Medical animation

A medical animation is a short educational film, usually based around a physiological or surgical topic, that is rendered using 3D computer graphics. While it may be intended for an array of audiences, the medical animation is most commonly utilized as an instructional tool for medical professionals or their patients.

Early medical animations were limited to basic wire-frame models because of low processor speed. However, rapid evolution in microprocessor design and computer memory has led to animations that are significantly more intricate.

The medical animation may be viewed as a standalone visualization, or in combination with other sensory input devices, such as head-mounted displays, stereoscopic lenses, haptic gloves, interactive workstations, or Cave Automatic Virtual Environments (CAVEs).

History

Though evolved from the field of realistic medical illustrations (such as those created by Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius in the 16th century), medical animations are also indebted to motion picture technology and computer-generated imagery.

The term medical animation predates the advent of computer-generated graphics by approximately three decades. Though the first computer animation was created at Bell Telephone Labs in 1963,[1] the phrase "medical animation" appears in scholarly contexts as early as 1932 in the Journal of Biological Photography.[2] As discussed by Clarke and Hoshall, the term referred to two-dimensional illustrated motion pictures produced for inclusion in films screened for medical students.[3]

The creation of the computer-generated medical animation began in earnest in the early 1970s. The first description of the use of 3D computer graphics for a medical purpose can be found in an issue of the journal Science, dated 1975. Its authors, a team of researchers from the Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry and Biophysics at Texas A&M University, described the potential uses of medical animation for visualizing complex macromolecules.

By the late 1980s, the medical animation had become a distinct modality of physiological and surgical instruction.[4] By that point, researchers had suggested that the 3D medical animations could illustrate physiological, molecular or anatomical concepts that might otherwise be infeasible.[5]

Today's medical animation industry comprises one facet of the non-entertainment computer animation industry, which has annual revenues of $15 billion per year worldwide.[6]

Applications

Patient Education

A growing trend among medical animation studios is the creation of clips that explain surgical procedures or pharmaceutical mechanisms of action in terms simple enough for a layperson to understand. These animations may be found on hospital websites, in doctor's office workstations or via medical studios themselves.[7] Such animations may also appear on television shows and other popular entertainment venues as a way to educate an audience on a medical topic under discussion.[8][9]

Occasionally, this form of animation is used in-hospital. In this context, clips may be used in order to get fully informed consent from patients facing surgery or medical treatment. Likewise, studies have suggested that patient-educating medical animations may be able to reduce the rate of accidental wrong-site surgeries.[10]

Medical simulation

Due to both the relative scarcity of cadavers to be used for surgical instruction[11] and to the dwindling use of animals and patients who have not given consent, institutes may utilize medical animations as a way to teach doctors-to-be anatomical and surgical concepts. Such simulations may be viewed passively (as in the case of 3D medical animations included via CD-ROM in medical textbook packages) or using interactive controls. The stimulation of hand-eye skills using haptics is another possible use of medical animation technology, one that stems from the replacement of cadavers in surgical classrooms with task trainers and mannequins.[12]

The creation of proportionally accurate virtual bodies is often accomplished using medical scans, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Such techniques represent a cost- and time-saving move away from the creation of medical animations using sectioned cadavers. For instance, the National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project created 3D medical animations of the male and female bodies by scanning cadavers using CT technology, after which they were frozen, shaved into millimeter-thick sections and recorded using high-resolution photographs.[13]

By comparison, medical animations made using only scanned data can recreate the internal structures of live patients, often in the context of surgical planning.[14][15]

Cellular and molecular animation

Medical animations are often employed as a method of visualizing the vast number of microscopic processes that occur in the human body. These may involve the interplay between organelles, the transcription of DNA, the molecular action of enzymes, the interactions between pathogens and white blood cells or virtually any other cellular or sub-cellular process.[16][17]

Molecular animations are similar in that they depict structures that are too small for the human eye to see. However, this latter category is also capable of illustrating atomic structures, which are often too minute to be visualized with any clarity via microscopy.[18]

Pharmaceutical mechanism of action

As a way to explain how medications work, pharmaceutical manufacturers may provide mechanism of action animations, often through websites dedicated to specific prescription drugs.[19] These medical visualizations typically do not represent cellular structures in a fully accurate or proportional way. Instead, mechanism of action animations may visually simplify the interaction between drug molecules and cells. These medical animations may also explain the physiological origins of the disease itself.[20]

Emergency care instruction

Several studies have suggested that 3D medical animations may be used to instruct novices on how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation in an emergency.[21] These reports usually suggest the use of pre-prepared, voice-narrated motion-capture animations that are viewed by means of a cellphone or other portable electronic device.[22]

Forensic reconstruction

A number of applications for medical animations has been developed in the field of forensics. These include the so-called "virtutopsy," or MRI-assisted virtual autopsy, of remains that are too damaged to be otherwise inspected or reconstructed.[23] Likewise, medical animations can appear in courtrooms, be used as forensic "reconstructions" of crime scenes or recreate the crimes themselves.[24] The admissibility of such evidence is questionable.

Electronic learning

Researchers have suggested that medical animations can be used to disseminate medical education materials electronically, allowing them to be accessed and utilized by professional and amateur health practitioners alike.[25]

Surgical training and planning

Some institutes use animations both to teach medical students how to perform basic surgery, and to give seasoned surgeons the chance to expand their skill set.[26] Multiple studies have been conducted on the effectiveness and feasibility of medical animation-based surgical pre-planning. Experimental animation tools have been created as integral technology in image-guided surgery as well.[27]

See also

Sources

  1. ↑ "The World's First Computer Animation: Created by Edward E. Zajac of AT&T Bell Laboratories." Eller College of Management. University of Arizona.
  2. ↑ Bosse, KK (1992). "The use of animated drawings in medical motion pictures". Journal of biological photography 60 (3): 98–9. PMID 1517189.
  3. ↑ Illustration: Its Technique and Application to the Sciences. Clarke CD and Hoshall EM. John D. Lucas Company. 1939. pp 386.
  4. ↑ Collins, D.; Cotton, F.; Hazen, E.; Meyer, E.; Morimoto, C. (1975). "Protein crystal structures: Quicker, cheaper approaches". Science 190 (4219): 1047–53. doi:10.1126/science.1188383. PMID 1188383.
  5. ↑ Swanson, Stanley M.; Wesolowski, Tomasz; Geller, Maciej; Meyer, Edgar F. (1989). "Animation: A useful tool for protein molecular dynamicists, applied to hydrogen bonds in the active site of elastase". Journal of Molecular Graphics 7 (4): 240–2, 223–4. doi:10.1016/0263-7855(89)80009-8. PMID 2486826.
  6. ↑ Prayag A. "Medical animation gaining importance." Hindu Business Line. Bangalore. October 14, 2007.
  7. ↑ "Medical animations." El Camino Hospital. 2011.
  8. ↑ "Lip Cancer Surgery - 3D Medical Animation on Dr. Oz." YouTube. December 4, 2009.
  9. ↑ "Client: Memorial Hermann Healthcare System/University of Texas Medical School at Houston." Amerra Advanced Medical Visualizations. 2011.
  10. ↑ See, Lai-Chu; Chang, Yi-Hua; Chuang, Kai-Lan; Lai, Hui-Ru; Peng, Pei-I.; Jean, Wen-Chyi; Wang, Chao-Hui (2011). "Animation program used to encourage patients or family members to take an active role for eliminating wrong-site, wrong-person, wrong-procedure surgeries: Preliminary evaluation". International Journal of Surgery 9 (3): 241–7. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.11.018. PMID 21167326.
  11. ↑ Agoreyo, FO (2003). "Prosection In Place Of Human Dissection – Way Out Of Scarcity Of Cadaver – Review Article". Annals of Biomedical Science 2 (2): 69–73. doi:10.4314/abs.v2i2.40648.
  12. ↑ Rosen, Kathleen R. (2008). "The history of medical simulation". Journal of Critical Care 23 (2): 157–66. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.12.004. PMID 18538206.
  13. ↑ Ackerman MJ. "Visible Human Project: Getting the Data." U.S. National Library of Medicine. July 27, 2011.
  14. ↑ Soler, Luc; Marescaux, Jacques (2007). "Patient-specific Surgical Simulation". World Journal of Surgery 32 (2): 208–12. doi:10.1007/s00268-007-9329-3. PMID 18066615.
  15. ↑ Tory, M.; Rober, N.; Moller, T.; Celler, A.; Atkins, M.S. (2001). "Proceedings Visualization, 2001. VIS '01". p. 473. doi:10.1109/VISUAL.2001.964554. ISBN 0-7803-7200-X. |chapter= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ "The Inner Life of the Cell." BioVisions at Harvard University. 2011.
  17. ↑ Virtual Cell Animation Collection. Molecular and Cellular Biology Learning Center. North Dakota State University.
  18. ↑ Bromberg, Sarina; Chiu, Wah; Ferrin, Thomas E. (2010). "Workshop on Molecular Animation". Structure 18 (10): 1261–5. doi:10.1016/j.str.2010.09.001. PMC 3071847. PMID 20947014.
  19. ↑ Psoriatic Arthritis: How HUMIRA Works. Abbott Laboratories. 2011.
  20. ↑ Mechanism of Action: Protopic (tacrolimus). Astellas Pharma US, Inc. 2008.
  21. ↑ Choa, Minhong; Park, Incheol; Chung, Hyun Soo; Yoo, Sun K.; Shim, Hoshik; Kim, Seungho (2008). "The effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation instruction: Animation versus dispatcher through a cellular phone". Resuscitation 77 (1): 87–94. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.10.023. PMID 18164119.
  22. ↑ Choa, Minhong; Cho, Junho; Choi, Young Hwan; Kim, Seungho; Sung, Ji Min; Chung, Hyun Soo (2009). "Animation-assisted CPRII program as a reminder tool in achieving effective one-person-CPR performance". Resuscitation 80 (6): 680–4. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.03.019. PMID 19410356.
  23. ↑ Thali, MJ; Braun, M; Buck, U; Aghayev, E; Jackowski, C; Vock, P; Sonnenschein, M; Dirnhofer, R (2005). "VIRTOPSY--scientific documentation, reconstruction and animation in forensic: Individual and real 3D data based geo-metric approach including optical body/object surface and radiological CT/MRI scanning". Journal of forensic sciences 50 (2): 428–42. PMID 15813556.
  24. ↑ Fulcher, KL (1996). "The Jury as Witness: Forensic Computer Animation Transports Jurors to the Scene of a Crime or Automobile Accident". University of Dayton Law Review 55: 56–76.
  25. ↑ Baran, Szczepan W.; Johnson, Elizabeth J.; Kehler, James (2009). "An introduction to electronic learning and its use to address challenges in surgical training". Lab Animal 38 (6): 202–10. doi:10.1038/laban0609-202. PMID 19455166.
  26. ↑ Ziv, Stephen d. Small (2000). "Patient safety and simulation-based medical education". Medical Teacher 22 (5): 489–95. doi:10.1080/01421590050110777. PMID 21271963.
  27. ↑ Kersten-Oertel, M.; Jannin, P.; Collins, D. L. (2012). "DVV: A Taxonomy for Mixed Reality Visualization in Image Guided Surgery". IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 18 (2): 332–52. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2011.50. PMID 21383411.