Malik Umar Hayat Khan

The Hon. Malik Umar Hayat Khan as an Honorary Lieutenant of the 18th King George's Own Lancers, early 20th century (watercolour by Major A.C. Lovett (1862-1919)).

Major General Sir Malik Mohammed Umar Hayat Khan GBE KCIE MVO (1875–1944), was a soldier of the Indian Empire, one of the largest landholders in the Punjab, and an elected member of the Council of State of India. He was also called Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana.

Background and early life

The son of Sir Malik Sahib Khan KB CSI,[1] Malik Umar Hayat Khan was educated at Aitchison Chiefs College, Lahore.[1]

Career

Military service

Khan served in the Somaliland War of 1902-1904, receiving the Jidballi medal and clasp, in the Tibet Expedition of 1903-1904 (for which he was Mentioned in Despatches[2]), in the European theatre of the Great War, 1914-15 (during which he was Mentioned in Despatches[3][4] a further six times), and then in the Third Anglo-Afghan War. He was attached to the 18th King George's Own Lancers and later the 19th King George's Own Lancers.[1]

He acted as an honorary aide-de-camp to George V,[5] Edward VIII,[6] and George VI.[1][7]

Public life

Khan photographed in 1911 as the Assistant Delhi Herald

In 1907, moving beyond his career as a soldier, the management of his family estates in the Punjab, and his role as an hereditary Provincial Darbari, Khan became an Attaché to HM the Amir of Afghanistan.[1] He served as a member of the Governor-General of India's Imperial Council from 1910 to 1944.[1]

In 1910, in the Imperial legislature, Khan called for Europeans to supervise districts as "...disinterested men to safeguard the interests of all".[8]

In December 1913, he was elected as one of the seventeen officers of the All India Muslim League, at the League's Seventh Session held at Agra.[9]

He was a member of the Council of the Secretary of State for India from 1924 to 1934, as well as becoming an elected member of the Council of State and a member of the Punjab Legislative Council for two terms.[1]

In a deposition for a case in the High Court in 1924, Khan was described as "Colonel Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana KCIE, CEI, MVO, Zamindar of forty-eight thousand bighas at Shapur, Rawalpindi, Honorary Magistrate 1st Class".[10]

From 1929 to 1934, he spent most of his time in London, joining the conservative Carlton Club and becoming President of the British Falconers' Club.[1]

Herald

At the Delhi Durbar of 1911, Khan acted as Assistant Herald to Brigadier General William Peyton, the Delhi Herald Extraordinary.[1][11]

The O'Dwyer - v. - Nair libel case

In 1924, Khan appeared as a significant witness in the O’Dwyer - v - Nair libel case, heard in the High Court in London over five weeks from 30 April 1924.[12]

Sir Michael O’Dwyer, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab until 1919, sued Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair in a case concerning matters arising from the Amritsar Massacre and the Punjab Disturbances of 1919, and in particular recruiting abuses in the Punjab between 1917 and 1918. The case turned into one of the longest civil hearings in English legal history up to that time.[12]

Khan, appearing as a witness for O'Dwyer, stated that there had been a recruiting quota, namely one third of all villagers of military age. He described the killing of Tahsildar Sayyad Nadir Hussain in Lakk by villagers who strongly objected to his approach to recruiting, and an attack by one thousand rioters on police seeking to enforce recruitment warrants, resulting in the killing of some of the rioters. Under cross examination, he admitted that there had been a 'white book' and a 'black book', in which village headmen who met recruitment targets and those who did not were listed.[12]

O'Dwyer won his case,[12] with the sole dissenting member of the jury being the political philosopher Harold Laski.[13]

Personal life

Khan married and had one son, Sir Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana KCSI, OBE (1900–1975), who served as Chief Minister of the Punjab from 1942 until 1947.[14]

He performed the Haj pilgrimage in 1935.[1]

Khan gave his recreations in Who's Who as "motoring, polo, pig-sticking, riding, shooting, athletics, hawking, coursing".[1]

Among his manservants was Mir Sultan Khan whose chess ability was recognized by Umar Khan. Therefore, he took Sultan Khan with him to England. During Umar Khan's stay in Europe, Sultan Khan indeed became one of the world's strongest chess players.

Honours

Military promotions

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 MALIK MOHAMMED UMAR HAYAT KHAN (TIWANA), Maj.-Gen. Hon. Sir in Who Was Who 1941–1950, (London, A & C Black, 1980 reprint: ISBN 0-7136-2131-1)
  2. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27710. p. 5684. 2 September 1904. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  3. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29422. p. 75. 31 December 1915. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  4. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29823. p. 11037. 14 November 1916. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The London Gazette: no. 33664. p. 7501. 25 November 1930. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 The London Gazette: no. 34325. p. 6074. 22 September 1936. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 The London Gazette: no. 34370. p. 996. 12 February 1937. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  8. ↑ Shukla, J. D., Indianisation of All-India Services and Its Impact on Administration 1834-1947, New Delhi, Allied Publishers, 1982
  9. ↑ Ralhan, O. P., Encyclopaedia of Political Parties: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh (1996), p. 242: "10. The Hon'ble Captain Malik Umar Hayat Khan, CIE, MVO"
  10. ↑ Collett, Nigel A., The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited II online at The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited II at the web site usiofindia.org (accessed 25 January 2008)
  11. ↑ Cox, Noel, A New Zealand Heraldic Authority? in John Campbell-Kease (ed), Tribute to an Armorist: Essays for John Brooke-Little to mark the Golden Jubilee of The Coat of Arms, London, The Heraldry Society, 2000, p. 93 & p. 101: "Two heralds, with ceremonial rather than heraldic responsibilities, were appointed for the Delhi Durbar in 1911... Delhi Herald (Brigadier-General William Eliot Peyton) and Assistant Delhi Herald (Captain the Honourable Malik Mohammed Umar Hayat Khan)."
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Collett, Nigel A., The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited online at The Jallianwala Bagh Revisited at the web site usiofindia.org (accessed 25 January 2008)
  13. ↑ Berg, Maxine, A Woman in History (1996), p. 148
  14. ↑ Talbot, Ian, Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Oxford University Press, 2002
  15. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28559. pp. 9363–9364. 8 December 1911. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  16. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29608. p. 5570. 2 June 1916. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  17. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 27926. p. 4462. 26 June 1906. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  18. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34056. p. 3568. 1 June 1934. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  19. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31379. p. 7051. 30 May 1919. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  20. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27312. p. 3202. 10 May 1901. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  21. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28506. p. 4603. 20 June 1911. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  22. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30252. p. 8853. 27 May 1930. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  23. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33609. p. 3327. 27 May 1930. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  24. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34155. p. 2823. 30 April 1935. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  25. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34209. p. 6545. 18 October 1935. Retrieved 2008-01-25.