Martin/General Dynamics RB-57F Canberra

RB-57F Canberra
Martin/General Dynamics RB-57F in flight
Role	Reconnaissance
Manufacturer	Martin; Re-manufactured by General Dynamics
First flight	23 June 1963
Introduction	1963
Status	Retired (3 still used by NASA as of 2014[1])
Primary users	United States Air Force Pakistan Air Force Republic of China Air Force NASA
Number built	21
Developed from	Martin B-57 Canberra

The Martin/General Dynamics RB-57F Canberra was a highly specialized strategic reconnaissance aircraft developed by General Dynamics in the 1960s from the Martin B-57 Canberra tactical bomber, which itself was a licence built version of the English Electric Canberra. It was later used by the Air Weather Service for weather reconnaissance (WB-57F), and later by NASA for high-altitude atmospheric research.

As of 2012, WB-57Fs are the only B-57 aircraft model still flyable and in service with NASA.

Design and development

In 1962, General Dynamics Corporation had a contract with the United States Air Force for the maintenance of the RB-57D aircraft although wing spar problems had grounded most of the RB-57D fleet that year. The RB-57F was the result of an Air Force request for a high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft with better performance than the RB-57D. Because General Dynamics was responsible for contract maintenance on the D model, the USAF asked for a conversion proposal for the new aircraft, which was to become the RB-57F. In October, the Fort Worth Division of General Dynamics was given a contract for the development of two redesigned aircraft under the designation RB-57F.^[2]

The two aircraft for initial development were Martin B-57B 52-1589 and 53-3864. The re-manufactured RB-57Fs incorporated many major changes. The first was the greatly enlarged wing. The wing had a span of more than 122 ft, which was 14 ft more than the RB-57D and nearly double that of a B-57B. Extensive use was made of honeycomb sandwich panels, which had originally been developed by Convair for the Convair B-58 Hustler supersonic bomber. All control surfaces had tightly sealed gaps in order to reduce drag, and there were no wing flaps. In addition, the size of the tail was also greatly increased. The height of the vertical stabilizer was increased to 19 ft and, combined with an increase in the width, doubled the area of the stabilizer, which was necessary for yaw control at very high altitudes (up to 80,000 ft).^[2][3]

Another obvious change was the replacement of the Wright J65 turbojets with Pratt & Whitney TF33 turbofan engines. The TF33s gave the aircraft more than double the thrust of the B model. The RB-57F was also capable of being fitted with two Pratt & Whitney J60 turbojets, which were mounted in pods and could be attached to the wings outboard of the TF33s. These auxiliary engines were only for use at altitude, in fact, they were not equipped with starters and had to be air started while the aircraft was in flight. At altitudes above 40,000 ft, the J60s generated about 3,300 lbs of thrust each and increased the maximum altitude of the RB-57F by 2,000 to 3,000 ft.^[2]

The wings had four hard points where various camera and air sampling pods could be mounted when the J60 engine pods were removed. The electronics were also updated on the F model. The nose of the aircraft was lengthened to house sophisticated navigational equipment along with sensitive detection equipment for gathering electronic/signal intelligence. The aircraft carried high-altitude cameras and was used for taking oblique shots at 45 degrees up to 60 nm range from the aircraft and provided a 30 inch resolution.^[2] The cockpit layout was the same as that for the standard B-57 crew of two. The cockpit was provided with a modified Lear MC-1 autopilot.^[4]

The extensive modifications resulted in new serial numbers for fiscal year 1963 being assigned to the modified aircraft.^[2]

Testing and production

General Dynamics WB-57F Canberra taxiing, this aircraft 63-13286 was the first RB-57 Conversion.

In late 1963, the first two RB-57Fs were sent for trials with the USAFE 7407th Support Squadron at Rhine-Main AB, West Germany where they proved their effectiveness by making flights along the German border at over 60,000 ft taking long-range photographs over the border into East Germany and also flew reconnaissance missions over the Baltic Sea. They returned to the United States in February 1964. The results of the testing were successful and the USAF awarded a contract to General Dynamics for the construction of 19 more RB-57Fs from existing B-57 airframes.^[5]

The first 12 RB-57Fs were converted from grounded 1952 and 1953 serial B-57B aircraft that were still on active duty grounded with wing spar problems; three were converted from RB-57A aircraft by using spare B-57B nose sections; the final four were converted from RB-57Ds that were taken out of storage. Production was completed in March 1967.^[4]

Operational history

Weather reconnaissance

The official use of the RB-57F was weather reconnaissance, and all RB-57Fs were assigned to the meteorological role with the 9th Weather Reconnaissance Wing, Air Weather Service, Military Air Transport Service, at McClellan Air Force Base, California. They were assigned to the following squadrons:^[4]

• 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, McClellan AFB, California
• 56th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, Yokota AB, Japan
• 58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico.

Air Weather Service RB-57Fs duties involved high-altitude atmospheric sampling and radiation detection work in support of nuclear test monitoring, mostly on behalf of the Atomic Energy Commission. Some RB-57Fs were fitted with probes to scoop up airborne particles in a program of ongoing monitoring of nuclear tests. Most of this activity was centered on nuclear tests carried out in Communist China, but some were also used in U.S. airspace to monitor air in the aftermath of underground nuclear tests. At least one RB-57F was used for research into airborne laser equipment by the Air Force Logistics Command research laboratory at Kirtland AFB. In 1968, the Air Weather Service's RB-57Fs were redesignated WB-57F.^[4][6]

Strategic reconnaissance

An RB-57F of the 7407th Combat Support Squadron, Rhein-Main AB, West Germany.

RB-57F of the 58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at Webb AFB, Texas, United States on 8 March 1965.

Military Air Transport Service (and its successor organization Military Airlift Command) was frequently used by the USAF for clandestine, special operations missions prior to the establishment of Air Force Special Operations Command in the 1980s. The RB-57F, with its very high-altitude ceiling was frequently used as a strategic reconnaissance aircraft when necessary. Four of the aircraft were operated as reconnaissance aircraft, two with the 56th SRS at Yokota, and two with the 59th SRS at Kirtland AFB. The aircraft at Kirtland AFB were deployed to Europe where they were operated by the 7407th Support Squadron at Rhein-Main AB, West Germany.^[4]

On 14 December 1965, one of the RB-57Fs (63-13287) operating from Rhein-Main AB was lost during a mission over the Black Sea. What actually happened is still uncertain. There were reports that the aircraft had been shot down by a Soviet S-75 Dvina surface-to-air missile, but at the time, the official statement by the USAF was that the aircraft crew had probably perished from an oxygen system failure, since it took over an hour for the aircraft to spiral down from altitude and fall into the Black Sea. Although seven or eight days were spent searching for the wreckage, only small bits and pieces of it were ever found. However, there were also reports that the two crewmembers were captured alive by the Soviets, with their ultimate fate being uncertain.^[4][6]

In 1965, one RB-57F from the 56th SRS on loan to Pakistan, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, was operated by 24 Squadron of the Pakistan Air Force. ^{[N 1]} The original reason for the 56th SRS deployment to Pakistan was to monitor Communist Chinese nuclear tests, which had begun in October 1964. The aircraft were flown by USAF crews during these operations. One of the RB-57Fs was returned to Yokota AB before the outbreak of hostilities with India, but the other remained.^[7]

With American agreement, the RB-57F operated by No 24 Squadron used the aircraft to carry out daily sorties over Indian Air Force airfields at altitudes of up to 65,000 ft, carrying out strategic reconnaissance. The RB-57F was also locally modified by the PAF to carry a 4,000 lb bombload, but it was never actually operated in a bombing role. On some occasions, the RB-57F operated alongside a pair of PAF B-57Bs that were jamming Indian military radio transmission and were monitoring the location of the Indian Army's mobile radar installations.^[7]

All three aircraft were involved in directing attacks on the Indian radar station at Amritsar, and during these operations, one of the PAF B-57Bs was shot down in error by Pakistani Anti-Aircraft Artillery. Eventually, on 15 September 1965, the aircraft was straddled by two SA-2 SAMs as it commenced its descent towards Peshawar. Despite suffering major structural damage and sustaining over 170 holes, the pilot managed to nurse the aircraft back to Peshawar where he made a successful forced landing. The aircraft was eventually repaired and returned to the USAF.^[7]

USAF retirement

Stress cracks began appearing in the wing spars and ribs of the RB-57Fs after a few years of service. Some were sent to General Dynamics for repairs. Due to the excessive cost of repairing all the aircraft, five were placed in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB in 1972 and another three in 1973. The remaining aircraft were retired in 1974. The 58th WRS, the last squadron in the Air Force to use the WB-57F, was inactivated on 1 July 1974, after placing its aircraft into storage at Davis-Monthan AFB.^[4]

Three aircraft were lost in operational service. Two in accidents, the other possibly a Cold War casualty.^[4]

NASA

Panorama of Ellington field's hangar 990, with one of the two WB-57Fs inside.

NASA 928 takes to the skies in 2005, carrying a special nose-mounted imaging system that helped NASA track and safeguard Shuttle Discovery during STS-114: Space Shuttle Return to Flight.

Retired RB-57Fs have been used by NASA in support of various research programs. NASA needed an aircraft capable of operating at high altitude and be capable of carrying a large payload to support the Earth Resources Satellite Program. Three WB-57F aircraft were transferred from the USAF in the late 1960s and early 1970s.^[8]

New low visibility paint scheme used on NASA 928 in June 2012.

For NASA operations the aircraft often carry a 6,000 lb data-gathering sensor pallet in the 3 ft x 6 ft former bomb-bay underneath the center fuselage and as fuel burns off the aircraft are capable of reaching 70,000 ft, consequently, when operating at extreme altitude both the pilot and System Equipment Operator (SEO) wear full pressure suits.^[6]

Currently three WB-57F aircraft are in service, NASA 926 and NASA 928 and recently NASA 927 joined the small fleet. The aircraft operate out of Ellington Field, Houston, Texas and have been kept busy conducting a variety of civil tasks worldwide, particularly using the Airborne Remote Earth Sensing (ARES) instrument, a combined hyperspectral imager/radiometer with a two dimensional focal plane array, in addition to a variety of cameras. During the Space Shuttle era, the aircraft were equipped with a special high-definition camera and other sensors in a specially adapted gimbal-mounted ball turret mounted in the nose, known as the WB-57F Ascent Video Experiment (WAVE) to track and video Space Shuttle launches and recoveries from high altitude.^[8]

On 10 October 2005, one of the NASA WB-57F aircraft N928NA, flew from Ellington Field via CFB Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador to RAF Mildenhall in Suffolk, England arriving during the evening of 11 October 2005. The WB-57F then flew four missions out of Mildenhall at up to 48,500 ft in UK airspace collecting "cosmic dust". The Cosmic Dust Collector (CDC) mission uses two small metallic rectangular boxes carried under each wing that are designed to open at altitude and collect "interplanetary dust particles", or in other words the remains of small meteorites or rocks from space that accumulate in the upper atmosphere, on an adhesive strip. At the end of the assigned track the boxes then automatically close at high altitude and after landing the adhesive strip was removed and returned to the U.S. for analysis. The missions also allowed the WB-57F crews to validate new radios and avionics and ensure these could interface correctly with European ATC agencies.^[9]

There was also an unconfirmed report that the aircraft also supported a UK MoD assessment of future sensors for UAV applications in a European environment, by carrying the sensors in its sensor pallet under the fuselage.^[9]

In August 2006, NASA 928 arrived at RAF Mildenhall totally devoid of all the usual identification marks, particularly serial numbers or NASA logos. The only insignias were a small U.S. flag on the tail fin and some even smaller flags beneath the cockpit on the port side. The lack of insignia possibly indicated that the aircraft was operating on behalf of another U.S. government agency. After some local sorties, possibly to test the onboard equipment, the aircraft departed to Kandahar Airport, Afghanistan via NSA Souda Bay, Crete. The aircraft then flew a number of sorties out of Kandahar, presumably carrying a classified sensor package and then returned to Ellington Field via Souda Bay and Mildenhall.^[9]

Officially, the aircraft performed geophysical and remote sensing surveys as part of the U.S. aid to the Afghan reconstruction effort. The WB-57 collected AVIRIS (Airborne Visible / InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer) data that could be analyzed to provide information on mineral assemblages that could aid in resource and hazards assessments.

From November 2010 to August 2011 a WB-57 deployed to Afghanistan with the High-Altitude Lidar Operational Experiment (HALOE) payload, surveying over 70,000 km² (27,000 sq mi), 10% of the surface of Afghanistan. An updated HALOE package has subsequently been installed in a Bombardier Global Express BD-700 business jet.^[10]

Reports surfaced in March 2011 that NASA 926 was observed performing flights from Nellis AFB testing a new sensor package being carried in its pallet system payload bay over the period of 15 November 2011 until 1 February 2012. Although the reason for the deployment to the Nellis Test and Training Ranges (NTTR) was unknown, it was linked to testing sensors within the NTTR. Since both NASA 926 and 928 have carried BACN – Battlefield Airborne Communications Node payloads in Afghanistan on previous missions, it was speculated that the Canberra was testing new sensors and antennas used by BACN to relay comms between command and control centers and ground troops located within valleys and ridges in the Afghanistan mountains.

NASA 926 was observed landing at Lajes Field in the Azores on 5 March 2012. Although the final destination of NASA 926 was unknown at the time, it was later verified to be en route for another deployment at Kandahar Airfield in Afghanistan.

NASA 928 was observed in June 2012 wearing a new low visibility paint scheme presumably in support of further deployments to Afghanistan.

NASA 927 joined the fleet after being taken out of AMARG storage at Davis-Monthan AFB in 2011. The aircraft started her service life as a B-57B (former USAF SN 53-3918) and then was one of 21 aircraft rebuilt as a RB-57F in 1964 (USAF SN 63-13295). As an RB-57F the aircraft had her wingspan increased to 122 feet and the Wright J65 turbojets were replaced by Pratt & Whitney TF-33 turbofans, meaning that both the wingspan and thrust were doubled. The aircraft was retired to the then MASDC on 26 June 1972 and remained on Celebrity Row at the AMARC or AMARG until May 2011. The aircraft was then dismantled and trucked to Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) at Centennial Airport, Colorado and was there refurbished to flying condition before being flown to Ellington AFB on 9 August 2013. The aircraft, now known as NASA 927, had been in storage for over 40 years and took her first flight in 41 years in 2013.^[11]

Operators

 United States

• United States Air Force
• NASA
• NCAR/High Altitude Mapping Missions, Inc,^[12]
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States Commerce Department^[13]

Specifications

Data from ^[2]

General characteristics

• Crew: 2
• Length: 68 ft. 10 in. (20.98 m)
• Wingspan: 122 ft 5 in (37.5 m)
• Height: 14 ft 10 in (4.52 m)
• Wing area: 1884 ft² (175 m²)
• Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-11 turbofans, 16,000 lbf () each

Performance

• Maximum speed: Mach 0.79 (546 mph / 475 knots)
• Combat radius: 4,000 miles / 3475 nautical miles ()
• Service ceiling: 82,000 ft ()

Aircraft on display

• WB-57F 61-13501 - Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.^[14]
• WB-57F 63-13293 - Museum of Aviation at Robins AFB, Georgia.^[15]

See also

Related development

• English Electric Canberra
• Martin B-57 Canberra
• Martin RB-57D Canberra

Related lists

• List of United States Air Force reconnaissance aircraft

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Air Force Historical Research Agency.

External links