Marion Maréchal-Le Pen

Marion Maréchal-Le Pen
Marion Maréchal-Le Pen in April 2012
Member of the French Parliament
for Vaucluse's 3rd constituency
Incumbent
Assumed office
20 June 2012
Preceded by Jean-Michel Ferrand
Majority 18 920 (42.09%)[1]
Personal details
Born December 10, 1989
Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Yvelines
Nationality French
Political party Front National (2008–present)
Relations Jean-Marie Le Pen (grandfather)
Marine Le Pen (aunt)
Residence Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine[2]
Alma mater Panthéon-Assas University, Master of Laws (2012)
Occupation Politician
Religion Roman Catholicism[3]
Website Marion Maréchal-Le Pen

Marion Maréchal-Le Pen (French pronunciation: ​[maʁjɔ̃ maʁeʃal ləˈpɛn]; born 10 December 1989) is a French politician, a member of the Front National (FN) and an MP for Vaucluse's 3rd constituency since 2012. Twenty-two years old at the time of her election, she became France's youngest MP in modern political history.[4]

She is a granddaughter of the politician Jean-Marie Le Pen, founder of the FN in 1972 and currently its honorary chairman, and a niece of Marine Le Pen, president of the FN since 2011.

Family background

She was born on 10 December 1989 at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Yvelines, Île-de-France.[5]

Her grandfather Jean-Marie Le Pen, who is the honorary chairman of the FN, founded this French nationalist party on 5 October 1972. Her aunt Marine Le Pen has been the president of the Front National since 16 January 2011. Her mother Yann Le Pen, Jean-Marie Le Pen's second daughter, does not carry out any official duties within the FN. Her father Samuel Maréchal had been the leader of the Front National Youth movement (FNJ) for seven years (1992–1999).[6]

In a book entitled The Conquerors (Les Conquérantes) launched on 18 November 2013, the French journalist Christine Clerc (fr) revealed that Samuel Maréchal is not her biological father.[7] On 7 November 2013, the French weekly news magazine L'Express disclosed the identity of her birth father, Roger Auque, an investigative journalist who died in September 2014.[7] On 8 November, Marion Maréchal-Le Pen officially announced that she had asked her lawyer to sue L'Express for a "serious invasion of her privacy".[8][9]

Academic studies

Until 2012, she was enrolled in Panthéon-Assas University's masters of public business law.[10] On 14 November 2012, she wrote in an official statement that she had decided to put aside her studies in order to dedicate herself to her office.[11]

Political career (2008–2013)

About her early interest in politics, she explained : "Contrary to what everyone thinks, in my family we didn’t talk about politics at home and we’re free to make our own choices." "I became interested in politics around 15 or 16 and in various approaches, not necessarily FN. "As a teenager, she once went to a meeting addressed by Nicolas Sarkozy "out of curiosity" because he "intrigued" her. She added : "I very quickly came down to earth." At the age of 18, she became a member of the FN.[12]

Early career (2008–2010)

In the 2008 municipal elections, she was a candidate in seventh position on the FN list in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine.[13] She was not elected since the FN list only got 6.29% with one municipal councillor elected from the first round.[14]

In the 2010 regional elections, she figured in second position on the FN departmental list in the Yvelines, Île-de-France.[15] Marie-Christine Arnautu's FN list which polled 9.29% in the whole of Île-de-France in the first round,[16] could not take part in the run-off given that a list must cross a threshold of 10% of the valid votes at a regional level. Because of the process of elimination, she was not elected in the Île-de-France's regional council.[17]

Youngest MP in modern history (2012)

Her parliamentary candidacy in Vaucluse's 3rd constituency was publicly confirmed on 25 April 2012, in the meantime of the first round and run-off of the presidential election.[18][19] After her candidacy was made official by the FN nomination committee, she then campaigned in this constituency which includes the southern part of Carpentras.[6][12][17][20] In the first round of the presidential elections, Marine Le Pen had achieved her highest national performance in Vaucluse (27.03%)[21] and most notably in this constituency (31.50%) where she outdistanced the UMP incumbent president Nicolas Sarkozy (27.60%).[6][17][20]

In the run-off on 17 June 2012, she defeated the incumbent MP Jean-Michel Ferrand who had continuously sat in the National Assembly for twenty-six years (Rally for the Republic : 1986–2002, Union for a Popular Movement : 2002–2012).[22] At the age of 22, she became the youngest citizen to enter the French Parliament in modern political history (Louis Antoine de Saint-Just was at 24 years old the former youngest MP in 1791).[6][23]

Rise within the FN (2012)

Marion Maréchal-Le Pen's speech during a meeting on 1 September 2012 in Livré-la-Touche, Mayenne

Early July 2012, she became a member of the National Front's executive board.[24] On 23 September 2012, she made her first public speech in front of 1,000 participants at the FN summer school in La Baule-Escoublac.[25]

Local politics : Sorgues (2013–2014)

During a press conference held on 30 October 2013, she officially announced her appearance as a fellow candidate on a municipal list at Sorgues, a town of 18,000 inhabitants located to the north of Avignon in the western part of her constituency.[26][27] She decided to figure in tenth position on this local list led by Gérard Gérent, then an independent councillor belonging to the UMP municipal majority and a former deputy mayor of Sorgues.[28][29]

In the first round of the 2012 presidential elections, Marine Le Pen had polled 36.02% at Sorgues[30] whereas Marion Maréchal-Le Pen got there 37.65% in the first round and 44.36% in the run-off of the following legislative elections.[31]

In the first round on 23 March 2014, the FN list led by Gérard Gérent, which was defeated by the one of the UMP incumbent mayor Thierry Lagneau, came second with 33.80% (2,861 votes) with the election of five municipal councillors and two community councillors.[32] Consequently, she was not elected as a municipal councillor at Sorgues.

Political views

Her political, cultural and foreign policy views reflect the general consensus of her party.[33]

Social positions

She asserts that her party has supported the defence of family for a very long time.[34] Along with Gilbert Collard and other FN senior executives, she took part in the mass demonstrations against same-sex marriage organized in Paris in the first half of the year 2013.[33][34]

She stated her opposition to the reinstatement of capital punishment : " In a private capacity, I am against the reinstatement of capital punishment. It is an extremely difficult choice which would be imposed to magistrates. And whatever happens, even if it remains extremely minimal, there is always this horrible mistake that is the miscarriage of justice. I'd prefer that life imprisonment without eligibility for parole be established".[35]

Foreign policy and EU issues

She is a member of the parliamentary friendship groups France–Russia[36] and France−Ivory Coast.[37]

On 10 December 2012, she took part in an international parliamentary forum organized at Moscow by the State Duma.[38] On 22 January 2013, she was present in the Reichstag at the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Élysée Treaty by French President Charles de Gaulle and German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.[39] In a written statement, she claimed that this Treaty was originally based on the cooperation and partnership between two sovereign states and denounced the "forced march towards a German federal Europe".[40]

On 29 September 2013, she attended a political event organized by the Vlaams Belang in Boom, near Antwerp. On this occasion, she explained : "It is important that a front of patriotic and euro-critical parties form in sight of European elections, which is the case, and get some good results in order to lead resistance to Euro and globalism".[41]

Parliamentary career

Along with Gilbert Collard, she introduced on 7 December 2012 a constitutional private member's bill concerning the appointment of the members of the Constitutional Council of France.[42]

For the beginning of the fourteenth legislature, she cosigned four private member's bills[5] including one constitutional forbidding marriage between same-sex persons[43] and one organic which aims at enforcing the article 68 of the Constitution of France establishing a process of impeachment for the President of the Republic.[44]

According to the rules of the National Assembly, an unregistered MP can ask orally the government every eight sessions.[45][46] She had asked three oral questions for the beginning of the legislature : in 2013, to Manuel Valls, Minister of the Interior about the policy regarding Romani people[47] and to Marisol Touraine, Minister of Health and Social Affairs about the fight against welfare fraud;[48] in 2014, to Nicole Bricq, Minister for Foreign Trade about the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.[49]

Like other MPs, she immersed herself in a tangible activity in her constituency. On the occasion of the strawberry festival at Carpentras in April 2013, she has become for two days a market gardener at a strawberry grower.[50]

In a written parliamentary question addressed in May 2013 to Valérie Fourneyron, Minister of Sports, Youth Affairs, Popular Education and Community life, she drew her attention to the poor treatment rugby league receives in France from the government and the media, regretting the banning of this sport during the Vichy regime.[51][52]

Elections

Vaucluse's five constituencies : Vaucluse's 3rd constituency (green) includes the cantons of Bédarrides, Carpentras-Sud, Pernes-les-Fontaines

2012 legislative elections : Vaucluse's 3rd constituency

Her main opponent, Jean-Michel Ferrand became an MP on 30 September 1986[53] in place of Maurice Charretier (fr), then mayor of Carpentras, elected as a senator two days previously.[54] Afterwards, Ferrand consecutively won five parliamentary elections with the two-round system (1988, 1993, 1997, 2002, 2007; three of them against a FN candidate in 1993, 1997, 2002).[55]

In the first round on 10 June, she came first with 34.65% (15,172 votes) whereas Ferrand came second with 30.03% (13,151 votes) and the socialist candidate Catherine Arkilovitch came third with 21.98% (9,624 votes).[1] In order to take part in the run-off, a parliamentary candidate must cross a minimal threshold of 12.50% of the registered voters.

In the run-off on 17 June, she was elected as an MP with 42.09% (18,920 votes) while Ferrand was defeated (35.82%, 16,100 votes) by a margin of 6.27% (2,820 votes) and Arkilovitch polled 22.08% (9,926 votes).[1] Among the fifteen municipalities of the constituency, she only got the absolute majority in Bédarrides where she achieved her highest performance with 50.76%.[56]

Along with Gilbert Collard elected in Gard's 2nd constituency,[57] she is one of the first two members of the National Front since 1997 to serve in the National Assembly.[4][58] A member of the FN for a very long time (1972–2005) and an MP for Vaucluse under the eighth legislature (1986–1988),[59] Jacques Bompard was also elected as an MP for Vaucluse's 4th constituency.[60]

FN : parliamentary representation under the Fifth Republic

Under the French Fifth Republic, the Front National was represented under the eighth legislature (1986−1988), the ninth legislature (1988−1993), the eleventh legislature (1997−2002) and is currently represented under the fourteenth legislature (2012–present).

In 1985, the proportional representation (PR) system was established for the first time under the Fifth Republic. In the 1986 legislative election, the Front National got 35 MPs and thus was able to form a parliamentary group.[61][62]

On 24 November 1986, the law 86–1197 re-established the two-round system and divided France into 577 constituencies. The FN lost almost all his MPs in the 1988 legislative elections. The only one to be re-elected was the outgoing MP of Var Yann Piat (fr)[63] who won 53.71% in the run-off in Var's 3rd constituency (Hyères).[61] She then sat as a non-attached MP. After a strong disagreement with Jean-Marie Le Pen, she was expelled from the FN on 10 October 1988.[61] In November 1989, she joined the Republican Party (PR) and the Union for French Democracy (UDF) parliamentary group.[61][64] Re-elected in the same constituency in the 1993 legislative elections,[65] she was assassinated in Hyères on 25 February 1994.

In the run-off of a by-election held on 3 December 1989, Marie-France Stirbois was elected with 61.30% as an MP for Eure-et-Loir's 2nd constituency (Dreux).[61] She then sat as a non-attached MP.[66] She was defeated by Gérard Hamel (RPR) in the 1993 legislative elections.[67]

In the run-off of the 1997 legislative elections, Jean-Marie Le Chevallier (fr), then mayor of Toulon, was elected with 53.16% as an MP for Var's 1st constituency.[61][68] On 6 February 1998, the Constitutional Council of France cancelled his election and declared him ineligible.[69] In the run-off of two by-elections held on 3 May 1998 and 27 September 1998 (following a second cancellation on 28 July 1998 by the Constitutional Council),[70] his wife Cendrine Le Chevallier was consecutively defeated by the socialist candidate Odette Casanova.[71]

Until the election of Marion Maréchal-Le Pen and Gilbert Collard, the Front National had not been represented in the National Assembly for fourteen years (1998−2012). After the re-establishment of the two-round system in 1986, the FN had only won in five constituencies for twenty-four years (1988−2012).

Political mandate

National Assembly : benches in the hemicycle. During the XIVth legislature (2012–), bench n°67 is allocated to Marion Maréchal-Le Pen

One of the six youngest MPs of the new assembly, she served on 26 June 2012 as a secretary during the opening of the fourteenth legislature presided over by the most senior MP François Scellier.[76]

She has been a Non-Attached MP since 20 June 2012. Her bench (number 67) is located between the ones of Gilbert Collard (number 66, on her "right") and Jacques Bompard (number 68, on her "left").[77] The National Assembly has included eight unregistered MPs since 30 August 2013.[78][79]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "2012 French parliamentary elections : Vaucluse's 3rd constituency (first round and run-off)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  2. ↑ Béraud, Anne-Laëtitia (17 June 2012). "Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, the youngest elected MP in the history of the French Fifth Republic". 20 minutes (in French). Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  3. ↑ Tugdual, Denis (13 June 2013). "Marion Maréchal-Le Pen on the pilgrimage to Chartres". L'Express (France) (in French). Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Samuel, Henry (17 June 2012). "Marion Le Pen becomes youngest French MP in modern history". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Marion Maréchal-Le Pen : Basic biography – Historical background : former mandates and functions – All the works : private member's bills and resolutions" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Chrisafis, Angelique (4 June 2012). "Le Pen again: new face of French far right has familiar surname". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Denis, Tugdual (7 November 2013). "Marion Maréchal-Le Pen : to the discovery of her father". L'Express (in French). Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  8. ↑ "Marion Maréchal Le Pen sues L'Express". L'Express (in French). 8 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  9. ↑ "Official statement of Wallerand de Saint Just, Marion Maréchal-Le Pen's lawyer" (in French). 8 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  10. ↑ Woitier, Chloé (25 April 2012). "Marion, the new face of Le Pen clan". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  11. ↑ "Mr Ferrand's lies to the test of facts (official statement)" (in French). National Front (France). 14 November 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Willsher, Kim (3 June 2012). "French parliamentary elections: Marion Le Pen hoping to continue the Front National dynasty". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  13. ↑ "2008 French municipal elections: list of the FN candidates in Saint-Cloud" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  14. ↑ "2008 French municipal elections: results in Saint-Cloud (first round)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  15. ↑ "2010 French regional elections: list of the FN candidates in the Île-de-France's eight departments" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  16. ↑ "2010 French regional elections: Île-de-France (first round and run-off)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Crumley, Bruce (4 June 2012). "Meet French Candidate Marion Maréchal-Le Pen: Third-Generation Extreme-Right Militant". Time. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  18. ↑ Rembert, Michel (26 April 2012). "Jean-Marie Le Pen's granddaughter candidate in Vaucluse". Le Dauphiné libéré (in French). Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  19. ↑ Testi, Mélodie (25 April 2012). "Legislative elections: Marion Le Pen candidate in Vaucluse". La Provence (in French). Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Oster, Adrien (8 June 2012). "Report. 2012 legislative elections: Marion Maréchal-Le Pen's electoral campaign in Vaucluse". The Huffington Post (in French). Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  21. ↑ "2012 French presidential elections: Vaucluse (first round and run-off)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  22. ↑ "Jean-Michel Ferrand – Historical background : former mandates and functions (1986–2012)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  23. ↑ Willsher, Kim (17 June 2012). "Socialist Party wins historic majority in France". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  24. ↑ "National Front: executive board" (in French). National Front. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  25. ↑ Larquier, Ségolène de (23 September 2012). "Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, rising star of the FN". Le Point (in French). Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  26. ↑ "Municipal elections: Marion Maréchal-Le Pen candidate at Sorgues". Le Point (in French). 30 October 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  27. ↑ Rumello, Joël (31 October 2013). "Marion Maréchal-Le Pen will effectively go up to the front lines at Sorgues". La Provence (in French). Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  28. ↑ "2014 French municipal elections : list of the 33 FN candidates (Liste Sorgues Bleu Marine)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  29. ↑ "In Vaucluse, the FN on the offensive against a weakened right". Le Parisien (in French). 5 March 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  30. ↑ "2012 French presidential elections: Sorgues (first round and run-off)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  31. ↑ "2012 French legislative elections: Sorgues (first round and run-off)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  32. ↑ "2014 French municipal elections: Sorgues (first round)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Popova, Tatiana (23 July 2013). "Marion Le Pen: 'I'm advocating intelligent traditionalism against hostile elites'". Pravda.ru. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Larquier, Ségolène de (14 January 2013). "A pink and blue tide against same-sex marriage". Le Point (in French). Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  35. ↑ "Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, in full emancipation crisis ?". L'Express (France) (in French). 11 October 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  36. ↑ "Members of the parliamentary friendship group France-Russia" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  37. ↑ "Members of the parliamentary friendship group France-Ivory Coast" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  38. ↑ "7 days BFM – FN, in search of power – Report about MMLP's stay at Moscow (from 4'42)" (in French). BFM TV. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  39. ↑ "Élysée Treaty: French and German people move closer together – 400 French people in the German Bundestag" (in German). Bundestag. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  40. ↑ "Franco-German couple: from the cooperation to the German federal Europe (official statement)" (in French). National Front (France). 27 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  41. ↑ Baland, Lionel (30 September 2013). "Marion Maréchal-Le Pen at the European celebration organized by the Vlaams Belang in Boom, near Antwerp" (in French). Nouvelles de France. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  42. ↑ Maréchal-Le Pen, Marion (7 December 2012). "Constitutional private member's bill concerning the appointment of the members of the Constitutional Council (n°483, cosignatory : Gilbert Collard)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  43. ↑ Collard, Gilbert (6 November 2012). "Constitutional private member's bill forbidding the marriage between same-sex persons (n°341, cosignatories : Jacques Bompard & MMLP)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  44. ↑ Bompard, Jacques (3 February 2014). "Organic private member's bill enforcing the article 68 of the Constitution (n°1757, cosignatories : MMLP & Gilbert Collard)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  45. ↑ "Knowledges of National Assembly — Question and answer sessions" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  46. ↑ "Search of questions : 14th legislature (since 20 June 2012) — To the government – Political group : unregistered MPs" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  47. ↑ "Question and answer session – Policy regarding Romani people" (in French). National Assembly (France). 19 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  48. ↑ "Question and answer session – Fight against welfare fraud" (in French). National Assembly (France). 28 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  49. ↑ "Question and answer session – Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement" (in French). National Assembly (France). 4 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  50. ↑ "I would like to see you there: Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, MP of Vaucluse" (in French). La Chaîne parlementaire. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  51. ↑ "Written question (n° 26,534) about Rugby league in France : text (21 May 2013) and reply (27 August 2013)" (in French). Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  52. ↑ Bousquet, Emmanuel (15 May 2013). "Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, first fan of Rugby league in France". Metronews (in French). Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  53. ↑ "Jean-Michel Ferrand : Profile of the MPs under the Fifth Republic – Eighth legislature (1986–1988)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  54. ↑ "Former senators of the Fifth Republic – Maurice Charretier, former senator of Vaucluse" (in French). Senate (France). Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  55. ↑ "Jean-Michel Ferrand's political biography : candidacies" (in French). Politiquemania. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  56. ↑ "2012 French legislative elections: Bédarrides (first round and run-off)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  57. ↑ "2012 French legislative elections: Gard's 2nd constituency (first round and run-off)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  58. ↑ Fouquet, Helene (17 June 2012). "Anti-Euro Le Pen Party Wins First Parliament Seats in 15 Years". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  59. ↑ "Jacques Bompard : Profile of the MPs under the Fifth Republic – Eighth legislature (1986–1988)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  60. ↑ "2012 French legislative elections: Vaucluse's 4th constituency (first round and run-off)" (in French). Minister of the Interior (France). Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.5 de Boissieu, Laurent. "Chronology of the Front National" (in French). France Politique. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  62. ↑ "Profile of the MP's under the Fifth Republic : eighth legislature (1986−1988)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  63. ↑ "Yann Piat : Profile of the MPs under the Fifth Republic – Eighth legislature (1986–1988)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  64. ↑ "Yann Piat : Profile of the MPs under the Fifth Republic – Ninth legislature (1988−1993)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  65. ↑ "Yann Piat : Profile of the MPs under the Fifth Republic – Tenth legislature (1993−1997)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  66. ↑ "Marie-France Stirbois : Profile of the MPs under the Fifth Republic – Ninth legislature (1988−1993)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  67. ↑ "Gérard Hamel : Profile of the MPs under the Fifth Republic – Tenth legislature (1993−1997)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  68. ↑ "Jean-Marie Le Chevallier : Profile of the MPs under the Fifth Republic – Eleventh legislature (1997−2002)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  69. ↑ "Var's 1st constituency : decision 97–2209" (in French). Constitutional Council of France. 6 February 1998. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  70. ↑ "Var's 1st constituency : decision 98–2552" (in French). Constitutional Council of France. 28 July 1998. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  71. ↑ "Odette Casanova : Profile of the MPs under the Fifth Republic – Eleventh legislature (1997−2002) (1997−2002)" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  72. ↑ "Members of the committee on Foreign Affairs" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  73. ↑ "Members of the study group Heritage" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  74. ↑ "Members of the study group Policies on rurality" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  75. ↑ "Members of the study group Shale gas" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  76. ↑ "2011–2012 ordinary session: constitution of the "bureau of age" (bureau d'âge)" (in French). National Assembly (France). 26 June 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  77. ↑ "Localization of the MPs in the hemicycle" (in French). National Assembly (France). Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  78. ↑ "List of the eight unregistered MPs under the fourteenth legislature" (in French). National Assembly (France). 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  79. ↑ "Change in the forming of the parliamentary groups" (in French). National Assembly (France). 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.

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