Mehmet II of Karaman, Mehmed Beg[1] (Turkish: Mehmet Bey[2]), Mehmed Beg II,[3] also known as Nasir al-Din Mehmed Beg ( ?- 1423) was the ruler (Turkish: bey) of Karaman in what is now modern Turkey in the 15th century. His mother was Nefise Hatun, a daughter of Sultan Murad I
Karamanids
Karamanid was a Turkmen state in central Anatolia after the disintegration of Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm. The capital of Karamanid state was usually Karaman (ancient Larende, renamed by the Karamanids) and sometimes Konya and other cities as well. It was the main rival of the rising Ottoman Empire. The opponents of the Ottoman Turks in the East Europe usually sought for alliances with Karamanid to catch Ottomans between two fires.
Background
While Sultan Beyazıt I of the Ottoman Empire was in Rumeli in 1398, Mehmet's father Alaattin Ali raided Ankara, an important Ottoman city. Beyazıt returned to Anatolia, defeated and killed Mehmet's father. Then he laid a siege on Karaman. Mehmet and his brother Bengi Ali surrendered on the condition that the citizens of Karaman would not be punished. Beyazıt jailed both princes in Bursa, the co-capital of the Ottoman Empire. But four years later, he himself was defeated by Timur in the battle of Ankara and Bursa was captured by Timur's grandson who released Mehmet and his brother.
First reign
Following his release, Mehmet returned to Karaman as the bey of Karamanid state. In addition to his father's possessions, he was given a few forts by Timur and soon he began increasing his territory. During the interregnum caused by Timurlane's devastations, Mehmet began occupying Ottoman and Germiyanids (an ally of Ottomans ). In particular he captured Kütahya the capital of Germiyanids. (The bey of Germiyan was the father in law of the former Ottoman sultan Beyazit I)
The Ottoman ınterregnum ended in 1413 when Mehmet I defeated Musa Çelebi in Rumeli. After the victory Mehmet I returned to Anatolia and defeated Karamanids in 1414. Mehmet II agreed to give all Ottoman territory (the forts given by Temur and the cities annexed by himself) back. Although he tried to infringe the treaty in 1415 he was arrested and had to swear an oath never to infringe again. He kept his promise and peace prevailed between the Ottoman Empire and the Karamanids during 1415-1422 period.[4]
But Mehmet II continued to fight in other fronts. He allied himself with the Ramadanids (a small lordship) in Çukurova (South Turkey, Cilicia of the antiquity) and began fighting against the Dulkadirids, a vassal of Egyptian Mamluks in south east Anatolia. In 1420, he was captured near Kayseri by the Mamluks and was jailed in Cairo, Egypt.
Second reign and death
After the Mamluk sultan died in 1421, Mehmet was released. He returned to Karaman where he declared himself the bey of Karaman. He ruled on the former Karaman territory with the exception of Niğde, where his brother ruled.
In 1421, Mehmet I of the Otoman Empire died and soon the war between the Ottomans and the Karamanids was renewed. Early in 1423, Mehmet II attempted to take Antalya, a port in south west Anatolia, from the Ottomans. Probably he thought that the new Ottoman sultan Murat II who just survived two rebels (by his uncle and younger brother) wouldn't fight for the port far from his capital. However, the governor of Antalya was able to defend the city. During the battle Mehmet was killed and his sons lifted the siege.[5]
Trivia
According to a legend, in 1415 when Mehmet II was to forced to swear an oath, he hid a pigeon under his shirt and holding the pigeon he promised that as long as this life continues, there will be no assault to Ottoman lands.[6] This amusing anecdote is probably a fabrication.
References
- ↑ İbrahim Kafesoğlu: A short history of Turkish-Islamic states (excluding the Ottoman state), Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 1994, ISBN 978-975-16-0571-9, p. 204
- ↑ A page of Ahşar Turkmens (Turkish)
- ↑ Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in India and Pakistan, BRILL, 1982, ISBN 978-90-04-06479-9, p. 677.
- ↑ History page (Turkish)
- ↑ Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 249-252
- ↑ A Karaman page (Turkish)
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| Palaces and castles | |
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| Külliye ("complexes") and dar al-shifa (hospitals) and medrese (schools) and mosques: | |
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| Caravanserais |
- Ağzıkara Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1237)
- Ak Han caravanserai near Denizli (1254)
- Alaca Han caravanserai in Alacahan (~1280)
- Alara Han caravanserai near Manavgat
- Alay Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1190)
- Altınapa Han caravanserai between Beyşehir and Konya (1201)
- Angit Han caravanserai between Konya and Akşehir (1201)
- Burma Han caravanserai in Divriği (13th century)
- Çakallı Han caravanserai near Samsun (~1250)
- Çardak Han (Hanabad) caravanserai in Çardak (1230)
- Çay Han caravanserai in Çay (1279)
- Dokuzun Han caravanserai in Konya (1210)
- Eğirdir Han caravanserai in Eğirdir (1238)
- Ertokuş Han caravanserai near Eğirdir (1224)
- Eshab-i Kehf Han caravanserai near Afşin–Elbistan (~1225)
- Evdir Han caravanserai near Antalya (1224)
- Ezinepazar Han caravanserai near Amasya (1246)
- Goncalı Akhan caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray
- Hatun Han caravanserai between Amasya and Tokat
- Hekim Han caravanserai in Hekimhan (1220)
- Horozlu Han caravanserai near Konya (1249)
- Incir Han caravanserai near Bucak (1239)
- Kadın Han caravanserai in Kadınhanı (1223)
- Karatay Han caravanserai near Pınarbaşı (1241)
- Kargı Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
- Kesikköprü Han caravanserai near Kırşehir (1268)
- Kırkgöz Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
- Kızılören Han caravanserai near Konya (1206)
- Kuruçeşme Han caravanserai near Konya (1210)
- Melleç Han caravanserai near Anamur (13th century)
- Mirçinge Han caravanserai near Divriği (13th century)
- Obruk Han caravanserai near Konya (1230)
- Öresin Han caravanserai near Aksaray (~1275)
- Pazar Han caravanserai near Tokat (1239)
- Zazadın Han caravanserai near Konya (1236)
- Şarapsa Han caravanserai near Alanya (1246)
- Sarı Han caravanserai near Ürgüp (1249)
- Sevserek Han caravanserai between Malatya and Pötürge (13th century)
- Sultan Han caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray (1229)
- Sultan Han caravanserai near Bünyan between Kayseri and Sivas (1236)
- Susuz Han caravanserai near Bucak (1246)
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- Founder
- Sökmen el Kutbi
- Capital
- Ahlat
| | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
- Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
- Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
- Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
- Aksungur (1193–1197)
- Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)
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| Important works: | |
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- Ancestors
- Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
- Founder
- Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
- Capitals
- Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
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| Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: |
- Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
- Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)
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| Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty: |
- Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
- Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
- Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)
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| Harput Dynasty: |
- Belek Bey (1112–1124)
- Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
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| Important works: |
- Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır
- Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls
- Malabadi Bridge
- Hasankeyf Bridge
- Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108)
- Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between 1122)
- Great Mosque of Silvan
- Great Mosque of Mardin
- Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir)
- Great Mosque of Kızıltepe
- Great Mosque of Harput
- Artuqid Caravanserai in Mardin
- Ibrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Danishmend Gazi (1071–1105)
- Emir Gazi Gümüştekin (1105–1134)
- Melik Mehmed (1134–1146)
- Yağıbasan (1146–1164)
- Melik Ismail (1164–1175)
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| Important works: |
- Great Mosque of Niksar
- Great Mosque of Kayseri
- Kayseri Kölük Mosque
- Danishmend Gazi Tomb (Melik Gazi Tomb) in Niksar
- Denishmend Melik Mehmed Gazi Tomb in Kayseri
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| | | Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
- Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
- 1120–1142
- Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends
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| Erzincan and Kemah Branch | |
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| Divriği Branch |
- Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
- 1277
- Beylik destroyed by Abaka
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| Important works: |
- Divriği Great Mosque and Divriği Turan Melek Sultan Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1229)
- Kale Mosque in Divriği
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
- Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
- Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
- Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
- Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
- Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
- Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)
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| Important works: |
- Great Mosque of Erzurum
- Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum
- Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan
- Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan
- Kale Mosque in Erzurum
- Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
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| | Aydinids (1307–1425) |
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- Founder
- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
- Capitals
- Birgi, later Ayasluğ
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| Dynasty: |
- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
- Umur Beg (1334–1348)
- Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Aydınoğlu Isa Bey ( - 1390)
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| Events |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
- Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403–1405)
- İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
- 1425
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| Important works: |
- Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
- Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
- Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
- Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)
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| Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty : |
- Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
- Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
- Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)
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| Chronology |
- 1461
- Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?)
- Alp Yürek (? - ?)
- Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?)
- Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309)
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- Ancestor
- Hasan Dulkadir
- Founder
- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
- Capital
- Elbistan
| | Chronology |
- 1443–1525
- Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
- Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
- Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
- Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
- Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
- Melik Arslan (?-?)
- Shah Budak (?-1492)
- Şahsuvar (?-?)
- Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
- Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)
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- Founder
- Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
- Capital
- Sivas, later Kayseri
| | Chronology |
- 1326
- Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Eretna Bey (1328–1352)
- Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352–1365)
- Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380)
- Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
- Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
- Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)
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| Important works: | |
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- Ancestor
- Kerimüddin Alişir
- Founder
- Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
- Capital
- Kütahya
| | Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340)
- Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361)
- Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)
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| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402–1429)
- 1414
- Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I
- 1429
- Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| | | Chronology |
- 1374
- Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanid dynasty.
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
- Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
- Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256–1261)
- Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261–1283)
- Güneri Bey (1283–1300)
- Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300–1308)
- Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312)
- Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey (1312–1333)
- Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333–1348)
- Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348–1349)
- Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349–1350)
- Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350–1351)
- Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351–1356)
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356–1357)
- Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357–1398)
- Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399)
- Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418–1424)
- Damat Ibrahim Bey (1424–1464)
- Sultanzade Ishak Bey (1464)
- Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464–1469)
- Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469–1483)
- Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)
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- Ancestor
- Melik Danişmend Gazi
- Founder
- Karesi Bey
- Capital
- Balıkesir
| | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
- Demir Han (1328–1345)
- Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)
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|
- Ancestor
- Germiyanlı Ali Bey
- Founder
- Inanç Bey
- Capital
- Denizli
| | Chronology |
- 1368
- Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
- Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
- Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)
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- Founder
- Menteşe Bey
- Capitals
- Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
| | Important centers and extension | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
- Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320)
- Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340)
- Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
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| Chronology |
- 1360
- Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed
- 1390
- First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu Ilyas Bey
- 1414
- Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I
- 1424
- Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| Important works: | |
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| | | Chronology | |
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277)
- Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296)
- Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300)
- Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326)
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| Important works | |
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| | | Chronology |
- 1516
- Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I
- 1516–1608
- Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
- Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
- Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
- Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
- Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
- Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
- Dündar Bey (? - ?)
- Omer Bey (?-1490)
- Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
- Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
- Selim Bey (?-?)
- Kubad Bey (1517-?)
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| | |
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| | | Chronology |
- 1341
- Incorporation into the Beylik of Germiyan
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty |
- Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
- Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)
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| Important works: | |
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| | | Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty |
- Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
- Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
- Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey ( -1388)
- Hızır Shah (1388–1390)
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| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1410
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403)
- Hızır Shah (1403–1410)
- 1410
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
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| | | Important centers and extension: | |
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| Dynasty: |
- Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
- Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
- Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
- Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
- Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)
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| Chronology |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1423
- Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402–1423)
- 1423
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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| Important works: |
- Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~1375)
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Anatolian Beys |
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| Second term | |
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