Marmaduke Pattle

Marmaduke Pattle
Pattle (left), in 1941
Nickname(s)	"Pat"
Born	3 July 1914 Butterworth, South Africa
Died	20 April 1941 (age 26) Near Athens, Greece
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Royal Air Force
Years of service	1936–41
Rank	Squadron Leader
Unit	No. 80 Squadron RAF No. 33 Squadron RAF
Battles/wars	World War II North African campaign Greco-Italian War Invasion of Yugoslavia Battle of Greece †
Awards	Distinguished Flying Cross & Bar

Marmaduke Thomas St. John "Pat" Pattle DFC & Bar (3 July 1914 – 20 April 1941) was a British, South African-born Second World War fighter pilot and flying ace—an aviator credited with the destruction of five or more enemy aircraft in aerial combat—of the Royal Air Force (RAF). Pattle is believed to be the most successful Western Allied fighter pilot of the war.

Born in 1914 in South Africa, Pattle was academically gifted. He considered a degree and career in mining engineering before developing an interest in aviation. He applied to join the South African Air Force at 18 and was rejected but opted for military service. He soon travelled to the United Kingdom and transferred to the RAF in 1936, on a Short Service Commission (SSC). Pattle completed the training programs with ease and qualified as a pilot in the spring, 1937. Posted to No. 80 Squadron RAF, he was sent to Egypt in 1938 and was there upon the outbreak of war in September 1939. In June 1940 Italy entered the war on the side of the Axis Powers and he began combat operations against the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force), gaining his first successes during the Italian invasion of Egypt. By November 1940 had gained four aerial victories and had been shot down once.

After the Italian invasion, his squadron was sent to Greece in November 1940, where Pattle achieved most of his victories. Pattle claimed around 20 Italian aircraft shot down and in March 1941 was promoted to squadron leader. In April he faced Luftwaffe (German Air Force) opposition after the German intervention. In fourteen days of operations, Pattle claimed victories 24–50, all but three being German aircraft. Pattle claimed five or more aircraft destroyed in one day on three occasions, which qualified him for "Ace in a day" status. Pattle achieved his greatest success on 19 April 1941, claiming six air victories. The following day, having claimed more aerial victories than any other Western Allied pilot, he took off against orders, while suffering from a high temperature, to engage German aircraft near Athens. He was last seen battling Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighters. His Hurricane crashed into the sea during this dogfight and Pattle was killed.

Pattle was a fighter ace with a very high score, and is sometimes noted as being the highest-scoring British and Commonwealth pilot of the war. If all claims made for him were in fact correct, his total could be in excess of 51. It can be stated with confidence that his final total was at least 40 and could exceed this value.^[1] Log-books and semi-official records suggest this figure while personnel attached to his squadron suspect the figure to be closer to 60.^[2] A total of 26 of Pattle's victims were Italian; 15 were downed with Gloster Gladiators, the rest with Hawker Hurricanes.^[3] He is considered to be the highest-scoring ace on both Gladiator (15 victories) and Hurricane (35 victories) fighters.^[4]

Early years

Childhood and education

Pattle was born in Butterworth, Cape Province, South Africa, on 3 July 1914, the son of South African-born parents of English descent, Sergeant-Major Cecil William John "Jack" Pattle (b. 5 September 1884) and Edith Brailsford (1881–1962). Marmaduke was named after his paternal grandfather, Captain Thomas Marmaduke Pattle, who resigned his commission in the Royal Horse Artillery and emigrated to South Africa from England in 1875. Thomas became the first military magistrate of Butterworth. Jack Pattle followed in his father into the British Army at the age of 15. He fought in the Boer War and Natal Rebellion. Afterwards he studied law and became a civilian attorney. Jack Pattle met Edith Brailsford in 1909. Brailsford was an English nurse who had lived in South Africa since the age of five. Jack Pattle and Edith Brailsford married in 1912. Within two years two sons had been born, Cecil and Marmaduke.^[5]

Pattle was enamored with boxing and long-distance swimming but did not pursue a career as a sportsman as he soon took a keen interest in mechanical things, particularly combustion engines. He built Meccano models of aircraft and other vehicles by the age of 12. In his early teens he became an avid amateur mechanic, fixing the family motor car and learning to drive. Marmaduke was never a hard worker and did not embark upon an academic career but was considered to possess above average intelligence. In 1929 he passed the Junior Certificate Exam with First Class honours. The certificate qualified him for Victoria Boy's High School. He graduated in 1931. He sent in an application to join the South African Air Force in 1932 and while waiting for a response was employed in menial jobs. For several months he worked at a petrol station owned by an uncle.^[6]

In late 1933 he was employed at Sheba Gold Mine at Baberton. He enjoyed the work so much he contemplated studying for a mining degree. Soon afterwards his interest in aviation was stimulated again by the arrival of a logistics aeroplane at the mine. He requested a flight which he enjoyed immensely. Consequently Pattle changed his mind about engineering and opted to find a career as a pilot.^[7]

Military service

On 22 March 1933 he was invited for an interview for a commission in the Air Force in Pretoria. One of 30 applicants vying for three places he was rejected for lack of flying experiences. Determined to rectify this weakness he went to Johannesburg and began taking flying lessons. To fund his new ambition he worked for a mining company, Sheba Gold Mine. He enjoyed the work so much he considered studying a degree in mining engineering. His passion for flying subsided but an impromptu visit by a transport aircraft gave Pattle a close glimpse of it, which rekindled his interest. At around the same time, the Ministry of Defence created the Special Service Battalion to employ South African youth who were struggling to find work because of the Great Depression. He joined in 1936 hoping it would lead to a career in the Air Force. He undertook basic training and national service on the understanding that he would be given an opportunity to enter the Air Force as an instructor at the end of his four year service.^[8]

Pattle worked toward this goal for some time until in late 1935, by chance, he picked up a copy of the Johannesburg Star newspaper. The paper contained an advertisement by the Royal Air Force (RAF) which was offering five-year Short Service Commissions for cadets throughout the British Empire. The RAF Expansion Schemes required a great influx of capable personnel into the organisation as re-armament and the need for fighting men heightened. Pattle decided that a career in the RAF offered better prospects than an instructor in South Africa and applied. Early in 1936 he was invited to Britain as an applicant. He flew to London at his own expense to attend the selection processes and was offered a commission by the selection board. He immediately returned to South Africa to arrange his migration to Britain and left aboard the SS. Llandovery Castle on 30 April 1936.^[9]

RAF career

He was assigned to a civil flying school at RAF Prestwick which was run by Scottish Aviation Limited. He formally began his training on 29 June 1936. He progressed well in his theory examinations; gaining 99 percent for gunnery and 91 percent for airmanship. He flew a single-engined de Havilland Tiger Moth training biplane and gained his A License at the end of July, partly because he was a capable pilot and also because the Air Ministry was anxious to produce trained pilots. He completed his training within two months and was classified as above average after passing his examination with ease.^[9]

Pattle was sent to the No. 10 Elementary Flying School at RAF Ternhill in Shropshire. He spent three months with the Initial Training Squadron and three further months with the Advanced Training Squadron.^[10] On 24 August 1936 he became an acting pilot officer.^[11] In November he passed his technical exams; achieving 98 percent in aero engine mechanics and 96 percent in meteorology while scoring 95 percent in applied mechanics.^[12] The basic flight training came to an end and Pattle scored 88.5 percent. His advanced training began in November 1936 on the Gloster Gauntlet. He completed his training somewhat later than planned, in March 1937, owing to bad weather which curtailed flying. He was rated as "exceptional" on his final report.^[13]

Pattle joined No. 80 Squadron RAF. The squadron was in the midst of reforming at RAF Kenley and he was able to fly the Gloster Gladiator fighter for the first time in May 1937. In June the unit moved to RAF Debden. Here, they practiced aerial combat against RAF Bomber Command squadrons which staged mock raids against London. During these exercises he mastered deflection shooting. Pattle developed his own air tactics. He preferred attacking at higher altitudes than his quarry; meeting head-on, then waiting for the enemy to fly by before rolling over and diving to attack from the side and rear of the enemy. He usually held his fire until very close to the target to make sure of hitting his opponent. His qualities as an officer led to him being promoted to squadron adjutant.^[14] A gifted flyer and natural marksman, he took pains to improve both talents, doing exercises to improve his distance vision and sharpen his reflexes.^[15] He progressed in rank with the squadron and was duly promoted to pilot officer on 27 July 1937.^[16]

On 29 April 1938, Pattle accompanied the unit to Egypt which was now tasked with the defence of the Suez Canal.^[17] While in Egypt Pattle carried out ground attack duties against Arab rebels. He fired on the enemy several times as local rebellions against British rule took shape and then died away.^[18]

Second World War

North African campaign

Following the outbreak of war, the unit, flying the Gloster Gladiator, moved up to the Libyan border, where in August 1940, Pattle first saw action. 80 Squadron received the order to deploy one of its flights to Sidi Barrani in anticipation of Italian air attacks. "B" Flight, commanded by Pattle, moved to the forward airfield. On 4 August 1940 Pattle claimed his first victories. While escorting a Westland Lysander, Pattle and his flight engaged first a force of six Breda Ba.65/A80s of the 159^a Squadriglia (Squadron) and six Fiat CR.42 quarters of the 160^a Squadriglia. Pattle downed a Breda but was then attacked by the escorting Fiat CR.42s. He managed to hit one, that he saw falling spinning, but later was himself attacked by another formation of Bredas and CR.42s. The Bredas dived and delivered attacks from the quarter and beam. Pattle avoided them by turning away and opening fire on the nearest target as they dived past to gain speed, climbed, and then engaged Pattle again. The Gladiator's guns jammed one by one, leaving him without any form of defence, other than bluff attacks. After 15 minutes of battle, while avoiding one enemy fighter, he flew into the line of sight of another and was hit. Pattle's rudder controls were shot away, so he climbed to 400 ft and bailed out.^[19]

He was shot down most probably by Italian Spanish Civil War ace Tenente (Lieutenant) Franco Lucchini of 90^a Squadriglia, 10° Gruppo (Group), 4° Stormo (Wing). He landed, winded, and played dead to avoid being strafed. He started to walk towards the Allied lines and crossed the border at around midday the following day. After two days he was rescued by a detachment from the 11th Hussars, who returned him to Sidi Barrani.^[19][20] Pattle was annoyed. He considered being shot down by the Italians as an embarrassment and regarded the episode as a slur on his reputation. After his forced march to friendly lines, he was also determined not to get lost in the desert again so he flew to Alexandria and bought a compass which he never flew without.^[21]

On 8 August Pattle claimed two more victories (nos 3–4). While leading 14 Gladiators of 80 Squadron in a surprise attack against 16 Fiat CR.42s from 9° and 10° Gruppi of 4° Stormo, over Gabr Saleh inside the Italian territory. Sergente (Sergeant) Rosa, Dallari and Valla baled out and Sotto Tenente Querci,Sergente Gino and Poli forced landed. One pilot, Norino Renzi a Regia Aeronautica pilot since 25 December 1930 and a pre-war member of 4° Stormo‍ '​s aerobatics group, was killed.^[22] "Shorty" Graham, Pattle's wingman that day, confirmed he saw two fall to Pattle.^[23] On 3 September 1940 Pattle was promoted to flight lieutenant.^[24]

Three days later, the Italian invasion of Egypt began. Much to Pattle's distaste, the squadron was heavily involved in close air support operations and ordered specifically to avoid air-to-air combat unless attacked. On occasion he chanced upon Italian aircraft, but the Gladiator's limited speed denied Pattle further success. Pattle succeeded in damaging a Savoia-Marchetti S.79 bomber which emitted black smoke but dived away and Pattle could not catch it. The speed of the Savoia-Marchetti S.79 enabled it to escape the RAF fighters on a consistent basis.^[25][26] The unit withdrew to Habbaniyah to re-equip with Mark II machines but was then ordered to Greece after the Italian attack.^[27]

Greco-Italian War

In November the squadron was transferred to the Balkans to help the Greek Air Force oppose the Italian invasion. On 8 November the squadron and its new Gladiator IIs moved from their base at Sidi Haneish to Abu Suweir. There the pilots were granted two days leave. On 16 November 1940 the squadron arrived in Athens and moved to airfields north of the capital. Pattle's aerodrome was situated at Eleusis. They stayed to organise the squadron into flights but moved to Albanian–Greek border town of Trikkala hours later.^[28]

Here Pattle was to enjoy significant success. On 19 November 1940, Pattle with eight other pilots from 80 Squadron, attacked Fiat CR.42s and Fiat G.50bis near the Italian airfield at Korçë. In this combat, the RAF claimed nine and two probably destroyed while 160^o Gruppo Autonomo (Independent Group) lost three Fiat CR.42s and one damaged while 355^a Squadriglia, 24^o Gruppo Autonomo, lost one G.50. Four Italian pilots were killed, while the RAF lost a Gladiator.^[29] Pattle claimed two CR.42s in the battle—his wingman Heimar Stucky (himself wounded in action later on) witnessed both catch fire and crash in the vicinity of Korçë with the pilots killed. Pattle's guns jammed during the battle and he was forced to break off combat. Pattle also noted the inferior speed of the Gladiator against the Fiat G.50. The Italian pilots could easily outrun the Gladiators if outnumbered. His combat reports also noted the ineffective fire of the Italians who fired and broke away from too far away.^[30] Having regained pressure in his guns he encountered a lone G.50. Though respectful of its advantages, he was convinced of his own flying ability. He placed the Gladiator below and in front of the Italian fighter to tempt the enemy pilot, but could not persuade it to accept battle.^[31] Between 27–29 November Pattle made four claims. Flying as escort for Bristol Blenheims, Pattle engaged three SM.79s and shared two destroyed with 11 other pilots. On 29 November he shared with William Vale; both claiming two shared damaged.^[32]

On 2 December he claimed two victories (nos 7–8). In the Gjirokastër area, Pattle shot down an IMAM Ro.37bis from 42^a Squadriglia, 72^o Gruppo, and Sergente Luigi Del Manno and his observer, Tenente Michele Milano, were both killed. In the afternoon Pattle shot down another Ro.37bis from 72^oGruppo near Premet, killing Capitano Fuchs and Sergante Vescia.^[33][34] On 4 December 1940, the RAF claimed nine Fiat CR.42s destroyed and two probables. Pattle—whose own aircraft was hit in the main fuel tank and a wing strut—claimed three CR.42s plus another and a Fiat CR.42 as probable victories—he had seen two of his victims bail out.^[35] According to Italian combat records, 150° Gruppo, involved in that combat, lost just two CR.42s. Tenente Alberto Triolo and Sottotenente Paolo Penna were killed in action.^[36]

Pattle achieved further success on 20 December 1940. On this day he achieved his 12–13 air victories. Covering the withdrawal of Blenheim's from 211 Squadron over the Kelcyre sector he missed the rendezvous. Instead, Pattle opted to fly a patrol between Tepelene and Kelcyre. He intercepted a flight of escorted SM.79s and attacked them before the escort could react. He downed one via a head-on attack. The crew bailed out and the bomber crashed near Tepelene. Two Gladiators had been damaged and withdrew after being hit by withering return fire. Soon he spotted another formation of much slower Savoia-Marchetti SM.81. He expended all his ammunition and watched the Italian pilot attempt a crash-landing, only for the bomber to hit a tree and disintegrate 15 miles north of Kelcyre. His victims were from 104° Gruppo and drawn from 252 and 253 Squadriglia. His first victim was piloted by Tenente Andre Berlingieri. Berlingieri and his crew were killed.^[37][38] On 21 December he downed a CR.42, but his unit suffered the loss of Squadron Leader Hickey. Hickey bailed out and was subsequently shot in his parachute. Pilot Officer Ripley was killed also—Pattle witnessed his death. The squadron claimed a number of victories in return. Pattle's 15th and last victory in the Gladiator was claimed on 9 February 1941.^[39] In-between these dates, on 28 January 1941 he took a third share in the destruction of a CANT Z.1007 and a half-share in a Fiat BR.20.^[40] In view of his actions, Pattle was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) on 11 February 1941.^[41]

No. 80 Squadron was re-equipped with newer model Hawker Hurricane Mk I's on 20 February 1941.^[25] That day, Pattle, flying Hurricane Mk I V7724, was leading a group of six Hurricanes escorting 16 Blenheims light bombers—eight of No. 84 Squadron RAF, six of No. 211 Squadron and three of No. 30 Squadron RAF—to Berat. Fiat G.50bis from the 361a and 395a Squadriglie, 154° Autonomo Gruppo were scrambled from Berat airfield, but they were attacked by the higher altitude Hurricanes. Pattle led his section straight towards four Fiat G.50s and selected the leading aircraft as his own target. It was the first time he had fired the eight guns of the Hurricane, and the G.50 exploded. The Fiat G.50 was from 154° Gruppo and it was the first Hurricane victory that Pattle would claim.^[42] Tenente Livio Basse was killed in this battle.^[43] Another CR.42 fell to Pattle on 27 February 1941—his 17th victory. His Hurricane sustained a bullet hole in the fuel tank.^[44]

On 28 February,^[45] British pilots in Greece celebrated their biggest success in combat.^[46] No. 80 Squadron claimed 27 Italian aircraft without loss in 90 minutes of air combat.^[45] Pattle himself claimed three Fiat CR.42s shot down in less than three minutes.^[47] The Regia Aeronautica claimed that day it lost just one CR.42 (as confirmed by Italian pilot Corrado Ricci, a participant in those battles),^[45] plus four Fiat BR.20s and two G.50bis. The Italians claimed six Gladiators and one Supermarine Spitfire—none would be in the Mediterranean Theatre until March 1942—while in fact only one Gladiator of No. 112 Squadron was lost, while two Blenheims, attacked by CR.42s had to crash-land returning to base. In a previous fight south of Vlorë, Pattle had to return to base with the windscreen covered by oil from a shot down enemy bomber. His tally was now 21 air victories.^[48][49]

On 4 March 1941, Pattle claimed three enemy Fiat G.50bis fighters (nos 22–24) belonging to 24^oGruppo. He claimed the first while Nigel Cullen—another leading fighter ace—flew as his wingman. Escorting Blenheims to attack Italian warships, the pair were engaged by a lone G.50. Pattle engaged the Fiat and shot it down—its landing gear dropped down and it rolled over and into a mountainside just north of Himare. Pattle searched for Cullen, expecting him to be behind him but saw no sign of the Australian. He assumed Cullen had gone off to scout for more enemy aircraft after missing out on Pattle's victory. Now alone, he was attacked by another lone G.50bis while flying towards Vlorë. After a brief combat he shot down the Fiat. It crashed into the sea southwest of Vlorë harbour. He then became involved with a third such fighter over Valona harbour and claimed to have shot this down into the sea in flames on the west side of the promontory. After his returned to base he was informed Cullen had been posted missing in action. Pattle and the squadron considered he had likely been shot down and killed.^[50]

Squadron Leader

On 12 March 1941 Pattle was promoted to squadron leader. The following day the squadron returned to Eleusis north of Athens. There, Pattle was reassigned to No. 33 Squadron.^[51] Pattle received a bar to his DFC on 18 March 1941, for which the citation read: "In March 1941, during an engagement over Himara Flight Lieutenant Pattle shot down three enemy fighters. This courageous and skilful fighter pilot has now destroyed at least 23 enemy aircraft".^[52]

Pattle arrived in Athens and immediately was unimpressed by No. 33 Squadron. The group was already indignant and many of the veterans believed one of their number could have been promoted instead. He gathered the pilots together and made a statement of his intent:

This is my first command. I intend to make it a successful one. You have done well in the desert, but you are not a good Squadron. A good Squadron looks smart. You are a scruffy looking lot! Your flying, by my standards, is ragged. Flying discipline starts when you start to taxi and doesn't end until you switch off your engine. In future you will taxi in formation, take off in formation, and land in formation at all times unless your aircraft has been damaged, or in an emergency.^[53]

After the lecture Pattle took another pilot, Pilot Officer Ping Newton, up for dogfight practice. The squadron watched. They climbed to 10,000 feet separated and then began a head-on attack so neither would have an advantage. Soon Pattle had moved onto his tail and Ping could not shake his Leader off. He criticised the pilot for being too smooth on the controls and urged his men to be rough with them in combat. Within a week, constant practice had moulded the squadron into an effective team. He impressed on his pilots one critical point about his own approach to combat:

You must be aggressive in the air but not to the extent of recklessness. Always be ready to take the initiative, but only when you have the enemy aircraft at a disadvantage. You must be ready to react instinctively in any situation and you can only do this if you are alert both physically and mentally. Good eyes and perfect co-ordination of hands and feet are essential. Flying an aeroplane in combat should be automatic. The mind must be free to think what to do; it must never be clouded with any thought on how it should be done.^[54]

On 23 March Pattle flew his first missions with No. 33 Squadron, now based at Larissa. They flew as escort for Blenheims from No. 84 Squadron over the Pindus Mountains and Paramythia. Supported by No. 112 Squadron Gladiators they flew to raid Berat. The cloud base was low and thick and they descended below it at 1,900 feet. The bombers attacked and two Hurricanes were badly damaged by ground fire. One of the squadron was shot down by a Fiat G.50 and bailed out—the Italians disappeared before they could retaliate. In the afternoon he was briefed to strafe the heavily defended Fieri airfield. It was an unpopular sort of mission. At 25,000 feet, they were intercepted and a dogfight began with G.50s and Macchi C.200s. Only Pattle and one other Hurricane attacked the airfield. Furious, Pattle berated the pilots for not carrying out their primary assignment. He had claimed one enemy fighter as a probable and proceeded to the airfield to claim another victory—his 25th victory—and claimed another three on the ground.^[55]

Battle for Greece

On 6 April 1941 Adolf Hitler resolved to end the conflict in the Balkans and subjugate Allied-sympathetic states. The Invasion of Yugoslavia began in the morning. The German Wehrmacht also intervened in Greece—beginning the Battle of Greece. Italian failures had allowed another British foothold on the continent too close to the Romanian oilfields—Germany's Ally.^[56]

No. 33 Squadron was immediately put on alert. At noon Pattle was ordered to fly a fighter patrol over the Rupel Pass, Bulgaria, another Axis partner. Here he had his first encounter with the Luftwaffe. No. 33 Squadron attacked 20 Bf 109s and claimed five without loss. Pattle claimed two victories over Bf 109Es over the Rupel Pass—Oberleutnant Arno Becker was killed and Leutnant Klaus Faber was captured. These successes represented his 26th and 27th air victories.^{[57][58][59][60][61]} Thereafter, details vary as to his score as all records were destroyed.^{[N 1]}

The following day, he acted as escort for No. 11 Squadron RAF. Only one enemy aircraft was sighted by Pattle, though none of the squadron could see it. He left them to deal with the intruder. Thirty seconds later they witnessed an explosion and a CR.42 fall to the ground while Pattle rejoined them. It is believed he attacked a reconnaissance Dornier Do 17 from Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 (Dive Bomber Wing 2) which he claimed destroyed, though it appears it made it back to German lines damaged. On 8 April, despite bad weather, Pattle led an attack on Petrich in Yugoslavia and left a number of enemy aircraft destroyed on the ground.^[62][63]

The air war intensified after a period of bad weather and the Luftwaffe began exerting severe pressure on communications and Allied ground forces. On 9 April Pattle claimed a Junkers Ju 88 (actually a Do 17) damaged. He left the burning machine as it disappeared into cloud. Pattle received confirmation that the aircraft crashed and he drove out with a member of the squadron to bring back souvenirs. On 10 April he flew as fighter escort for No. 11 Squadron Blenheim's on a mission over Betjol, Yugoslavia. The were attacked by flights of Messerschmitt Bf 110s and Bf 109s. Pattle shot down a Bf 110 which was to seen crash in flames and a Bf 109 whose pilot bailed out. On Good Friday Pattle led his squadron into battle against German bombers minelaying over Volos harbour. He dispatched a Ju 88 and Heinkel He 111 into the sea. The successes represented his 33rd and 34th aerial victories.^[64]

Pattle's success in the air was overshadowed by events on the ground. The Allied forces were routed at Vevi and the Battle of the Metaxas Line had ended in total defeat for the Greek Army on 9 April. Covering the Greek forces from Larissa, Pattle claimed another Do 17 and SM.79 along with a Bf 109 damaged for his 35–36 aerial victories. Interceptions would now be more difficult for the port of Salonika fell. Observers at the port had been able to telephone his operations hut to warn him of approaching enemy aircraft over Mount Olympus. Pattle had to send pairs of fighters to patrol the area, which helped act as a rudimentary warning system. The effect was that there was little warning of impending attacks. The Germans, now operating from forward airfields, slipped through unnoticed. On 13 April Pattle witnessed 15 Bf 109s strafe the airfield as three Hurricanes took off. Two veteran pilots were killed in the very brief battle in exchange for two Bf 109s. Pattle searched for the Hurricane pilots and found one fighter with a parachute beside it but no pilot. Pattle was to be further disheartened. One of the German pilots baled out and Pattle watched in horror as the Greek soldiers guarding the airfield shot him dead as he floated down in his parachute. One of the Bf 109s crash-landed perfectly. He ordered that no-one should approach the Bf 109 in case it was rigged with explosives.^[65]

Pattle claimed four victories during five sorties on 14 April. One Bf 109, one Ju 88 and a Bf 110 were claimed as destroyed. His final victory was an Italian SM.79 in the afternoon. The day took his tally to 40 enemy aircraft. As the wreckage of some old Greek aircraft and a captured SM.79 was being cleared up after the attack on 13 April, John D'Albiac, Air Officer Commanding British Forces in Greece arrived to warn him of the Allied collapse in the north. After seeing the AOC off in a Lysander aircraft escorted by five squadron Hurricanes Pattle evacuated his squadron to Eleusis.^[66]

During the journey Pattle developed a fever and high temperature. Nevertheless, on 19 April he took to the skies in several missions. By this date Pattle's fever had morphed into influenza and his condition had worsened. He did not want his squadron to know he was unwell. Pattle feared the effect it would have on morale and vowed to continue flying. Squadron Leader No. 80 Squadron, Tap Jones, visited Pattle the day before and noticed he was very gaunt, drawn and that he had lost weight. Jones helped the weakened Pattle change into his flying gear. Jones was acting wing commander but did not ban him from operations.^[67] Pattle claimed six victories this day—three Ju 88s and three Bf 109s—plus one Henschel Hs 126 shared and two probables (a Ju 88 and a Bf 109). The battle with the Bf 109s took place over Eleusis and Tanagra airfields. He engaged III./Jagdgeschwader 77 (Fighter Wing 77 or JG 77) in a head-on position and executed an Immelmann turn which took him behind and above the Messerschmitts and allowed him to claim three of them shot down. No. 33 Squadron claimed four Bf 109s (three were lost). Among the victims was the German ace Kurt Ubben. Ubben landed in Allied territory and was picked up by a Fieseler Fi 156, escaping to his own lines.^[68][69]

Death over Piraeus Harbour

By dawn on 20 April 1941, the Germans were well aware that British and Allied forces had begun preliminary withdrawal operations from ports in southern Greece. The Luftwaffe made substantial attacks against these departure points in a bid to prevent or forestall an evacuation. On Sunday 20 April—Hitler's 52nd birthday—the Luftwaffe mounted mass attacks against Allied shipping in Piraeus Harbour. On this very morning, at roughly 05:00, large formations appeared over the capital Athens. The remaining Allied fighter units in the area committed themselves to defending the Allied ships in what became known as "the Battle of Athens". Barely 15 Hawker Hurricanes, the entire Allied air presence in Greece at the time, participated in a series of defensive missions over Athens.^[70]

Pattle had flown several patrols that morning and was suffering from a high temperature and fever. He had downed a Ju 88 and two Bf 109s on a morning interception to interdict German air operations. One of his victims, a Bf 109 from III./JG 77 crash-landed at Larissa. His success took Pattle's total from 47–49.^[71] At 17:00 in the afternoon another raid approached. He was seen, just before an air raid alarm, in the mess, lying on couch, shivering under the blankets. He was detailed to take a patrol over the lines but during the mission briefing, around 100 German bombers with fighter escort attacked the capital, seeking to attack Allied shipping in the harbour. He ran for the door toward a Hurricane. His adjutant, George Rumsey, tried to stop him but Pattle was determined to fly. On the way to his fighter he narrowly avoided being killed in a strafing attack by a low-flying Bf 110. He took to the skies minutes later. Pattle climbed to gain altitude and headed to Piraeus Harbour at 20,000 feet.^[72]

At this time, other Hurricanes were already in action with Bf 110s from Zerstörergeschwader 26 (ZG 26). The Irish ace Timber Woods attacked a formation of Bf 110s positioned above him. One of the Bf 110s detached itself and dived on the RAF pilot. Pattle, instinctively knowing that the German had the advantage and the Hurricane pilot had acted foolishly, dived toward the Bf 110. He engaged the Bf 110, knowing he too would likely be followed and attacked from behind. He succeeded in shooting it down in flames, but not before it had fired at point-blank range into the Hurricane, with the same effect. Woods died when his fighter crashed into the harbour.^[73] Pattle avoided a German counter-attack and climbed instead of attempting a dive, since the Bf 110s could out-dive the Hurricane. He fired into another Bf 110 and avoided a collision with a third. No RAF pilot saw Pattle die for certain. Jimmy 'Kettle' Kettlewell, one of Pattle's unit, arrived on the scene moments after Pattle had scored his victory. He saw a lone Hurricane diving towards the sea, its pilot slumped forward over the controls and flames engulfing the engine compartment. Two Bf 110s were still firing at it. Seizing the opportunity he engaged and shot one of them down watching it and the Hurricane hit the sea simultaneously. Kettle did not specify the fate of the German crew—the victory was his fifth, making him an ace.^[73][74] It is possible Kettlewell's victim was one of two 5./ZG 26 Bf 110s that were lost: Bf 110E, Wrk Nr. 4272, Oberfeldwebel Georg Leinfelder and Unteroffizier Franz Beckel who were killed in action or Bf 110E, Wrk Nr 4299, Oberleutnant Kurt Specka and Günther Frank. A third Bf 110 crash-landed with severe damage. Kettlewell was shot down and wounded in the same battle.^[75]

Surviving records show among the German claimants were Staffelkapitän Hauptmann Theodor Rossiwall and Oberleutnant Sophus Baagoe who were credited with kills against Hurricanes, taking their scores to 12 and 14 respectively. Baagoe, would be killed in action within a month, on 14 May 1941. It cannot be known for certain which one shot down Pattle since three other German pilots made claims in the air battle.^[75][76] One of the 80 Squadron pilots involved in the battle, Roald Dahl, records five Hurricanes were downed in several air battles that day, with four pilots dying; one of those was Pattle.^[77]

Memorials

Pattle is commemorated on the Alamein Memorial at El Alamein together with 3,000 other Commonwealth airmen who lost their lives in the Middle Eastern Theatre during the Second World War, and who have no known grave.^[78]

Air Marshal Sir Peter Wykeham, recalled: "Pat Pattle was a natural. Some fighter pilots did not last long because they were too kind to their aircraft; others were successful because they caned it half to death. And their victories were accompanied by burst engines, popping rivets, stretched wire, wrinkled wings. But Pat was a sensitive pilot, who considered his machine, but, somehow he got more from it than anyone else, and possibly more than it had to give."^[79]

Pattle is mentioned in Roald Dahl's second autobiography, Going Solo. Dahl was a prolific and well-known writer of children's books after the war. He flew with Pattle in Greece and called him "the Second World War's greatest flying ace."^[80]

List of victories

Recent research of his 50 claims has shown that at least 27 can be directly linked to specific Italian and German losses, while only six claims are discounted as no Axis losses are recorded.^[57] Other researches dedicated to the history of German bomber units, some of which took part in the air battles against Pattle's unit, have drawn attention to the fact that 97–98 percent of all German primary records belonging the Luftwaffe have been lost either through Allied bombing or through Hermann Göring's order to destroy all records in the first week of May 1945. This makes any research into German losses difficult.^[81]

Pattle was provisionally credited with 50 air victories (and two shared), seven (and one shared) probable victories, and four (and two shared) damaged.^[82][83] It is likely that his total was at least 40 enemy aircraft destroyed which biographer Edgar Baker has compiled through a list of semi-official records and log-books. Baker asserts that the true figure could be higher, owing to the inability of post-war researchers to identify an exact figure, due to the loss or destruction of British records in the retreat from Greece or during the subsequent occupation.^[84][85]

Below is a list of Pattle's claims derived from a number of sources.^[86]

Victory No.	Date	Flying	Kills	Notes
1–2.	4 August 1940	Gladiator	1 x Breda Ba 65, 1 x Fiat CR.42	Against six Ba 65s of 159 Squadriglia, 50° Stormo and six CR.42s and CR.32s of 160 Squadriglia, 50° Stormo. The Italians suffered four damaged Ba.65s while 80 Squadron as a whole claimed two Ba.65s, one CR.32 and one CR.42.[22][87][88][89]
3–4.	8 August 1940	Gladiator	2 x Fiat CR.42	9° and 10° Gruppo lost 4 CR.42s and another four fighters damaged or force-landed. 80 Squadron claimed nine and six probably destroyed.[90][91][92]
	15 September 1940	Gladiator	1 x SM.79 damaged	[86]
5–6.	19 November 1940	Gladiator	2 x Fiat CR.42s	Versus CR.42s of 160° Gruppo and G.50bis of 24° Gruppo, who lost three CR.42s and a G.50bis. 80 Squadron claimed nine destroyed and two probable.[29][93] Sergente Tenente Maggiore Viola was killed and possibly fell in battle with Pattle.[94]
	27 November 1940	Gladiator	Two SM.79s (or CR.42s) shared	Claimed with 11 other pilots.[86]
	29 November 1940	Gladiator	2 shared SM.79s damaged	Both Z.1007bis of 47° Stormo (with William Vale).[95][96]
7–8.	2 December 1940	Gladiator	2 x Ro 37s	72° Gruppo lost three;. Sergente Luigi Del Manno and observer Tenente Michele Milano, Capitano Gardella & Capitano Fuchs and Sergente Leoni & Sergente Vescia were all killed.[33]
9–11.	4 December 1940	Gladiator	3 x Fiat CR.42 2 x Fiat CR.42 probable 1 x CR.42 damaged	150° Gruppo lost two, Tenente Alberto Triolo and Sottotenente Paolo Penna killed, against RAF claims of seven downed.[97]
12–13.	20 December 1940	Gladiator	1 x S-79 1 x S-81	SM.79 of 253a Squadriglia, 104° Gruppo BT shot down, Tenente Andrea Berlingieri and his crew killed, and a SM.81 of 38° Stormo was also lost. Pattle's victim was certainly Berlingieri.[38]
14.	21 December 1940	Gladiator	1 x Fiat CR.42 1 x BR.20 probable	80 Squadron claimed eight destroyed.[98] 160° Gruppo claimed to have lost two aircraft and one force-landed. A BR.20 of 47° Stormo was damaged.[99]
	28 January 1941	Gladiator	Third share x Z.1007 destroyed half share x BR.20 probable	80 Squadron claimed two destroyed, one probable and one damaged.[40]
15.	9 February 1941	Gladiator	1 x Fiat CR.42	versus 16 CR.42s of 150 Gruppo. 364a Squadriglia lost two aircraft (Sergente Romano Maionica and Sergente Danilo Barolo killed) and two crash-landed. 80 Squadron. claimed four destroyed, three probables for one loss.[100] Captaino Edoardo Travaglini and Tenente Enzo Rovetta force-landed and were wounded.[101]
	10 February 1941	Gladiator	1 x Z.1007 damaged 1 x BR.20 damaged	[86]
16.	20 February 1941	Hurricane	1 x Fiat G.50	Engaged eight of 154° Autonomo Gruppo; who lost two Fiat G.50s- Tenente Alfredo Fusco of 361a Squadriglia killed (probably Pattle's victim) and Tenente Livio Bassi (a 7–claim ace) of 395a Squadriglia (died of wounds on 2 April 1941 after being injured in a force-landing) and one G.50 damaged.[102]
17.	27 February 1941	Hurricane	1 x Fiat CR.42	Engaged 13 CR 42s of 150° Gruppo. 150° Gruppo lost two – Sottotenente Egidio Faltoni wounded and Sergente Osvaldo Bertolaccini killed. 80 and 33 Squadrons claimed seven Fiats shot down.[46][103]
18–21.	28 February 1941	Hurricane	2 x Fiat CR.42 2 x Fiat BR.20 1 x Fiat CR.42 probable	37° Stormo lost three BR.20s (and one force landed) against RAF claims of five. 160° Gruppo lost two CR.42 against RAF claims of 13. RAF claimed 27 in total.[46][104]
22–24.	4 March 1941	Hurricane	3 x Fiat G.50s 1 x Fiat CR.42 probable.	versus the G.50bis and CR.42s of 24° Gruppo. RAF claimed seven G.50bis destroyed, four probables and four damaged, three CR.42s and one probable, losing two Hurricanes and two pilots killed. No G.50bis losses have been recorded, while 24° Gruppo CT. lost two CR.42s (Sottoten Nicolo Gigli, Sergente Marcello De Salvia both killed) and one damaged (Tenente Fransesco Rocca wounded).[105]
25.	23 March 1941	Hurricane	1 x Fiat G 50 1 x Fiat G.50 probable 3 x Fiat G.50s on ground.	33 Squadron claimed three G.50bis shot down, one probable and two damaged. Italian records can't verify these air claims. Italian records claim one Fiat G.50bis was destroyed (caught fire) on the ground.[106][107]
26–27.	6 April 1941	Hurricane	2 x Bf 109s.	Versus eight Bf 109Es of 8./Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—Fighter Wing 27). 33 Squadron claimed five without loss, 8./JG 27 lost four aircraft and a fifth crash-landed. Staffelkapitän Oberleutnant Arno Becker (Black 2) killed, Leutnant Klaus Faber baled out and captured (both by Pattle) and Oberfeldwebel. G Fromming (Black 8) shot down and wounded. One other Bf 109 was lost, the unnamed pilot baling out and returning to Axis lines.[58][59][60]
28–29.	7 April 1941	Hurricane	1 x Dornier Do 17 1 x CR 42	Possibly Do 17 of Stab./Sturzkampfgeschwader 2, reported attacked & 15% damaged.[108]
30.	9 April 1941	Hurricane	1 x Dornier Do 17	Initially claimed as a Ju 88 damaged, it was the Do 17Z U5+BT of 9./Kampfgeschwader 2 flown by Unteroffizier Ulrich Sonnemann. Pattle inspected the wreckage.[62][109]
31–32.	10 April 1941	Hurricane	1 x Bf 110 1 x Bf 109.	Two Bf 110s of 7./Lehrgeschwader 2 (both crews killed) were lost during the day, as was a Bf 109E of Stab./JG 27(Oberleunant Mardaas killed), but all apparently recorded as accidents.[110]
33–34.	11 April 1941	Hurricane	1 x Junkers Ju 88 1 x Heinkel He 111	Both were single low-flying Ju 88s of III/Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30—Bomber Wing 30); 4D+JR of 7 staffel(Oberleutnant Hans Schaible and crew killed) and 4D+FS of 8./KG 30 (Leutnant ? Wimmer and crew killed).[111]
35–36.	12 April 1941	Hurricane	1 x Dornier Do 17 1 x S-79 1 x Bf 109 damaged	Fliegerkorps VIII(8th Air Corps) reported a loss of a Ju 88—possibly of I./Lehrgeschwader 1 (LG 1—Learning Wing 1). Two SM.79s were claimed two destroyed. The Bf 109 Pattle claimed was part of their escort.[112][113]
37–40.	14 April 1941	Hurricane	1 x Junkers Ju 88 1 x SM.79 1 x Bf 109 1 x Bf 110	German records show/claim the sole Bf 109 loss was Hauptmann Hans-Joachim Gerlach of 6./JG 27, taken POW when his aircraft was hit during a strafing attack. One Ju 88 claimed, probably of II/Kampfgeschwader 51 (KG 51—Bomber Wing 51), which lost two (one crew baled out, other crashed at base) or could be L1+UH of I./LG piloted by Leutnant Gert Blanke.[114]
41–46.	19 April 1941	Hurricane	3 x Junkers Ju 88 1 x Junkers Ju 88 probable third share Hs 126 1 x SM.79 2 x Bf 109.	One of the Ju 88 claims can be corroborated. Pattle shot down Gruppenkommandeur (Group Commander) Hauptmann Heinrich Hahn of I./KG 51.[69][115] A Henschel Hs 126 6K+AH of l.(H)/23; Feldwebel H. Wilhus and observer killed. 33 Squadron claimed four Bf 109s for one Hurricane shot down and two badly damaged . III/Jagdgeschwader 77 losing three 109Es. Oberleutnant Armin Schmidt of 9./JG 77 was killed. Oberleutnant Kurt Ubben of 8./JG 77 force-landed in Allied lines and was picked up, while Oberleutnant Werner Patz crash-landed at Larissa. Stabsarzt Dr Stormer landed in a Fieseler Fi 156 to rescue them.[69]
47–50.	20 April 1941	Hurricane	1 x Junkers Ju 88 2 x Bf 109 1 x Bf 110	both Bf 109Es of III/JG 77; Unteroffzier Fritz Borchert was reported missing and one other Bf 109 crash-landed at Larissa badly damaged. 15 Hurricanes of 33 and 80 Squadrons. intercepted Ju 88s and entered combat against. the Bf 110 escort of 5.ZG 26. Two Bf 110s were lost—3U+EN (Oberleutnant Kurt Specka) and 3U+FN (Feldwebel Georg Leinfelder), and a third crash-landed severely damaged and written off. The RAF claimed seven Bf 110s in total.[75]

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

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