Messianic Secret

A 9th-century Gospel of Mark, from Codex Boreelianus.

In Biblical criticism, the Messianic Secret refers to a motif primarily in the Gospel of Mark in which Jesus is portrayed as commanding his followers to silence about his Messianic mission. Attention was first drawn to this motif in 1901 by William Wrede.

Part of Wrede's theory involved statements in the New Testament by Jesus to demons who recognise his divine nature as well as to his followers not to reveal to others that he is the Messiah.[1][2] Wrede suggested that this theme was not historical but was an addition by the author of Mark. Wrede's broad concept of the Messianic Secret also involved the use of parables by Jesus.[3]

Wrede's theory had an inherent inter-relationship with the hypothesis of Markan priority, which Wrede eventually abandoned, but some of his followers accepted.[4] The theory was strongly criticized in the first years of the 20th century, then gained acceptance in the 1920s; but eventually began to lose support and by the 1970s it no longer existed as Wrede had proposed it.[3]

New Testament examples

In the New Testament, Jesus commands silence in many instances.[5] An example is Mark 8:29–30:[6]

And he asked them, But who say ye that I am? Peter answereth and saith unto him, Thou art the Christ. And he charged them that they should tell no man of him.

Jesus also issues commands of silence after miracles and healings, e.g. in Mark 1:43–45 in the cleansing of a leper:[6]

After sternly warning him he sent him away at once, saying to him, 'See that you say nothing to anyone; but go, show yourself to the priest, and offer for your cleansing what Moses commanded, as a testimony to them.'

The concept, as Wrede used it also included parables and secrets of the Kingdom of God as in Mark 4:11:[3]

And he said unto them, Unto you is given the mystery of the kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all things are done in parables:

Wrede's theory

Wrede proposed that the author of Mark invented the notion of secrecy to reduce the tension between early Christian beliefs about Jesus being the Messiah, and the non-Messianic nature of his ministry.[1][6] However, Wrede's notion of secrecy did not simply rely on the commands of Jesus but also involved the "Markan parable theory" of why Jesus spoke in parables.[4]

Wrede recognized the inherent inter-relationship of his approach with the hypothesis of Markan priority – namely that Mark was written first and influenced the other Gospels. However, after re-examining his initial theory, Wrede suggested that his theory would work best if the Markan priority hypothesis turned out to be false and wrote: "it would be 'most highly desirable' if such a gospel as Mark were not the oldest gospel".[4] Yet, the followers of the Messianic Secret hypothesis were later forced to assume Markan priority – an issue that has resulted in various forms of criticism by other scholars.[4]

Analysis and interpretation

Criticism

Soon after the appearance of the theory in 1901, theologians such as William Sanday and Albert Schweitzer reacted negatively to it.[3][7][8] Initially, scholarship was strictly divided, although suggestions to bridge a gap between the opposing views were made.[4] Wrede's broad concept of the Messianic Secret also involved the use of parables by Jesus, and in his criticism Albert Schweitzer called it the weakest element of Wrede's approach.[3]

Wrede's theory enjoyed its highest level of acceptance in the 1920s, and support for it began to decline thereafter as criticisms of the theory were provided based on multiple new arguments.[3][9] In the 1960s Ulrich Luz demonstrated that the commands of silence which Jesus gave to healed persons belonged to a different category from those issued to his disciples.[3] By the mid-1970s the Messianic Secret theory no longer existed as Wrede had proposed it.[3]

Late in the 20th century, criticism of both the motif and the theory continued from a number of other perspectives, e.g. Daniel J. Harrington argued that even the term "Messianic Secret" is a misnomer, has lumped together multiple issues and some of the Biblical terms used have been confused.[10] G. E. Ladd stated that: "The 'Messanic Secret' is a clever theory, but utterly lacking in evidence".[11]

Other explanations

Other explanations regarding the commands of secrecy issued by Jesus have been proposed, e.g. philological explanations based on mistranslations. An example is the explanation suggested by the Exegetic School of Madrid based on the Aramaic primacy that Jesus never expressed those ideas, and that they were added as a result of mistranslation of what Jesus said.[12] However, there is no extant copy of this alleged Aramaic original to support this proposal.

The historical explanations generally assume that the Gospel of Mark is historical and that Jesus issued the commands.[5] Based on that assumption, various additional theories have been proposed, e.g. that Jesus issued the commands in order not to become a "celebrity" and be able to move about with ease.[5]

The theological explanation was proposed by Wrede:[1] it was not yet the proper time for him to be revealed as such. He knew when he had to go to the court and then be crucified. In Mark 8:30 Jesus, "Then strictly warned them that they should tell no one about Him." Jesus' messianic mission cannot be understood apart from the cross, which the disciples did not yet understand (vs. 31–33 and ch. 9 vs. 30–32).

The literary explanation theory has it that Mark made a conscious effort to identify Jesus with Odysseus, a Greek hero with whom Mark's gentile audience would certainly have been familiar. Odysseus, on his return home, has to disguise his identity to avoid his enemies, and in Mark the messianic secret could serve the same purpose for Jesus. Dennis R. MacDonald [13] says that if Mark tried to emulate Homer's Odyssey, this proves that Mark's gospel stories are fictions.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 William Wrede, Das Messiasgeheimnis in den Evangelien: Zugleich ein Beitrag zum Verständnis des Markusevangeliums, (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1901); English edition, William Wrede, The Messianic Secret, trans. The Rev'd James C. G. Grieg (Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., 1971).
  2. ↑ James L. Blevins. The Messianic Secret in Markan Research, 1901–1976. Washington, D. C.: University Press of America, 1981. ISBN 978-0-8191-1606-2
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 The Christology of Mark's Gospel by Jack Dean Kingsbury 1983 ISBN 0-8006-2337-1 pages 2-11
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Christology and the Synoptic problem by Peter M. Head 1997 ISBN 0-521-58488-4 pages 233-235
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 W. R. Telford. The New Testament, a Short Introduction, pp. 139. Oneworld. Oxford. 2002. ISBN 978-1-85168-289-8
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Gospel According to St. Mark by Morna Dorothy Hooker 2001 ISBN 0-8264-6039-9 pages 66-69
  7. ↑ William Sanday, The Life of Christ in Recent Research (New York: Oxford University Press, 1907).
  8. ↑ Albert Schweitzer, Von Reimarus zu Wrede (Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1906); English edition, Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede, trans. W. Montgomery (New York: Macmillan, 1948).
  9. ↑ Jesus: an historical and theological investigation by Jonathan Knight 2004 ISBN 0-8264-6981-7 pages 139-141
  10. ↑ The Gospel of Mark, Volume 2 by John R. Donahue, Daniel J. Harrington 2002 ISBN 0-8146-5965-9 pages 28-29
  11. ↑ A theology of the New Testament by George Eldon Ladd 1993 ISBN 0-8028-0680-5 pages 178-180
  12. ↑ José Miguel García. Los horígenes históricos del Cristianismo. Madrid 2007, 168.
  13. ↑ Dennis R. MacDonald. The Homeric Epics and the Gospel of Mark. New Haven, 2000