Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience

The Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience is a manifesto issued by Orthodox, Catholic, and Evangelical Christian leaders^[1][2][3] to affirm support of "the sanctity of life, traditional marriage, and religious liberty".^[4] It was drafted on October 20, 2009, and released November 20, 2009, having been signed by more than 150 American religious leaders.^[5] On the issue of marriage, the declaration objects not only to same-sex marriage but also to the general erosion of the "marriage culture" with the specter of divorce, greater acceptance of infidelity and the uncoupling of marriage from childbearing.^[6]

The Declaration's website encourages supporters to sign the declaration, and it counts 545,781 signatures as of August 11, 2014.^[7]

Excerpt

The Declaration summarizes itself as follows:

Because the sanctity of human life, the dignity of marriage as a union of husband and wife and the freedom of conscience and religion are foundational principles of justice and the common good, we are compelled by our Christian faith to speak and act in their defense. In this declaration we affirm: 1) the profound, inherent, and equal dignity of every human being as a creature fashioned in the very image of God, possessing inherent rights of equal dignity and life; 2) marriage as a conjugal union of man and woman, ordained by God from the creation, and historically understood by believers and non-believers alike, to be the most basic institution in society and; 3) religious liberty, which is grounded in the character of God, the example of Christ, and the inherent freedom and dignity of human beings created in the divine image.^[8]

Call to civil disobedience

The declaration vows civil disobedience if Christians feel that their rights to civil liberties of free exercise of religion and freedom of speech are being violated. It states:^[9]

We are Christians who have joined together across historic lines of ecclesial differences to affirm our right—and, more importantly, to embrace our obligation—to speak and act in defense of these truths. We pledge to each other, and to our fellow believers, that no power on earth, be it cultural or political, will intimidate us into silence or acquiescence.

Through the centuries, Christianity has taught that civil disobedience is not only permitted, but sometimes required.^[9] There is no more eloquent defense of the rights and duties of religious conscience than the one offered by Martin Luther King, Jr., in his Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Writing from an explicitly Christian perspective, and citing Christian writers such as Augustine and Aquinas, King taught that just laws elevate and ennoble human beings because they are rooted in the moral law whose ultimate source is God Himself.^[8]

One of the drafters, Princeton University professor Robert P. George, stated, "We certainly hope it doesn't come to that. However, we see case after case of challenges to religious liberty", including laws which he claims would force health care workers to assist in abortions or pharmacists to carry abortifacient drugs or birth control.^[9] George continued, "When the limits of conscience are reached and you cannot comply, it's better to suffer a wrong than to do it."^[9]

Catholic Archbishop of Washington, Donald Wuerl's office was restrained about the issue of civil disobedience, indicating that the prelate was not calling on the faithful to "do anything specific".^[6][10]

In August 2012, the Manhattan Declaration's call to "civil disobedience" was cited in a lawsuit under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, in which the Beachy Amish-Mennonite Christian Brotherhood is accused of helping a Baptist woman kidnap to Nicaragua her daughter as part of a child custody dispute with her former lesbian partner.^[11] Liberty University School of Law was also a named defendant in the lawsuit, because of alleged instruction to law students that "the correct course of action for such a situation would be to 'engage in civil disobedience' and defy court orders".^[11]

Signatories

Notable signatories include:^[12]

• Bishop Robert Brom, Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
• Bishop (later Archbishop) Salvatore Joseph Cordileone, Bishop of Oakland, Archbishop of San Francisco as of October 2012
• James Dobson, founder of Focus on the Family
• Archbishop (later Cardinal) Timothy Michael Dolan, Archbishop of New York
• Robert William Duncan, primate of the Anglican Church in North America
• Ligon Duncan, president of the Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals ^[13]
• Bishop Basil (Essey) of Wichita of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America.^[6][10]
• Cardinal John Patrick Foley, Grand Master (later Grand Master Emeritus) of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
• Bishop Mark (Maymon), formerly of the Diocese of Toledo of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, later of the Orthodox Church in America
• Al Mohler, president of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary^[14]
• David Neff, a Christian journalist best known as editor in chief of Christianity Today
• Jonah (Paffhausen), then primate Metropolitan of the Orthodox Church in America
• Tony Perkins, president of the Family Research Council
• Cardinal Justin Francis Rigali, Archbishop (later Archbishop Emeritus) of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia
• Rev. Robert A. Sirico, president of Acton Institute
• Robert B. Sloan, Jr., president of Houston Baptist University
• Joseph M. Stowell, III, president of Cornerstone University
• Chuck Swindoll, chancellor of Dallas Theological Seminary
• Timothy C. Tennent, president of Asbury Theological Seminary
• Archbishop (later Cardinal) Donald William Wuerl, Archbishop of Washington
• Ravi Zacharias, Christian apologetic, author, and lecturer

Drafting committee

The document was written by evangelical leader and admitted Watergate co-conspirator Charles Colson, Princeton University law professor Robert P. George and Beeson Divinity School dean Timothy George.^[10]

Criticism

Some religious leaders have criticized and protested the Manhattan Declaration, calling its principles in general, and its opposition to same-sex marriage in particular, contrary to the teachings of Jesus.^[15][16][17] Catholic scholar Anthony Stevens-Arroyo wrote, "While two wars are being waged, with unemployment in double digits, the financial system of the world in suspense, these religious leaders declare that abortion, stem-cell use and same sex marriage override any other Gospel value. (You won't find Jesus saying anything about abortion or stem cells in the Gospel, but the Savior said a great deal about the homeless, the sick, and the hungry.) It's cheating to speak pious platitudes about Christianity and ignore Jesus' words."^[18]

Some discussed the document as a political strategy, regarding it as the religious right's effort to re-establish its relevance in the public square,^[19][20] but others noted that younger generations of evangelicals and Catholics were less likely to oppose same-sex marriage and more likely to prioritize economic issues over social, and that the document was thus unlikely to win them over.^[20][21] Stevens-Arroyo criticized fellow Catholics who signed the declaration for aligning themselves with evangelicals in what he described as opposition to the separation of church and state.^[22]

The declaration's invocation of Martin Luther King and of the principles of civil disobedience has also been questioned.^[23][24] An editorial in the Los Angeles Times characterized the invocation of King as "specious" and criticized the document, belittling the "anecdotes" regarding restrictions on Christians' religious freedom as "of the sort radio talk-show hosts purvey" or from outside the United States, and noting that federal law already exempts "believers in some cases from having to comply with applicable laws."^[25]

Apple app

In response to a petition which argued the Manhattan Declaration app promoted bigotry and homophobia, which generated 7,000 signatures, Apple removed the app from iPhones and iPads, in November 2010, and later from iTunes.^[26][27] Apple told CNN that the app had been removed because it "violates our developer guidelines by being offensive to large groups of people".^[27] The app had originally been rated by Apple as a +4, meaning that it contained no material deemed objectionable.^[26][27]

Organizers of the Manhattan Declaration have contacted Apple and have resubmitted a modified version of the app.^[28] The new version lacks a "quiz", which, in the old version, had asked questions about political issues and assigned a score based on a set of normative answers.^[29] In addition as of December 10, 2010, more than 45,000 have signed a petition to have it reinstated.^[28] Charles Colson voiced apprehension that Apple's move could have negative implications for more Christian apps, stating: "There is nothing in the Manhattan Declaration that is not rooted in Scripture. So if that becomes the offense then all the other apps would be subject to the same charge."^[28][30]

See also

• Christianity and abortion
• Christianity and homosexuality
• Christian views on euthanasia
• The Phoenix Declaration
• Westminster 2010

References

External links

• The Manhattan Declaration - Life, Marriage & Religious Liberty Website
• Manhattan Declaration & Signers

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