LDL receptors produced by genes with nonsense and frameshift mutations that truncate the cytoplasmic domain". Cell 41 (3): 735–43. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(85)80054-4. PMID 3924410.
Osborne TF, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Aug 1985). "5' end of HMG CoA reductase gene contains sequences responsible for cholesterol-mediated inhibition of transcription". Cell 42 (1): 203–12. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(85)80116-1. PMID 3860301.
Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1985). "Scavenger cell receptor shared". Nature 316 (6030): 680–1. doi:10.1038/316680a0. PMID 4033768.
Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Apr 1986). "A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis". Science 232 (4746): 34–47. doi:10.1126/science.3513311. PMID 3513311.
Davis CG, Lehrman MA, Russell DW, Anderson RG, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Apr 1986). "The J.D. mutation in familial hypercholesterolemia: amino acid substitution in cytoplasmic domain impedes internalization of LDL receptors". Cell 45 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90533-7. PMID 3955657.
Yamamoto T, Bishop RW, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Russell DW (Jun 1986). "Deletion in cysteine-rich region of LDL receptor impedes transport to cell surface in WHHL rabbit". Science 232 (4755): 1230–7. doi:10.1126/science.3010466. PMID 3010466.
Lehrman MA, Goldstein JL, Russell DW, Brown MS (Mar 1987). "Duplication of seven exons in LDL receptor gene caused by Alu-Alu recombination in a subject with familial hypercholesterolemia". Cell 48 (5): 827–35. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90079-1. PMID 3815525.
Südhof TC, Russell DW, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Mar 1987). "42 bp element from LDL receptor gene confers end-product repression by sterols when inserted into viral TK promoter". Cell 48 (6): 1061–9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90713-6. PMID 3030558.
Davis CG, Goldstein JL, Südhof TC, Anderson RG, Russell DW, Brown MS (1987). "Acid-dependent ligand dissociation and recycling of LDL receptor mediated by growth factor homology region". Nature 326 (6115): 760–5. doi:10.1038/326760a0. PMID 3494949.
Hofmann SL, Russell DW, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Hammer RE (Mar 1988). "Overexpression of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor eliminates LDL from plasma in transgenic mice". Science 239 (4845): 1277–81. doi:10.1126/science.3344433. PMID 3344433.
Reiss Y, Goldstein JL, Seabra MC, Casey PJ, Brown MS (Jul 1990). "Inhibition of purified p21ras farnesyl:protein transferase by Cys-AAX tetrapeptides". Cell 62 (1): 81–8. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90242-7. PMID 2194674.
Yokode M, Hammer RE, Ishibashi S, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Nov 1990). "Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice: prevention by overexpression of LDL receptors". Science 250 (4985): 1273–5. doi:10.1126/science.2244210. PMID 2244210.
Seabra MC, Reiss Y, Casey PJ, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (May 1991). "Protein farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase share a common alpha subunit". Cell 65 (3): 429–34. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90460-G. PMID 2018975.
Chen WJ, Andres DA, Goldstein JL, Russell DW, Brown MS (Jul 1991). "cDNA cloning and expression of the peptide-binding beta subunit of rat p21ras farnesyltransferase, the counterpart of yeast DPR1/RAM1". Cell 66 (2): 327–34. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90622-6. PMID 1855253.
Seabra MC, Brown MS, Slaughter CA, Südhof TC, Goldstein JL (Sep 1992). "Purification of component A of Rab geranylgeranyl transferase: possible identity with the choroideremia gene product". Cell 70 (6): 1049–57. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90253-9. PMID 1525821.
Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Oct 1992). "Koch's postulates for cholesterol". Cell 71 (2): 187–8. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90346-E. PMID 1423585.
Andres DA; Seabra MC; Brown MS et al. (Jun 1993). "cDNA cloning of component A of Rab geranylgeranyl transferase and demonstration of its role as a Rab escort protein". Cell 73 (6): 1091–9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90639-8. PMID 8513495.
Yokoyama C; Wang X; Briggs MR et al. (Oct 1993). "SREBP-1, a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein that controls transcription of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene". Cell 75 (1): 187–97. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(05)80095-9. PMID 8402897.
Garcia CK, Goldstein JL, Pathak RK, Anderson RG, Brown MS (Mar 1994). "Molecular characterization of a membrane transporter for lactate, pyruvate, and other monocarboxylates: implications for the Cori cycle". Cell 76 (5): 865–73. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90361-1. PMID 8124722.
Wang X, Sato R, Brown MS, Hua X, Goldstein JL (Apr 1994). "SREBP-1, a membrane-bound transcription factor released by sterol-regulated proteolysis". Cell 77 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90234-8. PMID 8156598.
Sakai J, Duncan EA, Rawson RB, Hua X, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Jun 1996). "Sterol-regulated release of SREBP-2 from cell membranes requires two sequential cleavages, one within a transmembrane segment". Cell 85 (7): 1037–46. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81304-5. PMID 8674110.
Hua X, Nohturfft A, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Nov 1996). "Sterol resistance in CHO cells traced to point mutation in SREBP cleavage-activating protein". Cell 87 (3): 415–26. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81362-8. PMID 8898195.
Brown MS, Goldstein JL (May 1997). "The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor". Cell 89 (3): 331–40. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80213-5. PMID 9150132.
DeBose-Boyd RA, Brown MS, Li WP, Nohturfft A, Goldstein JL, Espenshade PJ (Dec 1999). "Transport-dependent proteolysis of SREBP: relocation of site-1 protease from Golgi to ER obviates the need for SREBP transport to Golgi". Cell 99 (7): 703–12. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81668-2. PMID 10619424.
Brown MS, Ye J, Rawson RB, Goldstein JL (Feb 2000). "Regulated intramembrane proteolysis: a control mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans". Cell 100 (4): 391–8. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80675-3. PMID 10693756.
Nohturfft A, Yabe D, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Espenshade PJ (Aug 2000). "Regulated step in cholesterol feedback localized to budding of SCAP from ER membranes". Cell 102 (3): 315–23. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00037-4. PMID 10975522.
Yang T; Espenshade PJ; Wright ME et al. (Aug 2002). "Crucial step in cholesterol homeostasis: sterols promote binding of SCAP to INSIG-1, a membrane protein that facilitates retention of SREBPs in ER". Cell 110 (4): 489–500. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00872-3. PMID 12202038.

References

↑ http://persona.rin.ru/eng/view/f/0/17629/brown-brown,-michael
↑ http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/brown-bio.html
↑ Earl and Thressa Stadtman Distinguished Scientist Award The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
↑ University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Leaders to Receive Research!America Advocacy Award Research America, Date: March 21, 2007
↑ Recipients of the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service Wilson Center
↑ Herbert Tabor Research Award The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
↑ The Albany Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research 2003 Recipients Albany Medical College
↑ Presentation of the Kober Medal to Joseph L. Goldstein and Michael S. Brown The Journal of Clinical Investigation
↑ Warren Alpert Foundation Award Recipients Warren Alpert Foundation
↑ National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science
↑ Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award 1985 Lasker Foundation
↑ William Allan Award Past Recipients The American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG)
↑ Recipient of the Canada Gairdner International Award, 1981 Gairdner Foundation
↑ Richard Lounsbery Award National Academy of Sciences
↑ The Passano Awards 1945-2011 The Passano Foundation
↑ The Pfizer Award ACS Division of Biological Chemistry

"Biography: Michael S. Brown". The Notable Names Database. Soylent Communications. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael S. Brown.

Nobel Prize Inspiration Initiative
Nobelprize.org bio
Michael S. Brown's Nobel Lecture
Information about Dr. Brown's current work.
The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
http://www.prix-galien-usa.com/ The official Site of the Prix Galien USA Award

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

1901–1925	Emil Behring (1901) Ronald Ross (1902) Niels Finsen (1903) Ivan Pavlov (1904) Robert Koch (1905) Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1906) Alphonse Laveran (1907) Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich (1908) Emil Kocher (1909) Albrecht Kossel (1910) Allvar Gullstrand (1911) Alexis Carrel (1912) Charles Richet (1913) Róbert Bárány (1914) Jules Bordet (1919) August Krogh (1920) Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof (1922) Frederick Banting / John Macleod (1923) Willem Einthoven (1924)

1926–1950	Johannes Fibiger (1926) Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1927) Charles Nicolle (1928) Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1929) Karl Landsteiner (1930) Otto Warburg (1931) Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian (1932) Thomas Morgan (1933) George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy (1934) Hans Spemann (1935) Henry Dale / Otto Loewi (1936) Albert Szent-Györgyi (1937) Corneille Heymans (1938) Gerhard Domagk (1939) Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy (1943) Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser (1944) Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey (1945) Hermann Muller (1946) Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay (1947) Paul Müller (1948) Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz (1949) Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench (1950)

1951–1975	Max Theiler (1951) Selman Waksman (1952) Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann (1953) John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins (1954) Hugo Theorell (1955) André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards (1956) Daniel Bovet (1957) George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg (1958) Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg (1959) Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar (1960) Georg von Békésy (1961) Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins (1962) John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley (1963) Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen (1964) François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod (1965) Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins (1966) Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald (1967) Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg (1968) Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria (1969) Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod (1970) Earl Sutherland, Jr. (1971) Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter (1972) Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973) Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade (1974) David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin (1975)

1976–2000	Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek (1976) Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow (1977) Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith (1978) Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield (1979) Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell (1980) Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel (1981) Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane (1982) Barbara McClintock (1983) Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein (1984) Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein (1985) Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986) Susumu Tonegawa (1987) James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings (1988) J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus (1989) Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas (1990) Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann (1991) Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs (1992) Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp (1993) Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell (1994) Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus (1995) Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel (1996) Stanley B. Prusiner (1997) Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad (1998) Günter Blobel (1999) Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel (2000)

2001–present	Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse (2001) Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston (2002) Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield (2003) Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck (2004) Barry Marshall / Robin Warren (2005) Andrew Fire / Craig Mello (2006) Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies (2007) Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (2008) Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak (2009) Robert G. Edwards (2010) Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously) (2011) John B. Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka (2012) James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof (2013) John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser (2014)

United States National Medal of Science laureates

Behavioral and social science

1960s	1964: Roger Adams Othmar H. Ammann Theodosius Dobzhansky Neal Elgar Miller

1980s	1986: Herbert A. Simon 1987: Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988: Milton Friedman

1990s	1990: Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991: Robert W. Kates George A. Miller 1992: Eleanor J. Gibson 1994: Robert K. Merton 1995: Roger N. Shepard 1996: Paul Samuelson 1997: William K. Estes 1998: William Julius Wilson 1999: Robert M. Solow

2000s	2000: Gary Becker 2001: George Bass 2003: R. Duncan Luce 2004: Kenneth Arrow 2005: Gordon H. Bower 2008: Michael I. Posner 2009: Mortimer Mishkin

2010s	2011: Anne Treisman 2014: Robert Axelrod

Biological sciences

1960s	1963: C. B. van Niel 1964: Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965: Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966: Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967: Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968: Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969: Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr

1970s	1970: Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973: Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. 1974: Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Shannon 1975: Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling B. Hendricks Orville lvin Vogel 1976: Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979: Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss

1980s	1981: Philip Handler 1982: Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983: Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986: Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987: Michael E. DeBakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988: Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989: Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood

1990s	1990: Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991: Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K. Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992: Maxine Singer Howard Martin Temin 1993: Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994: Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995: Alexander Rich 1996: Ruth Patrick 1997: James Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998: Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999: David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis

2000s	2000: Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001: Francisco J. Ayala Mario R. Capecchi Ann Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002: James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003: J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004: Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005: Anthony S. Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006: Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007: Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008: Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009: Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner

2010s	2010: Ralph L. Brinster Shu Chien Rudolf Jaenisch 2011: Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2014: May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts

Chemistry

1980s	1982: F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983: Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986: Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987: William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988: William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989: Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudoph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell

1990s	1990: Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991: Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992: Howard E. Simmons, Jr. 1993: Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994: George S. Hammond 1995: Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996: Norman Davidson 1997: Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998: John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999: Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon

2000s	2000: John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001: Ernest R. Davidson Gábor A. Somorjai 2002: John I. Brauman 2004: Stephen J. Lippard 2006: Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007: Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008: Joanna Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009: Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox

2010s	2010: Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011: Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne 2014: Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald

Engineering sciences

1960s	1962: Theodore von Kármán 1963: Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964: Charles S. Draper 1965: Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966: Claude E. Shannon 1967: Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968: J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969: Jack St. Clair Kilby

1970s	1970: George E. Mueller 1973: Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974: Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975: Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976: Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979: Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo

1980s	1982: Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983: William Redington Hewlett George M. Low John G. Trump 1986: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann T. Y. Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987: R. Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988: Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989: Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier

1990s	1990: Mildred Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991: George H. Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992: Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993: Alfred Y. Cho 1994: Ray W. Clough 1995: Hermann A. Haus 1996: James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998: Eli Ruckenstein 1999: Kenneth N. Stevens

2000s	2000: Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001: Andreas Acrivos 2002: Leo Beranek 2003: John M. Prausnitz 2004: Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005: Jan D. Achenbach Tobin J. Marks 2006: Robert S. Langer 2007: David J. Wineland 2008: Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009: Amnon Yariv

2010s	2011: Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates John Goodenough

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

1960s	1963: Norbert Wiener 1964: Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965: Oscar Zariski 1966: John Milnor 1967: Paul Cohen 1968: Jerzy Neyman 1969: William Feller

1970s	1970: Richard Brauer 1973: John Tukey 1974: Kurt Gödel 1975: John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976: Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979: Joseph L. Doob Donald E. Knuth

1980s	1982: Marshall Harvey Stone 1983: Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986: Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987: Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988: Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989: Samuel Karlin Saunders Mac Lane Donald C. Spencer

1990s	1990: George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991: Alberto Calderón 1992: Allen Newell 1993: Martin David Kruskal 1994: John Cocke 1995: Louis Nirenberg 1996: Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997: Shing-Tung Yau 1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999: Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman

2000s	2000: John Griggs Thompson Karen K. Uhlenbeck 2001: Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002: James G. Glimm 2003: Carl R. de Boor 2004: Dennis P. Sullivan 2005: Bradley Efron 2006: Hyman Bass 2007: Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009: David B. Mumford

2010s	2010: Richard A. Tapia S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011: Solomon Golomb Barry Mazur 2014: Alexandre Chorin Thomas Kailath David Blackwell

Physical sciences

1960s	1963: Luis W. Alvarez 1964: Julian Schwinger Harold Clayton Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965: John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966: Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967: Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968: Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969: Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky

1970s	1970: Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973: Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975: Hans A. Bethe Joseph O. Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett E. Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976: Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979: Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf

1980s	1982: Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983: E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986: Solomon J. Buchsbaum H. Richard Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen-Ning Yang 1987: Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988: D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman F. Ramsey Jack Steinberger 1989: Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel

1990s	1990: Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991: Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992: Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993: Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994: Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995: Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996: Wallace S. Broecker 1997: Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998: Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999: James Cronin Leo Kadanoff

2000s	2000: Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001: Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr. Charles Keeling 2002: Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003: G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004: Robert N. Clayton 2005: Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006: Daniel Kleppner 2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008: Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009: Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington

2010s	2011: Sidney Drell 2014: Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon

Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry

Formerly the Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry

David E. Green (1946) Van R. Potter (1947) Albert L. Lehninger (1948) Henry A. Lardy (1949) Britton Chance (1950) Arthur Kornberg (1951) Bernard L. Horecker (1952) Earl R. Stadtman (1953) Alton Meister (1954) Paul D. Boyer (1955) Merton F. Utter (1956) G. Robert Greenberg (1957) Eugene P. Kennedy (1958) Minor J. Coon (1959) Arthur Pardee (1960) Frank M. Huennekens (1961) Jack L. Strominger (1962) Charles Gilvarg (1963) Marshall Nirenberg (1964) Frederic M. Richards (1965) Samuel B. Weiss (1966) P. Roy Vagelos & Salih J. Wakil (1967) William J. Rutter (1968) Robert T. Schimke (1969) Herbert Weissbach (1970) Jack Preiss (1971) Ekkehard K. F. Bautz (1972) Howard M. Temin (1973) Michael J. Chamberlin (1974) Malcolm L. Gefter (1975) Michael S. Brown & Joseph L. Goldstein (1976) Stephen J. Benkovic (1977) Paul Schimmel (1978) Frederik C. Hartman (1979) Thomas A. Steitz (1980) Daniel V. Santi (1981) Richard R. Burgess (1982) Paul L. Mordich (1983) Robert T.N. Tjian (1984) Thomas Cech (1985) JoAnne Stubbe (1986) Gregory Petsko (1987) John W. Kozarich (1988) Kenneth A. Johnson (1989) James A. Wells (1990) Ronald Vale (1991) Carl O. Pabo (1992) Michael H. Gelb (1993) Donald Hilvert (1994) Gerald Joyce (1995) P. Andrew Karplus (1996) Daniel Herschlag (1997) Ronald T. Raines (1998) David W. Christianson (1999) Eric T. Kool (2000) Ruma Banerjee (2001) Karin Musier-Forsyth (2002) Dorothee Kern (2003) Wilfred A. van der Donk (2004) Nicole S. Sampson (2005) James Berger (2006) Neil L. Kelleher (2007) Carsten Krebs (2008) Virginia Cornish (2009) Vahe Bandarian (2010) Sarah O'Connor (2011) Jin Zhang (2012) Kate Carroll (2013) Hening Lin (2014)

Authority control	WorldCat VIAF: 84823318 LCCN: n89123897 GND: 153210621