Martyrs of Córdoba

Martyrs of Córdoba
Died Between 850 and 859,Córdoba, Al-Andalus, modern day Spain
Martyred by Abd ar-Rahman II, Muhammad I of Córdoba
Means of martyrdom Decapitation
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church
Notable martyrs Aurelius and Natalia, Eulogius, Perfectus, Roderick

The Martyrs of Córdoba were forty-eight Christian martyrs living in the 9th century Muslim-ruled Al-Andalus, in what is now southern Spain; their hagiography describes in detail their executions for deliberately sought capital violations of Muslim law in Al-Andalus. The martyrdoms instanced by Eulogius took place between 851 and 859; with few exceptions, the Christians invited execution by making public statements tactically chosen to invite martyrdom: some martyrs appeared before the Muslim authorities to denounce Muhammad; others, possibly Christian children of Islamic-Christian marriages, publicly proclaimed their Christianity as apostates (Coope 1995). The lack of an interested chronicler after Eulogius' own martyrdom has given way to the misimpression that there were fewer episodes later in the 9th century.[1]

Historical background

In 711 AD, a Muslim army from North Africa had conquered Visigoth Christian Iberia.[2] Under their leader Tariq ibn-Ziyad, they landed at Gibraltar and brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule in an eight-year campaign. The Iberian Peninsula was called Al-Andalus by its Muslim rulers. When the Umayyad Caliphs were deposed in Damascus in 750, the dynasty relocated to Córdoba, ruling an emirate there; consequently the city gained in luxury and importance, as a center of Iberian Muslim culture.

Once the Muslims conquered Iberia, they governed it in accordance with Islamic law. Blasphemy and apostasy from Islam were both capital offenses. During this time, Christians could worship freely, and retained their churches and property on condition of paying a tribute for every parish, cathedral, and monastery; frequently such tribute was increased at the will of the conqueror. Many Christians fled to Northern Spain; others took refuge in the monasteries of Sierras, and thus the number of Christians shrank eventually to small proportions.[2]

In 786 the Muslim caliph, Abd-er Rahman I, began the construction of the great mosque of Cordova, now the cathedral, and compelled many Christians to take part in the preparation of the site and foundations. The martyrs caused tension not only between Muslims and Christians, but within the Christian community. Abd ar-Rabmán II at first ordered the arrest and detention of the clerical leadership of the local Christian community. As the outbursts seem to subside, they were released four months later in November 851. When several months later there was a new wave of martyrs, the emir turned again to the Christian leaders as the ones most capable of controlling the zealots.[3] Instead of imprisoning them, he ordered them to convene a council in Córdoba to review the matter and develop some strategy for dealing with the dissidents internally. He gave the bishops a choice to stop the martyrdoms or the Christians would face, harassment, loss of jobs, and economic hardship.[4] Upon the death of Abd-er Rahman I in 852, his son and successor, Muhammad I removed all Christian officials from their palace appointments.

Reccafred, Bishop of Córdoba, taught the virtues of toleration and compromise with the Muslim authorities. Eulogius, whose texts are the only source for these martyrdoms, and who was venerated as a saint from the 9th century, viewed the bishop as siding with Muslim authorities against the martyrs, whom many regarded as fanatics. The closures of such monasteries where some martyrs belonged begins to be recorded towards the middle of the 9th century.

The monk Eulogius encouraged the martyrs as a way to reinforce the faith of the Christian community. He composed tractates and a martyrology to justify the self-immolation of the martyrs, of which a single manuscript, containing his Documentum martyriale, the three books of his Memoriale sanctorum and his Liber apologeticus martyrum, was preserved in Oviedo, in the Christian kingdom of Asturias in the far northwestern coast of Hispania. There the relics of Saint Eulogius were translated in 884.[5]

Causes

Though they suffered many vexations, the Christians continued to enjoy freedom of worship, and this tolerant attitude of the emirs seduced not a few Christians from their original allegiance. Both Christians and Muslims co-operated at this time to make Cordova a flourishing city, the elegant refinement of which was unequalled in Europe.[2] The Christians of Cordoba were becoming gradually assimilated into the broader Muslim culture.[5]

Wolf points out that it is important to distinguish between the motivations of the individual martyrs, and those of Eulogius and Alvarus in writing the Memoriale.[6] Jessica A. Coope says that while it would be wrong to ascribe a single motive to all forty-eight, she suggests that it reflects a protest against the process of assimilation. They demonstrated a determination to assert Christian identity.[7] Wolf maintains that it is necessary to view the actions of the martyrs in the context of the penitential aspect of 9th century Iberian Christianity. "Martyrdom was in fact a perfect solution ...Not only did it epitomize self-abnegation and separation from the world, but it guaranteed that there would be no opportunity to sin again."[8]

The executions

Roderick, a priest of Cabra, Spain, executed at Córdoba, Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo.

The forty-eight Christians (mostly monks) were martyred in Córdoba, between the years 850 AD and 859 AD, being decapitated for religious offences against Islam.

The detailed Acta of these martyrs were ascribed to the aptly named "Eulogius" ("blessing"), who was one of the last two to die. Although most of the martyrs of Cordoba were Hispanic, either Baeto-Roman or Visigothic, one name is from Septimania, another Arab or Berber and another of indeterminate nationality; there were also connections with the Orthodox East: one of the martyrs was Syrian, another an Arab or Greek monk from Palestine, and two others had distinctive Greek names.[5] The Greek element recalls the Byzantine interlude of power in southernmost Hispania Baetica, until they were finally expelled in 554: representatives of the Byzantine Empire had been invited to help settle a Visigothic dynastic struggle, but had stayed on, as a hoped-for spearhead to a "Reconquest" of the far west envisaged by emperor Justinian I.

List of martyrs

The following list is from Kenneth Wolf's Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain.[1]

Charged with blasphemy

Charged with apostacy

Eulogius and Leocritia

Also Sandila - (also known as Sandalus, Sandolus, Sandulf) September 3 c. 855. Executed in Córdoba under the Emirate.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wolf, Kenneth Baxter. Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain, Chap.2,, "The Martyrs of Córdoba", The Library of Iberian Resources Online
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Osuna, Manuel Garcia. "Cordova." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 18 Feb. 2014
  3. ↑ Wolf, Chap 1, "Christians in Muslim Córdoba".
  4. ↑ Coope, p.33.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Orthodoxengland.btinternet.co.uk". Archived from the original on 2012-05-26.
  6. ↑ Wolf, Chap.3 "The Martyrs of Córdoba and Their Historians".
  7. ↑ Coope, Jessica A., The Martyrs of C¢rdoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion", p. 14, University of Nebraska Press, 1995, ISBN 9780803214712
  8. ↑ Wolf, Chap.9 "The Martyrs and their Motives".
  9. ↑ Holweck, F. G., A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co. 1924.
  10. ↑ (Greek) Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἰσίδωρος, Ἠλίας καὶ Παῦλος οἱ Μάρτυρες. 30 Απριλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.

References

External links