Menes

Menes
Africanus: Mênês Eusebius: Mênês
The cartouche of Menes on the Abydos King List
Pharaoh
Predecessor	–
Successor	Hor-Aha?
Royal titulary  Nomen Menes[1][2][3] Mnj He who endures[4]

Menes (/ˈmiːniːz/; Egyptian: Mnj, probably pronounced */maˈnij/;^[5] Ancient Greek: Μήνης;^[4] Arabic: مينا‎) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty (Dynasty I).^[6]

The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus identifies Menes with the protodynastic pharaoh Narmer^[1][2][3] (most likely) or first dynasty Hor-Aha.^[7] Both pharaohs are credited with the unification of Egypt, to different degrees by various authorities.

Name and identity

Menes in hieroglyphs

The commonly used Menes derives from Manetho, an Egyptian historian and priest who lived during the Ptolemaic period. Manetho used the name in the form Μήνης (transliterated: Mênês).^[4][8] An alternative Greek form, Μιν (transliterated: Min), was cited by the 5th-century BCE historian Herodotus,^[9] a variant no longer considered the result of contamination from the name of the god Min.^[10]

The Egyptian form, Meni, is taken from the Turin and Abydos king lists (dated Dynasty XIX).

The name, Menes, means "He who endures", which, Edwards (1971) suggests, may have been coined as "a mere descriptive epithet denoting a semi-legendary hero [...] whose name had been lost".^[4] Rather than a particular person, the name may conceal collectively the protodynastic pharaohs Ka, Scorpion and Narmer.^[4]

Narmer and Menes

The almost complete absence of any mention of Menes in the archaeological record,^[4] and the comparative wealth of evidence of Narmer, a protodynastic figure credited by posterity and in the archaeological record with a firm claim^[2] to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, has given rise to a theory identifying Menes with Narmer.

The chief archaeological reference to Menes is an ivory label from Naqada which shows the royal Horus-name Aha (the pharaoh Hor-Aha) next to a building, within which is the royal nebty-name mn,^[11] generally taken to be Menes.^{[4][lower-alpha 1]} From this, various theories on the nature of the building (a funerary booth or a shrine), the meaning of the word mn (a name or the verb endures) and the relationship between Hor-Aha and Menes (as one person or as successive pharaohs) have arisen.^[1]

The Turin and Abydos king lists, generally accepted to be correct,^[1] list the nebty-names of the pharaohs, not their Horus-names,^[2] and are vital to the potential reconciliation of the various records: the nebty-names of the king lists, the Horus-names of the archaeological record and the number of pharaohs in Dynasty I according to Manetho and other historical sources.^[2]

Petrie first attempted this task,^[2] associating Iti with Djer as the third pharaoh of Dynasty I, Teti (Turin) (or another Iti (Abydos)) with Hor-Aha as second pharaoh, and Menes (a nebty-name) with Narmer (a Horus-name) as first pharaoh of Dynasty I.^[1][2] Lloyd (1994) finds this succession "extremely probable",^[2] and Cervelló-Autuori (2003) categorically states that "Menes is Narmer and the First Dynasty begins with him".^[3] However, Seidlmayer (2004) states that it is "a fairly safe inference" that Menes was Hor-Aha.^[7]

Dates

Egyptologists, archaeologists and scholars from the 19th century have proposed different dates for the era of Menes, or the date of the first dynasty:^{[12][lower-alpha 2]}

• Jean-François Champollion (1840) – 5867 BC
• August Böckh (1845) – 5702 BC
• Auguste Mariette (1871) – 5004 BC
• Flinders Petrie (1887) – 4777 BC
• Heinrich Karl Brugsch (1859) – 4455 BC
• Franz Joseph Lauth (1869) – 4157 BC
• Karl Richard Lepsius (1856) – 3892 BC
• Christian Charles Josias Bunsen (1848) – 3623 BC
• Reginald Stuart Poole (1851) – 2717 BC
• James Strong (1878) – 2515 BC
• John Gardner Wilkinson (1835) – 2320 BC

Modern consensus dates the era of Menes or the start of the first dynasty between c. 3100–3050 BC; some academic literature uses c. 3000 BC.^[13]

History

By 500 BC mythical and exaggerated claims had made Menes a cultural hero, and most of what is known of him comes from a much later time.^[14]

Ancient tradition ascribed to Menes the honor of having united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom,^[15] and becoming the first pharaoh of Dynasty I.^[16]

However, his name does not appear on extant pieces of the Royal Annals (Cairo Stone and Palermo Stone), which is a now-fragmentary king's list that was carved onto a stela during the Fifth dynasty. He typically appears in later sources as the first human ruler of Egypt, directly inheriting the throne from the god Horus.^[17] He also appears in other, much later, king's lists, always as the first human pharaoh of Egypt. Menes also appears in demotic novels of the Graeco-Roman Period, demonstrating that, even that late, he was regarded as important figure.^[18]

Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of Ancient Egypt, similar to Romulus in Ancient Rome.^[19]

Manetho records that Menes "led the army across the frontier and won great glory".^[8][16]

Capital

Manetho associates the city of Thinis with the first dynasties (Dynasty I and Dynasty II) and, in particular, Menes, a "Thinite" or native of Thiniss.^[8][16] Herodotus contradicts Manetho in stating that Menes founded the city of Memphis as his capital^[20] after diverting the course of the River Nile through the construction of a dyke.^[21] Manetho ascribes the building of Memphis to Menes' son, Athothis,^[16] and calls no pharaohs earlier than Dynasty III "Memphite".^[22] Herodotus and Manetho's stories of the foundation of Memphis are probably later inventions: in 2012 a relief mentioning the visit of Memphis by Iry-Hor --a predynastic ruler of Upper Egypt reigning before Namer-- was discovered in Sinai, indicating that the city was already in existence in the early 32nd century BC.^[23]

Cultural influence

Diodorus Siculus stated that Menes had introduced the worship of the gods and the practice of sacrifice^[24] as well as a more elegant and luxurious style of living.^[24] For this latter invention, Menes' memory was dishonoured by the Dynasty XXIV pharaoh Tefnakht, and Plutarch mentions a pillar at Thebes on which was inscribed an imprecation against Menes as the introducer of luxury.^[24]

In Pliny's account, Menes was credited with being the inventor of writing in Egypt.

Crocodile episode

Diodorus Siculus recorded a story of Menes,^[25] related by the priests of the crocodile-god Sobek at Crocodilopolis, in which the pharaoh Menes, attacked by his own dogs while out hunting,^[26] fled across Lake Moeris on the back of a crocodile and, in thanks, founded the city of Crocodilopolis.^[26][27]

Faber (1816), taking the word campsa to mean either crocodile or ark and preferring the latter, identifies Menes with Noah and the entire story as a deluge myth.^[28]

Edwards (1974) states that "the legend, which is obviously filled with anachronisms, is patently devoid of historical value",^[27] but Maspero (1910), while acknowledging the possibility that traditions relating to other kings may have become mixed up with this story, dismisses the suggestions of some commentators^[24] that the story should be transferred to the Dynasty XII pharaoh Amenemhat III and sees no reason to doubt that Diodorus did not correctly record a tradition of Menes.^[26]

Death

According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.^[8][16]

Other uses

Some scholars assert that the name of the king Minos who ruled in ancient Crete, (Minoan civilization) is derived from Menes just as the names Tsar and Kaiser are derived from Caesar.^[29]

In popular culture

Alexander Dow (1735/6–79), a Scottish orientalist and playwright, wrote the tragedy Sethona, set in ancient Egypt. The lead part of Menes is described in the dramatis personæ as "next male-heir to the crown" now worn by Seraphis, and was played by Samuel Reddish in a 1774 production by David Garrick at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.^[30]

See also

• Mannus, ancestral figure in Germanic mythology.
• Minos, king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa.
• Manu (Hinduism), Progenitor of humanity.
• Nu'u, Hawaiian mythological character who built an ark and escaped a Great Flood.
• Nüwa, goddess in Chinese mythology best known for creating mankind.
• Noah
• Min (god)
• Narmer
• Hor-Aha
• Thinis

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Beck, Roger B; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S; Naylor, Phillip C; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999), World history: Patterns of interaction, Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, ISBN 0-395-87274-X 
• Cervelló-Autuori, Josep (2000), "Narmer, Menes and the seals from Abydos", Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century: proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists 2, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, ISBN 978-977-424-714-9 

.

• Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 1 
• Dow, Alexander (1774), Sethona: a tragedy, as it is performed at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, London: T. Becket 
• Edwards, IES (1971), "The early dynastic period in Egypt", The Cambridge Ancient History 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
• Elder, Edward (1844), "Menes", in Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology 2, Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown .
• Faber, George Stanley (1816), "The origin of pagan idolatry: ascertained from historical testimony and circumstantial evidence", 3 (London: F&C Rivingtons) 2 .
• Gardiner, Alan (1961), Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford: Oxford University Press .
• of Halicarnassus, Herodotus, The Histories .
• Lloyd, Alan B. (1994) [1975], Herodotus: Book II, Leiden: EJ Brill, ISBN 90-04-04179-6 .
• Maspero, Gaston (1903), Sayce, Archibald Henry, ed., History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria 9, Kessinger Publishing .
• ———; McClure, M L (trans.) (1910) [1894], Sayce, Archibald Henry, ed., The dawn of civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, ISBN 978-0-7661-7774-1  Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help).
• Manley, Bill (1997), The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt, London: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-051331-0 .
• Rachewiltz, Boris de (1969), "Pagan and magic elements in Ezra Pound's works", in Hesse, Eva, New approaches to Ezra Pound, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press .
• Ryholt, Kim (2009), "Egyptian historical literature from the Greco-Roman period", in Fitzenreiter, Martin, Das Ereignis, Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Vorfall und Befund, London: Golden House .
• Schulz, Regine; Seidel, Matthias (2004), Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs, HF Ullmann, ISBN 978-3-8331-6000-4 .
• Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul (1995), The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, Harry N Abrams, ISBN 0-8109-9096-2 .
• Seidlmayer, Stephan (2010) [2004], "The Rise of the State to the Second Dynasty", Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs, ISBN 978-3-8331-6000-4 .
• Verbrugghe, Gerald Paul; Wickersham, John Moore (2001) [1996], Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated: Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08687-0 .
• Waddell, Laurence A (1930), Egyptian civilization: Its Sumerian origin, London, ISBN 978-0-7661-4273-2 .

External links

• "Titulary", Narmer, Ancient Egypt .
• "The Contendings of Horus and Seth", Egypt, IL: Reshafim .
• "Menes", Ancient Egyptian Civilization (image), Aldokkan .